Polar organic tracers in PM2.5 aerosols from an inland background area in Southwest China: Correlations between secondary organic aerosol tracers and source apportionment

PM_(2.5) aerosol samples were collected over 12 hr and 24 hr intervals in an inland background area, Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve(hereafter shortened to Gongga), during the summer of 2011. Polar organic tracers, inorganic ions and meteorological data were measured. The purpose of this work was to investigate the variation patterns, formation and sources of the secondary organic aerosol tracers in the studied atmosphere. The average concentrations of isoprene oxidation products, α-pinene oxidation products, β-caryophyllinic acid, sugars, sugar alcohols and anhydrosugars were 88.6 ± 106.1, 3.6 ± 5.7,0.13 ± 0.30, 13.6 ± 13.1, 31.9 ± 31.4 and 14.8 ± 10.7 ng/m3 respectively in all aerosol samples.The aged α-pinene second organic aerosol(SOA) tracers(i.e., 3-hydroxyglutraric acid(3 HGA), 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylglutaric acid(HDMGA), 3-acetylpentandioic acid(APDA) and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid(MBTCA)) correlated significantly with each other in the 24 hr PM2.5 aerosol samples, indicating that OH· is the major factor controlling the formation of these α-pinene SOA tracers. Using the positive matrix factorization(PMF) model and the tracer-based source apportionment method, we calculated that isoprene oxidation products, α-pinene oxidation products, sesquiterpene oxidation products, biomass burning, fungi spores and anthropogenic SOA accounted for 21.9% ± 5.5%, 8.4% ± 2.1%, 3.0% ± 0.7%, 5.2% ± 5.3%, 5.0% ± 6.2% and 31.4% ± 7.8% of organic carbon respectively during the sampling period.     

北京大气气溶胶PM2.5中的有机示踪化合物

有机示踪化合物是大气污染源排放的特征化合物,是各类污染源排放的指示物种,在污染源识别和利用受体模型进行源解析中起着关键作用.本文研究采用衍生化预处理和GC/MS分析技术,对北京2002～2003年夏、秋、冬3个季节大气PM2.5样品中几类有机示踪化合物进行了定量检测,其中包括生物质燃烧源示踪物--左旋葡聚糖和β-谷甾醇,肉类烹饪等餐饮源示踪物--胆甾醇、化石燃料燃烧源示踪物--17α(H),21β(H)-藿烷类化合物,它们在北京各季大气中平均浓度分别为33.9 ng·m-3～116.7 ng·m-3,1.8 ng·m-3～10.7 ng·m-3,0.17 ng·m-3～2.9 ng·m-3,5.0 ng·m-3～13.8 ng·m-3.它们的季节变化规律还表明,生物质燃烧源和燃煤源分别在秋季和冬季对北京大气PM2.5污染有突出贡献.同时,还定性地检测到其它一些可能作为源示踪物的有机化合物,如甾烷类化合物,脱氢松香酸和邻苯二甲酸,值得今后深入研究.     

有机气溶胶的来源与形成研究现状

介绍了有机气溶胶来源与形成的研究现状,从有机气溶胶的化学组成特征、一次有机气溶胶的来源和二次有机气溶胶的形成机制论述其研究进展.一次有机气溶胶主要来源于烹调油烟、机动车排放、生物质燃烧、工业或民用燃油锅炉释放出的有机物,还有道路扬尘、沥青、刹车尘、轮胎屑、室外香烟烟雾、以及高等植物蜡、细菌活动和草本植物等.大气中的半挥发性有机物可通过物理和化学吸附形成二次有机气溶胶,一些挥发性有机物可通过气相化学反应转化为低挥发性的物质并形成二次有机气溶胶,其主要前体物是芳香族化合物,如苯、甲苯、二甲苯,以及烯烃、烷烃、环烷烃、萜烯和生物排放的非饱和氧化物.     

溶解性有机质特性分析与来源解析的研究进展

溶解性有机质(DOM)是一类包含了复杂结构及交互作用的溶解性有机混合物,其表生行为和环境效应十分丰富.其在水体中滞留时间长,存在状态时刻处于变化中,与多种营养物质存在耦合效应,并影响着污染物的水环境归趋,是既古老又年轻的学科.目前,大多数研究成果都是建立于DOM分析技术与特性解析基础上.为了得到纯化的溶解性有机质,往往需要综合膜过滤、非离子大孔树脂、离子交换树脂、冷冻干燥、真空旋转蒸发、吸附剂富集等技术.光谱、色谱技术、高分辨率质谱等仪器的综合使用为研究溶解性有机质吸附、结合、络合、光诱导等环境行为提供了技术保障.DOM的表观特征广泛应用于研究其在水环境中的存在状态和环境行为,也是监测水处理过程中有机质去除效果的重要手段;其微观形态、分子量分布、化学键组成等内部特征的解析是认知其分子和结构、解释其作用机理和预测其环境归趋的基础.DOM来源复杂,单一指标很难判断有机质的来源,甚至会产生不同的研判结果,而综合运用多种新技术、新方法是DOM来源解析研究的发展趋势.     

