燃油式火化机排放烟气中二□英类污染水平和排放特征

对国内6台燃油式火化机排放烟气中的二□英类污染水平和排放特征进行了初步研究.结果表明:烟气样品中ρ(二□英类)为9.2～120.0 ng/m3〔273.15 K,101.325 kPa,φ(O₂)为11%换算值〕,毒性当量(TEQ)浓度为1.0～8.1 ng/m3;所有烟气样品中二□英类同类物分布相似,17种2,3,7,8-氯代二□英类同类物被全部检出,其中2,3,4,7,8-P₅CDF对毒性当量浓度的贡献最大;ρ(PCDFs)高于ρ(PCDDs),ρ(T₄CDFs)在PCDFs中最高;燃烧控制和烟气处理措施是影响燃油式火化机二□英类生成和排放的重要因素.      

产乙烯脱卤拟球菌195脱卤反应途径的理论探针

运用密度泛函理论在B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平下对多氯二苯并-对-二 (PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和氯苯分子进行计算,找到了一个可指示产乙烯脱卤拟球菌(Dehalococcoides ethenogenes)195降解转化这些芳香卤化物脱卤反应途径和中间产物的参数—结构上可能的脱卤产物的分子总能量(ET).以ET作为理论探针可指示PCDD/Fs、PCBs、PBDEs和氯苯被菌株195转化的主要脱卤中间产物,脱卤反应倾向于生成具有较低ET值的中间产物.另外可以利用结构上可能的脱卤中间产物与具有最低ET值脱卤中间产物间的分子总能量差(?ET)作为理论探针,推断存在第2种脱卤中间产物的可能性,?ET越小,则同时存在多种脱卤中间产物的可能性越大.     

Burden levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in typical edible meat animals

The concentrations and distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the whole blood and meat of eight typical edible animals (chicken, donkey, horse, cattle, rabbit, sheep, duck, and pig) were illustrated. Total concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and PCBs (on a basis of liquid volume) in animal bloods were 142-484 pg/L and 46-62 ng/L, respectively. Total concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs (on a basis of dry weight (dw) and lipid weight (lw)) in animal meat samples were 0.47-1090 pg/g dw (0.47-4513 pg/g lw) and 7.2-23 ng/g dw (10-776 ng/g lw), respectively. TEQs for both PCDD/Fs and PCBs in animal blood and meat samples were (67 ± 27) pg/L and (5.3 ± 14) pg/g dw (24 ± 56 pg/g lw), respectively. Besides, the dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were also estimated. Chicken and pig contributed more TEQs than other animals. Chicken contributed the most (95%) with high toxicity, followed by pig (3.4%) with high consumption. The dietary intake of chicken might pose risks to consumers who prefer to eat chicken products, who should comprehensively consider the essential nutrients and contaminants in food during dietary intake.     

Simultaneous monitoring of PCB profiles in the urban air of Dalian, China with active and passive samplings

The concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the urban air of Dalian, China was monitored from November 2009 to October 2010 with active high-volume sampler and semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) passive sampler. The concentration of PCBs (particle + gas) ( ∑ PCBs) ranged from 18.6 to 91.0 pg/m 3 , with an average of 50.9 pg/m 3 , and the most abundant dioxin-like PCB (DL-PCBs) was PCB118. The WHO-TEQ values of DL-PCBs were 3.6-22.1 fg/m3 , with an average of 8.5 fg/m 3 , and PCB126 was the maximum contributor to ∑ TEQ. There was a much larger amount of PCBs in the gas phase than in the particulate phase. The dominant PCB components were lower and middle molecular weight PCBs. With increasing chlorination level, the concentration of the PCB congeners in the air decreased. The gas-particulate partitioning of PCBs was different for the four seasons. The gas- particulate partitioning coefficients (logK p ) vs. subcooled liquid vapor pressures (logP L 0 ) of PCBs had reasonable correlations for different sampling sites and seasons. The absorption mechanism contributed more to the gas-particulate partitioning process than adsorption. Correlation analysis of meteorological parameters with the concentration of PCBs was conducted using SPSS packages. The ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure were important factors influencing the concentration of PCBs in the air. The distribution pattern of the congeners of PCBs and the dominant contributors to DL-PCBs and TEQ in active samples and SPMDs passive samples were similar. SPMD mainly sequestrated gas phase PCBs.     

