Optical counter response to monodisperse atmospheric aerosols

The response of a single particle optical counter to monodisperse fractions of ambient Los Angeles aerosols was determined. The monodisperse atmospheric aerosols were obtained using a differential mobility analyzer to select particles of a unifom geometric diameter. The optical counter response for atmospheric aerosols was compared to that for polystyrene latex spheres and to oleic acid particles of the same geometric diameter. Measurements were done with a Particle Measuring Systems (Boulder, CO) LAS-X optical counter of the type used for the Southern California Air Quality Study. The responses to atmospheric particles with diameters of 0.30, 0.38, 0.497 and 0.624 μm were measured at different times between 16 and 30 July 1987. The atmospheric aerosols were found to scatter less light than polysterene latex particles (refractive index = 1.59−0.0i), but about the same amount of light as oleic acid spheres (1.46−0.0i) of the same geometric diameter. On several occasions it was found that atmospheric particles of 0.497 μm geometric diameter produced two distinct optical diameters, indicating heterogeneity in composition among individual particles of this size.     

天津城区大气气溶胶复折射指数的反演及消光贡献分析

气溶胶的复折射指数是直接影响其散射特性和吸收特性的基本物理量之一.为深入研究城市大气气溶胶的复折射指数特征,引入一种具有高时间分辨率优点的反演方法来反演气溶胶复折射指数.依据辐射传输理论,将天津大气边界层观测站观测到的高精度散射系数、吸收系数和数浓度谱分布数据利用查表法代入Mie理论气溶胶粒子群消光计算公式,对大气气溶胶复折射指数进行反演.结果表明:①天津城区2011年4月观测地点0.55 μm波长处的气溶胶复折射指数实部平均值为1.64,虚部平均值为0.015.②气溶胶复折射指数实部和虚部均有明显日变化规律,实部和虚部均与相对湿度呈正相关,与风速呈负相关.③利用反演得到的复折射指数对不同粒径大气气溶胶的消光特性进行计算发现,对散射特性而言,>0.25~1.00 μm粒子对散射系数的贡献率达86%;对吸收特性而言,>0.25~2.50 μm粒子对吸收系数的贡献率为53%,>2.50~32.00 μm粒子对吸收系数的贡献率为47%.研究显示,>0.25~1.00和>1.00~32.00 μm的粒子对吸收系数的贡献率均较高,但对散射系数而言,>0.25~1.00 μm的粒子贡献率较高,因此综合考虑气溶胶散射系数、吸收系数和消光系数,控制>0.25~1.00 μm的气溶胶粒子数浓度可有效改善大气能见度.      

南京一次典型雾霾天气气溶胶光学特性

利用太阳光度计测得的直射太阳辐射和天空扫描数据,对南京北郊2010年冬季一次雾霾天气过程中气溶胶的光学特性进行了反演研究.研究表明,雾霾影响期间气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)明显增加,在1020,870,675,440nm四个波段上,雾霾前AOD为0.16~0.43,雾霾影响期间为0.31~0.84,雾霾后为0.19~0.48;本次雾霾天气的局地气溶胶散射能力增强,单次散射反照率(SSA)由发生前的0.8~0.86增大到发生时的0.89~0.91,而复折射指数的虚部降低,气溶胶的吸收能力明显减弱;雾霾过程伴随了大尺度气溶胶的导入,同时也有人为排放的贡献.其中雾霾影响期间粗粒子模态的体积浓度是发生前的2.5倍,细粒子浓度也比发生前增长了90%.     

大气可降水量卫星遥感反演不确定性对太阳总辐射模拟的影响

辐射传输方程模拟法作为一种较为准确有效的太阳总辐射间接获得方法,其模拟精度受到代入方程的大气参数精度的影响。论文通过将香港2005—2013年卫星遥感反演的大气可降水量产品与地面站数据对比,以68.3%的置信水平分析了卫星遥感反演的大气可降水量的不确定性;并通过收集2005—2013年香港其他影响大气上界太阳辐射到达地表的大气参数,如气溶胶光学厚度、气溶胶单次散射反照率、臭氧含量综合模拟大气环境,确定了大气可降水量的不确定性在夏季和冬季对太阳总辐射模拟（250~2 800 nm）造成的相对误差。研究结果表明,受大气可降水量不确定性影响,使用辐射传输方程法模拟获得的太阳总辐射有1%~3%的相对误差。使用该方法冬季受大气可降水量不确定性影响程度比夏季大。决定相对误差大小的主要因素是波长,大气水汽吸收作用强的波长上,相对误差也大;其次因素是太阳天顶角,太阳天顶角越大,该方法模拟所得太阳总辐射相对误差越大。研究为大气可降水量参数不确定性影响下太阳总辐射模拟的误差评估提供了依据。     

