Improvement of the modelling of daytime nitrogen oxide oxidation in plumes by using instantaneous plume dispersion parameters

The effect of concentration fluctuations on the modelling of non-linear chemical reactions in the atmosphere will be considerable when hourly mean dispersion parameters are used. This effect can be reduced by introducing instantaneous dispersion parameters, as will be shown in this paper for the modelling of the oxidation of NO emited into an O₃ containing atmosphere.We used the results of atmospheric tracer gas experiments to derive the dimensions of the instanteneous plume. With these results model calculations were carried out for the NOO₃ reaction. Results were compared with airborne measurements of NO oxidation in the plumes of Dutch power plants.The introduction of the instantaneous plume leads to better agreement between model calculations and measurements. It is also found that the deviation from photochemical equilibrium in the plume is considerably smaller when instantaneous, instead of hourly, mean dispersion parameters are used. The dimension of the instantaneous plume did not show a dependence on atmospheric stability.     

Building wake dispersion at an Arctic industrial site: Field tracer observations and plume model evaluations

Ten multi-hour atmospheric dispersion SF₆ tracer experiments were conducted during October and November of 1987 near a large oil gathering facility in the Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, oilfield reservation. The purpose of this study was to investigate dispersion under arctic conditions and in situations where building-generated airflow disturbances dominate downwind distributions of ground level pollutant concentrations. This was accomplished with a network of micrometeorological instruments, portable syringe tracer samplers, continuous tracer analyzers, and infrared visualization of near source plume behavior.Atmospheric stability and wind speed profiles at this arctic site are influenced by the smooth (surface roughness = 0.03 cm), snow covered tundra surface which receives negligible levels of solar isolation in winter. The dispersion of pollutants emitted from sources within the oil gathering facility, however, is dominated by the influence of nearby buildings when high winds generate elevated ground level concentrations. An order of magnitude increase in maximum ground level concentration was observed as wind speeds increased from 5 to 8 m s⁻¹ and another order of magnitude increase was observed as winds increased from 8 to 16 m s⁻¹. Variation in maximum concentrations was also observed with changes in wind direction. Vertical plume diffusion (σ_z) near the buildings was a factor of 2–3 greater than that observed in open terrain and was dependent on both wind speed and the projected building width and location of nearby buildings. Wind tunnel tracer distributions for east winds agree with field observations but also indicate that a significant increase in plume downwash occurs with other wind directions. Concentration distributions were calculated using several versions of the Industrial Source Complex (ISC) model. Model estimates of ground level concentrations were within a factor of three depending on wind direction. The model predictions are extremely sensitive to the ratio of plume height to vertical plume diffusion which is significantly influenced by a complex aerodynamic wake in the field.     

Concentration fluctuation profiles from a water channel simulation of a ground-level release

Measurements of concentration fluctuation profiles were made in a plume of saline tracer from a ground level source in a water channel simulation of a neutrally stable rpugh surface atmospheric boundary layer. Vertical profiles of mean concentration showed good agreement with gradient diffusion theory relations between the mean velocity power law and concentration profile exponents. The structure and development of vertical and crosswind profiles of mean, variance, intermittency and conditional intensity of non-zero fluctuations were satisfactorily represented using an isotropic meandering plume model combined with a clipped normal concentration probability distribution. Near the edges of the plume, the clipped normal pdf overestimated the fraction of non zero concentration periods.     

建筑扰动条件下大气流动与扩散的CFD模拟

用FLUENT模式对中性大气、单个建筑的气流扰动情况进行模拟,并以风洞试验数据检验模拟效果;将模拟方法应用于类似城市建筑阵列条件的大气污染扩散问题,并且与现场示踪试验比较. 结果表明:FLUENT对建筑扰动条件的平均风场模拟效果良好,FAC2(模拟值与试验值之比在0.5~2之间的比例)在水平与垂直风速下分别达到77.9%与61.0%;对湍流特征量的模拟偏差稍大,K(湍流动能)虽总体偏小,但FAC2仍达到了54.6%. 选择湍流闭合的标准K-ε(ε为湍流动能耗散率)方案、重整化群K-ε方案和雷诺应力模型方案对结果的影响均不大. 采用FLUENT模拟了类似城市街区建筑阵列条件的大气扩散个例, 模拟结果反映了建筑扰动导致的扩散烟流轴线相对于平均风向的非常规偏移,并且扩散浓度与示踪试验结果相符较好,下风向32与63m处的侧向模拟浓度峰值的相对误差分别为72.5%与36.9%. 相比于高斯模式ISC3,FLUENT对复杂建筑阵列条件的扩散模拟结果更符合实际,如污染物向上风向扩散以及在建筑物周围堆积与绕流的现象. FLUENT扩散模拟还显示:近源处相邻建筑街道峡谷中的最大浓度沿下风向“阶跃”式减小,排放源所在街道峡谷中的最大浓度可比相邻街谷中的高几倍甚至1个数量级以上.      