Removal of PCDD/Fs and PCBs from sediment by oxygen free pyrolysis

Few studies have dealt on the evaluation of volatilization and decomposition reactions of dioxins from sediment by oxygen free pyrolysis. In this study, the performance of pyrolysis on the removal of dioxins from sediment was investigated. Dioxin concentrations of the raw sediment and the solid residues after pyrolysis were analyzed at different conditions. Results showed a removal efficiency of 99.9999% for total dioxins at 800℃ and retention time of 30 min. All the polychlorinated dibenzo-furans （PCDFs） have been removed and were not formed in the solid residues at the retention time range of 30-90 min at 800℃. Close to 100% removal of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins （PCDDs） was also achieved. Only trace PCDDs were detected in the solid yields at a retention time of 60 min. The highest removal efficiency of polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） was more than 99.9994% at a retention time of 30 min. During cooling period following pyrolysis, however, the concentration of total dioxins in solid residues increased 130 times as compared to that of the raw sediment under air atmosphere. This confirmed that some complex reactions do occur to form PCDD/Fs and PCBs from 800 to 400℃ in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen-free atmosphere therefore can prevent formation of dioxin during thermal process thus generating clean solid residues.     

两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二 相态分布特征

采集了机械炉排焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉排放烟气样品,应用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)同位素内标稀释法分别测定了烟气不同相样品中17种2,3,7,8-位氯取代的PCDDs/PCDFs同类物的含量.结果表明,两种炉型中PCDDs/PCDFs同类物及毒性当量贡献率在冷凝水相中所占的比例均在85%以上,远远高于在滤筒相和XAD-2树脂相中所占的比例,机械炉排炉焚烧排放烟气中∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为0.77;而循环流化床焚烧排放烟气∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为5.28.机械炉排炉焚烧烟气三相中OCDD为优势分布,尤其是滤筒相中OCDD的百分比含量高达51.1%.流化床焚烧炉焚烧烟气滤筒、树脂、冷凝水相中没有出现某个单体对总浓度具有绝对优势的贡献.机械炉排焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉排放的烟气中PCDFs的毒性当量贡献最大,尤其是单体2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF对总毒性当量的贡献均在30%以上.     

Pollution level and distribution of PCDD/PCDF congeners between vapor phase and particulate phase in winter air of Dalian,China

In December 2009, ambient air was sampled with active high-volume air samplers at two sites: on the roof of the No. l building of Dalian Jiaotong University and on the roof of the building of Dalian Meteorological Observatory. The concentrations and the congeners between vapor phase and particulate phase of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the air were measured. Sample analysis results showed that the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in particulate phase was higher than that in gaseous phase. The ratio of PCDD to PCDF in gaseous phase and particulate phase was lower than 0.4 in all samples. The total I-TEQ value in gaseous phase and particulate phase was 5.5 and 453.8 fg/m³ at Dalian Jiaotong University, 16.6 and 462.1 fg/m³ at Dalian Meteorological Observatory, respectively. The I-TEQ value of Dalian atmosphere was 5.5-462.1 fg/m³ which was lower than international standard, the atmospheric quality in Dalian is better.     

基于TLSER关系预测POPs在PUF与空气中的分配系数

为开发一种简洁高效预测K_PA值的方法,本文收集了包含多氯联苯（PCBs）、苯类（Benzenes）、多环芳香烃（PAHs）和杀虫剂（Pesticides）等,共95种污染物在聚氨酯泡沫塑料（PUF）与空气中分配系数（K_PA）的实验值,基于理论线性溶解能关系（TLSER）,运用逐步多元线性回归（MLR）构建了预测K_PA值的模型.结果表明,模型的决定系数R_adj²为0.901,外部验证系数Q_ext²为0.748.TLSER模型有较好的拟合度、稳健性和预测能力,可以预测应用域内POPs在PUF和空气之间的分配系数.     