利用卫星资料估算福建晴空太阳辐射

利用卫星数据反演得到大气可降水量和气溶胶光学厚度等影响太阳辐射的参数,通过辐射传输模型进一步反演得到晴空地表太阳总辐射时曝辐量,并用2008-2009 年20 个地面站实测数据对反演结果进行验证。结果表明：遥感反演得到的晴空地表太阳总辐射时曝辐量与地面实测结果在空间上具有很好的一致性,两者相关系数为0.807,平均相对误差为9.6%,相对误差在10%以内的样本占总样本的74%。气溶胶对太阳辐射的影响最为显著,而水汽的影响相对较小,由气溶胶引起的太阳辐射削减量全年平均值为0.421 MJ/（m²·h）,而水汽引起的则为 0.204 MJ/（m²·h）,太阳辐射的空间分布与气溶胶的空间分布一致,气溶胶的高（低）值区对应太阳辐射的低（高）值区。     

Vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosol size distribution over south-central New Mexico

The vertical distribution of background atmospheric aerosols was measured over south-central New Mexico as a part of the Atmospheric Lidar Verification Experiment (ALIVE) during four research field periods in the summers and winters of 1989 and 1990. Aerosol size distribution was measured from the surface up to 4500 m above sea level (asl) over the particle size range 0.1∼32 μm, using two Particle Measuring Systems (PMS) probes mounted on the wings of the NOAA King Air research aircraft. Vertical profiles of aerosol number concentrations of both fine- (0.1–2.0 μm) and coarse- (>2.0 μm) particle modes show seasonal differences, with higher number concentrations and higher mixed layer heights during summers. The measured aerosol size distribution data of each ALIVE intensive were averaged for boundary layer and free troposphere regions. These data mostly exhibit bi-modal distributions, typical for the continental atmospheric aerosols. Exceptions were the free troposphere size distributions measured during December 1989 (ALIVE III) and June 1990 (ALIVE IV), which resemble Junge's power-law distribution. Each of the averaged aerosol size distributions was approximated by the sum of log-normal distributions. Different characteristics of aerosol size distribution were observed between the two summer measurements of 1989 and 1990. Back-trajectory analysis revealed that decreased aerosol concentrations were observed during June 1990 when the air mass was transported from the southwestern U.S.A.     

Optical thickness of atmospheric dust over Tadzhikistan

The aerosol dust optical thickness during a dust experiment in Tadzhikistan is derived from satellite measurements of reflected sunlight. The method estimates the surface reflectance on days with low optical thickness for the same ground area where dust occurs. In order to avoid changes in the surface bidirectional reflectance between the dusty and clear days, nearly identical geometry between the solar and view directions is obtained eight days before a dust storm. Lookup tables are utilized to obtain the surface reflectance on the clear day, and another set of lookup are tables is used to assign an optical depth to the dust. The optical depth lookup tables utilize Mie scattering for a representative size distribution and index of refraction for the dust aerosol. The observed similarity of size distributions and indices of refraction for dust aerosols at many locations over the earth justify this method. A map of the dust optical thickness is given.     

Complex refractive index of atmospheric dust aerosols

This paper compares published data on the complex refractive index of atmospheric dust aerosols, for different geographical regions, with data obtained for dust aerosol samples collected during the joint U.S.S.R.—U.S. experiment in Tadzhikistan, 1989. The disadvantages of methods used for estimation of the imaginary part, æ, of the refractive index are discussed. There is a considerable range of values of æ for dust aerosols, which is crucial for optical characteristic simulation. The existing discrepancy in æ can be due to uncertainties in methods used as well as due to the specific chemical composition of dust aerosols from various geographic locations.     

Optical and chemical properties of urban aerosols in sendai and Sapporo,Japan

Simultaneous measurements of size distribution, complex refractive index and chemical components of urban aerosols were intermittently carried out in Sendai and Sapporo, Japan, for the period from February 1986 to June 1987. Applying an inversion-library method to the phase functions measured by a polar nephelometer, size distribution and complex refractive index were retrieved. On the other hand, chemical components were analysed for the aerosol samples on a quartz fiber filter and a Teflon filter collected by two high-volume samplers. Among various components, elemental carbon as well as water content is most effective for the optical properties and its effect is found to be qualitatively different between winter and the other seasons. This difference seems to depend on the contribution of coarse particles.     

Evaluation of absorption properties of atmospheric aerosols at solar wavelengths based on chemical characterization

The imaginary part of the complex index of refraction of atmospheric aerosols was determined by calculation based on chemical characterization. Atmospheric aerosols in Sapporo were chemically characterized, and were estimated to be mainly composed of elemental C, organics, (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, sea salt and soil particles. Using the complex index of refraction of each chemical species, the volume extinction and scattering coefficients of the particles composed of the chemical species were calculated, using Mie scattering theory. The single scattering albedo of the aerosols was obtained as the ratio of the total volume scattering coefficient to the total volume extinction coefficient. The imaginary part of the complex index of refraction of the aerosols was determined by matching the calculated sigle scattering albedo for the aggregate aerosol to that calculated from the sum of the individual aerosol components. The monthly mean imaginary part of the complex index of refraction of aerosols in Sapporo ranged from 0.024 in August to 0.047 in February in 1982.The atmospheric solar heating rate was calculated by solving the equation of radiative transfer in turbid atmospheres. It was estimated that the atmospheric boundary layer in Sapporo was heated at the rate of 2.0–2.5°C day⁻¹ in February as a result of absorption of visible solar radiation by aerosols.     