核电厂野外示踪试验的三维数值模拟研究

为深入分析国内某拟选滨海核电厂址的大气扩散特征,在现场野外示踪试验的基础上,采用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件Fluidyn-PANACHE,结合三维GIS、结构化贴体网格构建、区域加密等技术方法,创建了可模拟野外示踪试验的精细化大气扩散模拟系统.相比于高斯模式,CFD模式能够更好地模拟示踪剂在不同下风距离处的峰值浓度和烟羽宽度,对近场及复杂下垫面条件下的扩散模拟更贴合实际,且可在稳态模拟的基础上获得连续变化风场中接近实时模拟的仿真效果.模拟结果的偏差统计分析表明,CFD稳态模拟和高斯模拟的统计学评价指标均位于国际公认的可接受范围内,CFD模拟的随机偏差优于高斯模拟.因此,CFD模式可用于辅助和优化其他核电厂址的野外示踪试验工作,提高我国核安全审评的效率和针对性.     

小风条件下大气扩散模式发展回顾研究

由于小风对污染事件的潜在影响,以及与中等风速和大风条件相比边界层结构、湍流和扩散的特殊性,常规的稳态高斯烟流模式在这种条件下具有局限性,建立适用于小风条件的大气扩散模式具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文回顾了近年来小风条件下大气扩散模式的建立和发展,从较简单的解析模式到复杂的数值模式,并对不同模式的参数化方案、与示踪物实验的比较结果、适用性和不足之处进行了总结。综合考虑不同模式的优劣,在应用方面有利于根据实际情况选择合适的模式,在模式开发方面,有助于建立更加完备的大气扩散模式。     

大江大河污染示踪模拟与分析

本文总结了连续源和瞬时源的示踪模拟与分析方法,说明怎样利用示踪模拟为大江大河的事故污染和正常纳污的污染输移扩散时空分布计算预测提供一种简便实用的模式,并讨论了在大江大河中污染输移扩散的某些特性.认为离散系数主要应由摩阻流速U_※和湿周P决定。      

WRF-Fluent耦合模式的构建及其对城市大气扩散的精细化模拟

为了准确刻画城市环境中的复杂建筑结构对大气运动和污染物输送及扩散过程的影响,结合中尺度模式WRF和微尺度模式Fluent构建了单向耦合的WRF-Fluent模式,并将其应用于榆中县城区高架源排放情景下大气扩散的模拟研究.基于城市气象/示踪外场试验期间获取的气象数据对WRF模式的模拟性能进行验证,发现WRF能够为Fluent提供比较准确的随时间变化的气象驱动场.在此基础上,将榆中县城区三维几何模型嵌入到WRF-Fluent中,对城区内的流场及污染烟羽的时空演变过程进行精细化模拟,并将模拟结果与实测示踪物浓度数据进行比对.结果显示,WRF-Fluent模式可以很好地描述城区内的复杂三维风场结构以及污染烟羽随时间的动态变化特征,而且模拟的地面和城市冠层顶浓度最大值基本位于观测值的0.3~3倍之内,这表明构建的WRF-Fluent模式具有较好的模拟性能,可作为一种有效的工具应用于实际城市规划和空气质量改善以及环境风险评估等方面的研究.     

A large-eddy simulation of a line source in a convective atmospheric boundary layer—II. Dynamics of a buoyant line source

We consider a large-eddy simulation of a buoyant line source in a convective boundary layer. The motion of the line source as a function of time is influenced by two contributions: internal buoyancy (plume rise) and ambient turbulence. The advantage of large-eddy modelling with respect to laboratory and atmospheric experiments is that the simulations allow us to distinguish between these two contributions. For the part due to internal buoyancy we formulate an integral model for plume rise. A new feature in this model is the fact that plume looping, which is characteristic for plume dispersion in a convective boundary layer, promotes entrainment and therefore reduces plume rise. The contribution by ambient turbulence to plume motion is modelled in terms of the standard deviation of vertical velocity fluctuations. The results of these models are consistent with our large-eddy simulations.     