Experimental and modeling study of de novo formation of PCDD/PCDF on MSW fly ash

The effect of sulfur dioxide （SO2） on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins （PCDDs） and polychlorinated dibenzofurans （PCDFs） has been studied in an entrained-flow reactor （EFR） under simulated waste combustion conditions. A chlorination model based on conditional probability was employed to evaluate the homologue patterns of PCDDs and PCDFs. Results revealed that the presence of SO2 did not alter the formation pathway although SO2 suppressed PCDD/F formation. The prediction model of PCDF showed good agreement with the experimental data （R--0.95）, whereas the prediction for PCDDs did not correlate well with the experimental data. This may be explained because potential chlorination pathways play a significant role in PCDF formation, whereas PCDDs are mainly formed through condensation reactions. Furthermore, the result indicated that the steric hindrance during formation has more effects on PCDD than on PCDF due to the symmetric molecular structures of PCDDs.     

两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二噁(口英)相态分布特征

采集了机械炉捧焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉排放烟气样品,应用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)同位素内标稀释法分别测定了烟气不同相样品中17种2,3,7,8-位氯取代的PCDDs/PCDFs同类物的含量.结果表明,两种炉型中PCDDs/PCDFs同类物及毒性当量贡献率在冷凝水相中所占的比例均在85％以上,远远高于在滤筒相和XAD-2树脂相中所占的比例,机械炉排炉焚烧排放烟气中∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为0.77;而循环流化床焚烧排放烟气∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为5.28.机械炉排炉焚烧烟气三相中OCDD为优势分布,尤其是滤简相中OCDD的百分比含量高达51.1％.流化床焚烧炉焚烧烟气滤筒、树脂、冷凝水相中没有出现某个单体对总浓度具有绝对优势的贡献.机械炉排焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉排放的烟气中PCDFs的毒性当量贡献最大,尤其是单体2,3,4,7,8-peCDF对总毒性当量的贡献均在30％以上.     

Hydrophobic organic chemicals in urban fog

The concentrations and aqueous/particle distributions of three classes of hydrophobic organic chemicals, n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured during the autumn of 1986's fog events in the urban area of Zürich, Switzerland. Concentrations of the chemicals in fog were in the range of 10–110 ng ml⁻¹ for n-alkanes (C₁₉–C₃₅), 6–60 ng ml⁻¹ for PAHs (21 compounds) and 7–22 ng ml⁻¹ for PCBs (31 congeners). In many samples, the concentration of individual n-alkanes and PAHs exceeded their water solubility, probably due to their association with dissolved and/or colloidal organic matter. All of the PAHs, except for phenanthrene, were measured as part of the particulate phase. Both the n-alkanes and PCBs showed a trend of increasing particle association with increasing hydrophobicity, but the trends were distinctly different. The presence of PCBs, PAHs, and n-alkanes at these concentrations suggest that fog is an excellent scavenger of hydrophobic organic chemicals. For a forested area near Zürich, Switzerland, it was estimated that the deposition of n-alkanes and PAHs by fog may be about equal to deposition via rain, but that fog may be 100 times more important than rain for the deposition of PCBs.     