Preliminary studies of video images of smoke dispersion in the near wake of a model building

A summary of analyses of video images of smoke in a wind tunnel study of dispersion in the near wake of a model building is presented. The analyses provide information on both the instantaneous and time-average patterns of dispersion. Since the images represent vertically-integrated or crosswind-integrated smoke concentration, only the primary spatial and temporal scales of pollutant dispersion can be examined. Special graphic displays of the results are presented to assist in the data interpretation. The video image format is shown to have great potential as an easily quantifiable electronic medium for studying the dispersion of smoke.     

Surface microlayer enrichment of volatile organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds in drinking water source

Enrichment of volatile organic compounds(VOC) and semi-volatility organic compounds(SVOC) in surface microlayer(SM) of three ddnking water sources were studied. The enrichment factor(EFs) were 0.67 to 13.37 and 0.16 to 136, respectively. The results showed some VOC and most SVOC could enrich in SM. Some EFs of SVOC was quite high. Suspension and temperature could affect EFs of SVOC, slim wind and water movement do not destroy enrichment of organic in SM.     

Monthly and seasonal trends of total suspended particulate matter and smoke concentration in industrial and residential areas in Cairo

Total suspended particulate (TSP) matter and smoke were investigated at Shoubra El-Kheima industrial area and El-Dokki residential area located in Cairo. TSP gave the highest monthly mean concentration in 2 years' study at Shoubra El-Kheima (895 μg m⁻³), nearly 12 times the geometrical mean of air quality standard (75 μg m⁻³). The corresponding figure at the residential area is 544 μg m⁻³, which is 7.3 concentrations during spring and lower during summer. Smoke concentration in the industrial area was nearly 1.4 and 1.2 times its concentration in the residential area during the 2 study years. Smoke concentration was found to be light to moderate during 86% of the days and heavy to extremely heavy during 14% of the days at the industrial area. The corresponding percentages for the residential area were 90% and 10% for light to moderate and heavy to extremely heavy, respectively.     

水源水中不同分子量区间有机物的分布及控制对策

通过超滤膜法研究了澳门水源水中不同分子量区间有机物的分布特性 .结果显示 :1)澳门水源水中总有机碳 (TOC)的主体有机物分子量在 10 0 0以下 ,传统工艺对这类水体的有机物去除效率较低 .2 )澳门水源水中可生物降解溶解性有机碳(BDOC)主要与分子量小于 10 ,0 0 0的有机物相关 .3)三种水源水中不同分子量区间BDOC TOC比率的变化也非常大 ,表明能有效控制TOC的水处理工艺未必能够导致相同的BDOC处理效果 ,所以不一定可以有效保证饮用水的生物稳定性 .4 )澳门水源水中有机物含量很低 ,不必增加其它工艺来控制水中有机物 ;如果在水源水质恶化的突发事件情况下 ,可以采用投加粉末活性炭的方法加以控制 .     

Removal natural organic matter in typical south-China source water during enhanced coagulation of a with IPF-PACl

Systematic investigation on enhancing removal of natural organic matter （NOM） using inorganic polymer flocculant （IPF）, polyaluminum chloride（PACI） and polyacrylamide（PAM） was performed in a typical south-China source water. Enhanced coagulation and applying polymer flocculant-aid were compared through jar tests and pilot tests. Raw water and settled water were characterized and fractionated by resin adsorption. The results show that DOC composes major part of TOC. The DOC distribution keeps relatively stable all around the year with typical high amounts of the hydrophilic matter around 50%. The distribution between HoB, HoA and HoN varies and undergoes fluctuation with the year round. During the summer season, the HoN becomes gradually the major part in hydrophobic parts. PACI with the species being tailor-made shows little pH effect during coagulation. The enhanced coagulation dosage for PACI could be 4.5 mg/L for the typical source water. The highest TOC removal achieved 31%. To be economically, 3 mg/L dose is the optimum dosage. Although hydrophilic fractions of NOM of both treatment strategies are removed about 30%, NOM causing UV254 absorbance were well removed（about 90%）. Hydrophobic bases and acids fractions are much more removed under enhanced conditions. The hydrophilic fraction could be better removed using PAM, the polymer coagulant aid.     