Simulation of dispersion in moderately complex terrain—Part B. The higher order closure dispersion model

A three-dimensional higher-order closure dispersion model is presented. The model is used to simulate dispersion from point sources in complex terrain. The model uses mean and turbulence quantities simulated with the fluid dynamic model presented in Part A to simulate dispersion in a polar coordinate system with its origin in the point source. Different turbulent length scales are used for the vertical and horizontal fluxes. Simulation results are compared with data from tracer experiments performed in southern Sweden, the Vänersborg-Trollhättan region. The tracer experiments were performed during convective atmospheric conditions as well as during very stable conditions. The geographical area has terrain features that exert forcing on the meso-γ-scale. Within the area there is a relatively flat agricultural area, forested hills, a river valley and an extended lake area. The terrain height relief is typically 80 m.The simulations with the dispersion model performed in the Vänersborg-Trollhättan region show good agreement with measured data in the region for convective atmospheric conditions as well as for very stable conditions.     

A study on the hydraulics of waste stabilization pond

In this study, tracer tests and organic removal tests were conducted on three different ponds in the purpose of evaluating the influence of the flow velocity and dispersion on the hydraulic efficiency of the pond. The authors have compared the hydraulic flow patterns among ponds with different configurations. Experimental and theoretical analyses were performed. This study indicated that the flow characteristics of square ponds are different from that of baffled ponds; the flow velocity and dispersion are equally important factors which affect the pond hydraulics; the number of inserting baffles can be optimized; and the hydraulic efficiency of multistage ponds is superior to that of baffled ponds.     

A computational model for the rise and dispersion of wind-blown,buoyancy-driven plumes—I. Neutrally stratified atmosphere

A multi-dimensional computational model for the rise and dispersion of a wind-blown, buoyancy-driven plume in a calm, neutrally stratified atmosphere is presented. Lagrangian numerical techniques, based on the extension of the vortex method to variable density flows, are used to solve the governing equations. The plume rise trajectory and the dispersion of its material in the crosswind plane are predicted. It is found that the computed trajectory agrees well with the two-thirds power law of a buoyancy-dominated plume, modified to include the effect of the initial plume size. The effect of small-scale atmospheric turbulence, modeled in terms of eddy viscosity, on the plume trajectory is found to be negligible. For all values of buoyancy Reynolds number, the plume cross-section exhibits a kidney-shaped pattern, as observed in laboratory and field experiments. This pattern is due to the formation of two counter-rotating vortices which develop as baroclinically generated vorticity rolls up on both sides of the plume cross-section. Results show that the plume rise can be described in terms of three distinct stages: a short acceleration stage, a long double-vortex stage, and a breakup stage. The induced velocity field and engulfment are dominated by the two large vortices. The effect of a flat terrain on the plume trajectory and dispersion is found to be very small. The equivalent radii of plumes with different initial cross-sectional aspect ratios increase at almost the same rate. A large aspect-ratio plume rises slower initially and then catches up with smaller aspect-ratio plumes in the breakup stage. The Boussinesq approximation is found to be valid if the ratio of the density perturation to the reference density is less than 0.1.     