Characteristics of air pollution by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the typical industrial areas of Tangshan City, China

The ambient air in vicinity of different industrial sources for PCDD/PCDFs was sampled by TSP/PM10 active samplers and passive PUF disk samplers in Tangshan City, a metropolis containing clusters of various industrial plants. The TEQ concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs ranged from 44.2 to 394.1 fg I-TEQ/m3 with an average of 169.9 fg I-TEQ/m3. 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the dominant contributor to PTEQ, contributing 41% (12% to 55%), while 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, OCDD and OCDF were the major congeners for the total concentrations. The ratios of PPCDF/PPCDD reached 2.54 on average, suggesting that de novo synthesis in thermal processes played an important role to the airborne pollution of PCDD/PCDFs. The similarities congener profiles indicated that TSP and PM10 active sampling methods are comparable for the determination of the PCDD/PCDFs in ambient air, and the ratios of concentrations determined by the two methods suggested that the PCDD/PCDFs tended to stay in fine particles. It was found that 2,3,7,8-TCDF and OCDD were the dominating congeners in the passive PUF disks samples. Through principal components analysis, the coke industry was suggested to be a relatively high potential emission source for PCDD/PCDFs in the ambient air of Tangshan, which was possibly formed by de novo synthesis mechanism. In this study, the atmospheric impacts to the environment from di erent industrial sources could be ranked as follows (from high to low): coking, iron sintering, steel making, power generation and chlorinate alkali chemical production industries.     

气相色谱／质谱（GC／MS）联用在我国大气有机污染监测中的应用

概述ＧＣ／ＭＳ联用在我国大气有机污染监测中的应用，介绍大气中有机污染物，如多环芳烃、硝基多环芳烃、多氯二苯并二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃、碳氢化合物、苯系物、恶臭、有机硫化合物、多组分有机污染物的测定。     

西安城区大气中多氯联苯的气粒分配研究

为了解西安城区大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)的气粒分配规律,于2012年春季对西安城区大气中气态和颗粒态样品进行每周一次的主动采样.结果表明,西安城区大气中PCBs的总浓度(气态和颗粒态)为62.05~454.18pg/m3,主要以气态为主.由Clausius-Clapeyron方程得到的斜率较陡(-5193.24),表明春季大气中的PCBs主要受西安城区附近地面挥发释放的影响.PCBs的气粒分配系数(KP)与过冷饱和蒸汽压(PoL)高度相关,由logKP和logPoL线性回归得到的斜率mr(-0.46~-0.37)均高于平衡状态理论值-1,说明西安城区大气中的PCBs气粒分配尚未达到平衡状态.采用Junge-Pankow吸附模型和Harner-Bidleman吸收模型对PCBs颗粒态百分比(φ)及KP进行了模拟,结果显示两种模型均较好地预测了PCBs的气粒分配行为,但与实验测得的值相比,两种模型均高估了φ值及KP值.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in different tissues of the cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Dongting Lake, China

Tissue distribution provides important information regarding the pharmacokinetic behavior of pollutants and is invaluable when analyzing the risk posed to avian species by the exposure to such kind of pollutants. In this study, concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were determined in muscle, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, gall bladder, skin, heart, pancreas, intestine and lung tissue extracts of cormorants collected from Dongting Lake, China. Tissue distribution results showed preferential accumulation of PCDD/Fs in both liver and skin. The total concentration of PCDD/Fs ranged from 421 to 5696 pg/g lipid weight. Octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) was the predominant congener in all tissues and contributed between 31% and 82% to all 17 PCDD/Fs in different tissues. The liver/muscle ratios progressively increased with the degree of chlorination of PCDDs, except for OCDD. The relative toxic potential of PCDDs and PCDFs in tissues were calculated using the World Health Organization (WHO) Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for birds. The concentrations of WHO-toxic equivalent in different tissues ranged between 14.8 and 2021 pg/g lipid weight. These results indicated PCDD/Fs may have been bio-accumulated in cormorant via food-web. Furthermore, when compared with studies reported in the literatures, the PCDD/Fs levels in the cormorant collected from Dongting Lake were still relatively high.     