Influence of fuel moisture, charge size, feeding rate and air ventilation conditions on the emissions of PM, OC, EC, parent PAHs, and their derivatives from residential wood combustion

Controlled combustion experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of fuel charge size, moisture, air ventilation and feeding rate on the emission factors (EFs) of carbonaceous particulate matter, parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and their derivatives from residential wood combustion in a typical brick cooking stove. Measured EFs were found to be independent of fuel charge size, but increased with increasing fuel moisture. Pollution emissions from the normal burning under an adequate air supply condition were the lowest for most pollutants, while more pollutants were emitted when an oxygen deficient atmosphere was formed in the stove chamber during fast burning. The impacts of these factors on the size distribution of emitted particles was also studied. Modified combustion efficiency and the four investigated factors explained 68%, 72%, and 64% of total variations in EFs of PM, organic carbon, and oxygenated PAHs, respectively, but only 36%, 38% and 42% of the total variations in EFs of elemental carbon, pPAHs and nitro-PAHs, respectively.     

Upgrading of organic waste: production of the copolymer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate by Ralstonia eutrophus with organic waste as sole carbon source

Two types of fermented organic waste (trade and industry waste and fruit and vegetable waste) were successfully used as a sole carbon source to produce poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) by Ralstonia eutrophus (formerly Alcaligenes eutrophus) via oxygen limitation.The production of PHBV could be optimized by optimizing the oxygen transfer through the fermentor. Thereby, a peak concentration of 1.1 g PHBV per liter cell suspension, 40 w% of cell dry weight, was obtained at an aeration rate of 0.24 mol O₂/h·kg biomass. The yield of PHBV on the fatty acid concentration in the organic waste was 0.16 g polymer/g volatile organic matter. The process obtained, compares well with the commercial production process of PHBV based on glucose.     

Real-world fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions of light-duty diesel vehicles and their correlation with road conditions

The real-world fuel efficiency and exhaust emission profiles of CO, HC and NO_x for light-duty diesel vehicles were investigated. Using a portable emissions measurement system, 16 diesel taxies were tested on different roads in Macao and the data were normalized with the vehicle specific power bin method. The 11 Toyota Corolla diesel taxies have very good fuel economy of (5.9 ± 0.6) L/100 km, while other five diesel taxies showed relatively high values at (8.5 ± 1.7) L/100 km due to the variation in transmission systems and emission control strategies. Compared to similar Corolla gasoline models, the diesel cars confirmed an advantage of ca. 20% higher fuel efficiency. HC and CO emissions of all the 16 taxies are quite low, with the average at (0.05 ± 0.02) g/km and (0.38 ± 0.15) g/km, respectively. The average NO_x emission factor of the 11 Corolla taxies is (0.56 ± 0.17) g/km, about three times higher than their gasoline counterparts. Two of the three Hyundai Sonata taxies, configured with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) + diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) emission control strategies, indicated significantly higher NO₂ emissions and NO₂/NO_x ratios than other diesel taxies and consequently trigger a concern of possibly adverse impacts on ozone pollution in urban areas with this technology combination. A clear and similar pattern for fuel consumption and for each of the three gaseous pollutant emissions with various road conditions was identified. To save energy and mitigate CO₂ emissions as well as other gaseous pollutant emissions in urban area, traffic planning also needs improvement.     

Preliminary study on organic contaminants in the water of northwest part of the Lake Chao

The waterquality of the downstream of Nanfei River and the northwest area of Lake Chao is evaluated from organic analysis aspect. PAHs such as fluoranthene, pyrene are detected in the waters collected from downstream river and river mouth. More phenolic compounds are found in the river water. Some halogenated hydrocarbons are present in the river and lake waters. A great many of aliphatic hydrocarbons and benzene hydrocarbons found in all the water samples are about one third of the total organics detected. The hydrophobic components are found to be present not only in water but also in suspended sediment. The ratio of the amount existing is 0.4 in sediment and 1 in particle-free water. The quantity of humic materials existing in lake water is larger than that in river water. The proportion of the humic materials in lake water to that in river water is 1.9 to 1. In the lake water, some natural substances, such as dimethyl disulfide, alpha-pinene, azulene, and 6- methyl -2-heptanone are observed.     

污水处理厂中溶解性有机硫的浓度分布和分子转化特征

溶解性有机硫（DOS）是市政污水中溶解性有机物的重要组成成分,污水处理厂出水 DOS对受纳水体中重金属的迁移转化与生物有效性以及污水回用与深度处理具有重要影响,然而目前缺乏对污水处理过程中 DOS浓度和转化特征的认识 .采用高分辨率等离子体质谱（HR-ICP-MS）和傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱（FT-ICR-MS）考察了 DOS在某实际污水处理厂（厌氧/缺氧/好氧+混凝沉淀+反硝化滤池+次氯酸钠消毒）中的沿程浓度分布和分子转化特征 .结果表明,污水处理过程中的 DOS平均浓度为 42.2～167.9 μg·L^-1,是受纳水体中 DOS的重要来源;混凝沉淀 池 对 DOS 的 平 均 去 除 贡 献 率 最 高（101.4%）,其 次 为 厌 氧 池（65.0%）,而 好 氧 池 和 反 硝 化 滤 池 对 DOS 的 平 均 去 除 贡 献 率 分 别为-53.1% 和-56.7%;厌氧池主要去除 CHOS 类物质,并将不饱和脂肪类 CHOS 类物质转化成高度不饱和 CHOS 类物质,同时产生高分子量的CHONS（P）类物质;多肽类 CHONS（P）类物质在好氧池...     