Across North America tracer experiment (ANATEX): Sampling and analysis

Between 5 January 1987 and 29 March 1987, there were 33 releases of different tracers from each of two sites: Glasgow, MT and St. Cloud, MN. The perfluorocarbon tracers were routinely released in a 3-h period every 2.5 days, alternating between daytime and night-time tracer releases. Ground-level air samples of 24-h duration were taken at 77 sites mostly located near rawinsonde stations east of 105°W and between 26°N and 55°N. Weekly air samples were taken at 12 remote sites between San Diego, CA and Pt. Barrow, AK and between Norway and the Canary Islands. Short-term 6-h samples were collected at ground level and 200 m AGL along an arc of five towers between Tulsa, OK and Green Bay, WI. Aircraft sampling within several hundred kilometers of both tracer release sites was used to establish the initial tracer path.Experimental design required improved sampler performance, new tracers with lower atmospheric backgrounds, and improvements in analytic precision. The advances to the perfluorocarbon tracer system are discussed in detail.Results from the tracer sampling showed that the average and peak concentrations measured over the daily ground-level sampling network were consistent with what would be calculated using mass conservative approaches. however, ground-level samples from individual tracer patterns showed considerable complexity due to vertical stability or the interaction of the tracer plumes with low pressure and frontal systems. These systems could pass right through the tracer plume without appreciable effect. Aircraft tracer measurements are used to confirm the initial tracer trajectory when the narrow plume may miss the coarser spaced ground-level sampling network. Tower tracer measurements showed a more complex temporal structure than evident from the longer duration ground-level sampling sites. Few above background plume measurements were evident in the more distant remote sampling network due to larger than expected uncertainties in the ambient background concentrations.     

A large-eddy simulation of a line source in a convective atmospheric boundary layer—I. Dispersion characteristics

The dispersion of a passive line source in the convective atmospheric boundary layer is calculated with a large-eddy simulation. The results of the calculation are presented in the form of dispersion parameters. The total dispersion parameter is made up of two contributions: meandering and relative diffusion. Both contributions are calculated as a function of diffusion time and of source height. The results for vertical dispersion show that initially the contribution by meandering is large. Furthermore, the meandering component becomes larger as source height increases. These results can be interpreted in terms of the well-known looping plume in the convective boundary layer. The horizontal dispersion parameter is also influenced by meandering. However, in this case the lowest source has the largest meandering component. Finally, we consider the velocity statistics and demonstrate that they are consistent with the dispersion parameters.     

A micro-scale dispersion model for motor vehicle exhaust gas in urban areas—OMG volume-source model

A micro-scale dispersion model is presented for estimating the concentration of pollutants from motor vehicle exhaust gas within an area extending 200 m from the side of the road in an urban area. The initial mixing of pollutants in a street canyon is modeled as a volume source employing an analytical solution to the Fickian diffusion equation.Parameters for the model were determined based on data from experiments performed at five locations in Osaka. In the experiments, SF₆ was released as a tracer gas. The height for wind speed measurements for use as the advection speed of the plume was determined from an analysis of the flux of SF₆. The eddy diffusivities in the vertical and lateral directions were derived from statistics of the turbulent velocity fluctuations of the air. The sensitivity analysis of the model revealed that proper characterization of the thickness of the volume source is essential for proper estimation of the concentration of pollutants.     

饱和砂质土壤中不同流速条件下1, 2-二氯乙烷的运移及模拟

采用室内土柱试验方法,研究了孔隙水流速对1,2-二氯乙烷(1,2-DCA)在饱和砂质土壤中运移行为的影响.借助CXTFIT模型,通过示踪剂(KBr)穿透试验,获取了土柱内部条件参数,包括弥散系数D和孔隙水流速v,以及可动水和不可动水的分配比例.应用示踪剂试验获取的参数,分别使用平衡模型和非平衡两点模型对1,2-DCA在不同孔隙水流速下的穿透曲线进行了拟合.结果表明,平衡模型不能很好地模拟本文试验条件下1,2-DCA的运移,而非平衡两点模型拟合精度较高.试验条件下,流速对1,2-DCA运移影响显著.孔隙水流速较高时穿透时间较短,穿透曲线峰值更高.土壤对1,2-DCA的吸附作用是影响穿透特征的主要因素,高流速条件下,吸附作用的影响较小.     

木沥河流域氮素污染及其污染源解析

为甄别粤港澳大湾区木沥河流域氮污染物来源,本研究应用铵盐同位素示踪技术、硝酸盐同位素示踪技术和多元线性混合模型等方法有效识别了该流域氮素来源的变化.结果表明,木沥河流域氮素污染严重,木沥河水体NH~+_4-N和NO~-_3-N浓度显著高于上游两条支流;除此之外,大坑山支流断面和木沥河下游养殖区断面虽无明显人口居住,仍然面临较高的氮素污染风险.铵盐同位素和硝酸盐同位素定性分析结果表明,木沥河流域氮素污染主要来源于土壤、肥料、大气颗粒物和动物及人排泄物;多元线性混合模型计算结果显示,大坑山支流上流处氮素主要来源为大气沉降,其贡献率在80%左右;鸡笼坑支流上游土壤有机氮平均贡献率可达33%,大于大坑山支流(9%)和木沥河(24%);大坑山支流下游、鸡笼坑支流下游和木沥河中上游污水及粪肥对氮素污染贡献率最高可达70%;值得注意的是,养殖区断面远离人口聚集地,各种养殖已被清理,但污水及粪肥的贡献率仍高达56%,远高于木沥河下游的淡水河水闸断面(3%),这可能要归咎于沉积物中残留的禽畜排泄物.本研究定性和定量地分析了木沥河流域氮素来源,为大湾区的水质管理和污染源治理提供了理论依据.     