垃圾焚烧与二■■

多氯二苯并-对-二■■(PCDDs)和多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)是毒性极强的环境污染物质,垃圾焚烧又是大城市中引起二■■污染的主要来源。文中介绍了如何加强垃圾焚烧厂的运行管理,严格控制二■■的产生和排放等问题。      

Effects of inorganic chlorine source on dioxin formation using fly ash from a fluidized bed incinerator

Chlorine source is indispensable for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furan (PCDD/F) formation during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. Inorganic chlorine compounds were employed in this study to investigate their effects on PCDD/F formation through heterogeneous synthesis on fly ash surfaces. A fly ash sample obtained from a fluidized bed incinerator was sieved to different size fractions which served as the PCDD/F formation sources. The capability of different metal chlorides which facilitate the formation of PCDDs/Fs was found to follow the trends: Na ＜ Mg ＜ K ＜ Al ＜ Ca, when two particle fractions of ＞177 μm and 104-125 μm were used in the experiments. However, the capability of NaCl, MgCl2 and KCl did not seem much different from each other, whereas CaCl2 and AlCl3 were much more active in PCDD/F formation. NaCl and MgCl2 were relatively effective to produce more PCDDs, while KCl, AlCl3 and CaCl2 generated more PCDFs during heterogeneous reactions occurring on fly ash. 2,3,7,8-TCDF was the most significant contributor to the toxicity of the PCDDs/Fs formed from inorganic chlorine sources. Decreasing the sizes of fly ash particles led to more active formation of PCDDs/Fs when NaCl was used as inorganic chlorine in the experiment. The highest PCDDs/Fs produced from particles with size ＜37 μm, while the lowest PCDDs/Fs produced from particles with size ＞177 μm. The toxicity generally increased with decreasing size of the fly ash particles. The formation of PCDDs was mainly facilitated by the two size fractions, 104-125 μm and ＜37 μm, while formation of PCDFs was favored by the two other size fractions, ＞177 μm and 53-104 μm.     

Hydrothermal treatment of MSWI fly ash for simultaneous dioxins decomposition and heavy metal stabilization

Researches on the hydrothermal treatment of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash were conducted to eliminate dioxins and stabilize heavy metals. In order to enhance decomposing polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) during hydrothermal process, a strong reductant carbohydrazide (CHZ) is introduced. A hydrothermal reactor was set up by mixing raw MSWI fly ash or the pre-treated fly ash with water and then heated to a pre-set temperature; CHZ was spiked into solution according to specially defined dosage. Experimental results showed that under the temperatures of 518 K and 533 K, the decomposition rates of PCDDs/PCDFs were over 80% and 90%, respectively, by total concentration. However, their toxic equivalent (TEQ) decreased only slightly or even increased due to the rising in concentration of congeners 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD/TCDF, which might be resulted from the highly chlorinated congeners losing their chlorine atoms and being degraded during the hydrothermal process. Better results of TEQ reduction were also obtained under the higher tested temperature of 533 K and reactor with addition of 0.1%wt CHZ was corresponded to the best results. Good stabilization of heavy metals was also obtained in the same hydrothermal process especially when ferrous sulphate was added as auxiliary agent.     

上海市典型家庭室内空气中PCBs与PBDEs初步研究

于2008年12月─2009年3月用PUF被动采样器采集了上海市6个典型家庭室内的空气样本,利用GC-EI-MS和GC-NCI-MS法分别测定了样本中14种多氯联苯(PCBs)和7种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的质量浓度,采用GC-ECD法测定了ρ(BDE-209). 结果表明:ρ(PCBs)为313.84 ～ 753.79 pg/m3,平均值为442.09 pg/m3;ρ(PBDEs)为0.62 ～83.35 pg/m3,平均值为21.83 pg/m3;ρ(BDE-209)为114.9～ 221.19 pg/m3,平均值为185.58 pg/m3. 与文献报道相比,上海市家庭室内空气中ρ(PCBs)处于中等水平,ρ(PBDEs)略低,但ρ(BDE-209)明显高于其他地区. 儿童和成人对PCBs的日均暴露量达到1 980和4 772 pg/d,对PBDEs的日均暴露量达到930和2 241 pg/d. PCBs和PBDEs能够引起人体生物毒性效应,因此,作为在室内空气中普遍存在的有机污染物,其持续低剂量的暴露应引起重视.