抚仙湖沉积物有机碳埋藏特征及来源解析

为探讨近百年来抚仙湖不同湖区沉积物中有机碳埋藏及其来源变化特征,以抚仙湖南北部沉积柱为研究对象,分析有机碳埋藏速率时空变化特征,利用正构烷烃及其分布特征对埋藏在沉积物中的有机碳来源进行解析.结果显示,抚仙湖沉积物中有机碳含量为1.79~29.39mg/g,有机碳埋藏速率为3.07~27.71g/（m²·a）,两者均随时间的增加呈现整体上升的趋势,1980年以来增长速度明显加快;沉积物中有机碳含量北部（8.70mg/g）小于南部（12.59mg/g）,但有机碳埋藏速率北部（13.54g/（m²·a））大于南部（8.29g/（m²·a））,这与抚仙湖南北部有机质来源类型及人类活动的加剧造成的流域环境变化有关;抚仙湖沉积物中正构烷烃碳数范围为C₁₂~C₃₃,整体以高碳数组分为主,奇偶优势明显,表明沉积物中有机质主要来源于高等植物,Paq指示水生植物中以沉水植物占主导优势,2C₃₁/（C₂₇+C₂₉）与ACL_27~33指示陆生高等植物来源中,草本植物与木本植物的贡献相当,水生植物在北部湖区贡献大于南部,陆生高等植物在南部湖区的贡献大于北部.     

水源水中有机物特性及其氯化活性研究

以西南某市一个地表水为水源水的M水厂为研究对象，对其原水中有机物进行富集，有机物按照操作定义分为6个部分，分别为：亲水性有机酸、亲水性有机碱、亲水中性物质、疏水性有机酸、疏水性有机碱和疏水性物质，通过富集、确定了原水中6种有机物的组成分布，研究各种有机物的消毒副产物形成潜力以及替代剂（氯胺、二氧化氯）对卤乙酸形成的影响，提出了控制消毒副产物的主要对策，研究结果表明：1）M水厂水源水属于腐殖质含量的天然水体，受污染较小；2）原水溶解性有机物中疏水性有机酸是卤乙酸的主要前体物；3）用氯胺和二氧化氯代替传统的消毒剂作为替代消毒剂，可大大降低THMs和HAAs的生成量。     

北京西北郊降尘和降雨中稀土元素的浓度分布和来源的初步分析

应用ICP－MS测定了从1998年10月至1999年9月共12个月的北京西北郊降尘中稀土元素的浓度，同时测定了从1999年4月至6月间8次降雨中的稀土元素的浓度，对降尘和降雨中稀土元素的分布模式进行了初步分析，结果表明降尘和降雨中稀土元素的分布与我国土壤稀土元素的分布模式基本一致，说明降尘和降雨中的稀土元素主要来源于地表土壤。     

厦门市郊区降尘中大分子有机质化学特征浅析

以厦门市的降尘(包括一次沙尘天气)为研究对象,采用综合湿法-化学方法获得腐殖酸(HA)、干酪根+碳黑(KB)和碳黑(BC)3类大分子有机质,分析了两种天气情况下大分子有机质的形貌特征、官能团结构和来源,同时探讨沙尘天气条件下的影响.结果表明,大分子有机质的形貌特征为探讨其来源提供了丰富的信息,如呈大孔网状结构的干酪根样品可能源于植物,而呈球状结构的BC样品则可能源于煤或油的不完全燃烧.傅立叶红外光谱研究表明,降尘中的HA、KB和BC具有相似的结构组成和官能团信息,而受到沙尘天气及季节性的影响,官能团的含量存在差别.碳稳定同位素结合扫描电镜进一步研究大分子有机质来源表明,大分子有机质有明显的陆源C3植物的信息,且有部分化石燃料的信息.沙尘天气降尘中大分子有机质的δ13C值低于正常天气,这与植物的不同地域生长环境、沙尘暴携带的来自蒙古沙漠和中国西北部的沙尘及陆源有机质的δ13C值偏低区域的沙尘影响有关.KB和BC的相关性显著(r=0.964,p ＜0.01),表明干酪根(K)与BC有部分相似的生物质来源.