Comparative study of seasonal air pollutant behavior in a Mediterranean coastal site: Castellón (Spain)

During January, July and August 1988, two experimental campaigns were carried out in the surroundings of the Castellón industrial area located on the Spanish east coast. The main objective was to study the dispersion of the power plant plume located on this site. This work also forms part of a larger program intended to compose a mosaic of atmospheric mesoscale flows related to air pollution cycles for the whole of the Iberian peninsula.In this program, air pollutants have also been considered as tracers of opportunity of the atmospheric circulations, and the study of ground-level concentration cycles has been used to provide evidence for the meso-meteorological processes. On the Castellón coast, and for most of the year, surface atmospheric dynamics are dominated by local cycles of north-west nocturnal drainage winds and east to south-south-east daytime sea-breeze flows. This regime is particularly marked during the summer, while the effect of large scale synoptic conditions is more noticeable in winter and spring.A mobile laboratory was used to collect 10 min averaged values of O₃, NO, NO₂, and SO₂. This unit was placed in the expected zone of influence of the coastal industries during the sea-breeze regime. Data obtained under summer and winter conditions have been compared and, while the temporal evolution of the concentrations of the compounds studied have similar structures, high ozone values have been detected in association with the onset of the sea-breeze during the summer.     

Study on the wind field and pollutant dispersion in street canyons using a stable numerical method

A stable finite element method for the time dependent Navier-Stokes equations was used for studying the wind flow and pollutant dispersion within street canyons. A three-step fractional method was used to solve the velocity field and the pressure field separately from the governing equations. The Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin(SUPG) method was used to get stable numerical results. Numerical oscillation was minimized and satisfactory results can be obtained for flows at high Reynolds numbers. Simulating the flow over a square cylinder within a wide range of Reynolds numbers validates the wind field model. The Strouhal numbers obtained from the numerical simulation had a good agreement with those obtained from experiment. The wind field model developed in the present study is applied to simulate more complex flow phenomena in street canyons with two different building configurations. The results indicated that the flow at rooftop of buildings might not be assumed parallel to the ground as some numerical modelers did. A counter-clockwise rotating vortex may be found in street canyons with an inflow from the left to right. In addition, increasing building height can increase velocity fluctuations in the street canyon under certain circumstances, which facilitate pollutant dispersion. At high Reynolds numbers, the flow regimes in street canyons do not change with inflow velocity.     

Diurnal wind-structure variations and dispersion of pollutants in the boundary layer

A coupled boundary-layer model and Lagrangian particle model are used to investigate the role of boundary-layer shear especially that produced by inertial oscillations in affecting the horizontal dispersion of pollutants on time-scales of 24–36 h. The coupled models show that the amplitude and the effective periods of the inertial oscillations are the main cause of nocturnal accelerating dispersion. The effective width of the plume in the morning is determined by whether the morning daytime mixing coincides with the phase of the inertial oscillation being at a maximum or minimum value. The phase of the oscillation is determined by latitude. Thus, latitude is shown to be an extremely important parameter in determining horizontal dispersion. An analytical model is introduced to investigate the role of external parameters such as latitude in influencing the horizontal dispersion. The analytical model is based on a simple Ekman-type model for the daytime and nighttime boundary layer. The Ekman model is used to provide initial conditions to an inertial oscillation regime between the nighttime boundary layer and the old daytime boundary layer. The analytical model was able to reproduce the magnitude and phase of the inertial oscillations reasonably well. However, the Ekman model overestimates the shear in the boundary layer causing the inertial oscillation to be too large. A semi-empirical method was used to provide more reasonable estimates of the daytime boundary-layer structure. This semi-empirical approach gave rates of the horizontal dispersion which were in general agreement with the numerical results.