Development and application of the multi-wavelength cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectrometer

To better characterize the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols, the multi-wavelength cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectrometer (MCRD-AES) is developed and applied in this study. By using tunable light source and four parallel cavities, the MCRD-AES covers a wide and atmospherically relevant wavelength range from 360 to 663?nm. Four wavelengths (375?nm, 440?nm, 532?nm, and 620?nm) are particularly tested with ammonium sulfate and nigrosine. The refractive index values obtained from this study agree well with literature data. The stability and accuracy of the MCRD-AES are tested, and the minimum detectable extinction coefficient is 0.5 1/Mm. The high sensitivity, high precision, and wavelength changeable of MCRD-AES indicate its great application prospect in comprehensively quantifying the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols.     

Automatic and continuous measurement of aerosol properties in Dunhuang, China

Ground-based simultaneous observations of sun direct and scattering radiation were carded out in Dunhuang for nearly 2 years.Aerosol optical depth, Angstrom wavelength exponent and size distribution were obtained from solar extinction and sky radiation. Water vapor content was obtained from sun direct radiation measurement at 940 nm. Relationship between aerosol properties and water vapor was discussed. Results showed that distinct seasonality of aerosol optical depth and Angstrom wavelength exponent was corresponding to seasonal variation of dust activity. Aerosol relative size distribution kept stable and volume concentration change was the reason resulting in variation of aerosol optical depth. Water vapor had minor effects on aerosol optical and physical properties.     

大气气溶胶消光系数的计算方法研究

基于Mie散射理论,在过去的同种颗粒消光系数计算的基础上,对多种成分颗粒的大气气溶胶,建立了消光系数的平均(理论的)计算方法,同时,利用容积占比等效折射率,建立了消光系数的等效计算方法,验证了该等效法的可靠性。随着最近实验测量技术的发展,可将大气气溶胶分成成分相近的若干组分,应用上述方法可按这些组分去计算成分复杂的实际的大气气溶胶的消光系数。对Kleiner Feldberg测量数据的应用得到了较理想的结果,这充分说明了方法的可靠性和可行性。该方法的建立,不仅为气溶胶的光学特性研究提供了一个新的理论方法,也为分析大气环境质量提供了有力的支持。     

用大气混浊系数监测大气污染

本文提出监测大气污染的新的大气混浊度指标,大气混浊系数H_2。当大气光学质量数等于2时,它是理想大气透明系数qb2与实际大气总透明系数P_2之差,即: H_2=qb2-P_2 大气混浊系数H_2是一种明确而简单的指标。利用它,我们能确定大气污染的程度;估计由于大气污染削弱的太阳辐射;研究大气污染的分布与变化。在拟定保护大气环境计划方面,它有重要作用。     

北京春季大气气溶胶光学特性研究

为了解北京春季气溶胶光学特性,利用AERONET Level 2.0数据资料研究了2010～2014年北京市春季大气气溶胶光学参数,以晴空作为背景,比较分析了春季及沙尘期间大气气溶胶光学性质的差异.研究发现,北京春季与沙尘期间粗粒子消光占总消光的28%和59%,沙尘期间粒子吸收仅占消光的11.4%,说明沙尘天气发生时以粗粒子消光为主且吸收作用弱.沙尘天气溶胶光学厚度呈现出高值,其值为春季平均值的1.7倍.Angstrom波长指数在沙尘期间远小于非沙尘期间,且有85%小于0.6.北京春季体积尺度谱以粗模态峰为主,其中沙尘天粗模态的体积浓度为0.81μm³/μm²明显大于春季的值(0.25μm³/μm²).沙尘期间单次散射反照率随波长增加递增,在波长440~1020nm间的平均值大于春季均值.复折射指数实部在沙尘过程的平均值达到1.51(440nm),春季均值为1.48(440nm),表明沙尘气溶胶的散射能力更强;复折射指数虚部随波长增大呈减小趋势,且春季平均值大于沙尘期间的值.沙尘期间辐射强迫大于春季值,并远高于春季晴空条件下均值.     

Aerosol optical properties derived from imultaneoussunphotometer and aureolemeter measurements in Lhasa

In order to obtain some aerosol properties in Tibetan Plateau atmosphere, simultaneous measurements of aerosols by use of a sunphotometer and an aureolementer were performed in the summer of 1998 in Lhasa(29.65°N, 91.13°E). Optical depth, volume size distribution and phase-function of aerosols were obtained from the measurements. Religious activities can have an effect on optical depth in Lhasa. The daily average aerosol optical depth(λ相似文献   

CE-318太阳光度计在大气环境监测中的应用

CE-318太阳光度计自动进行太阳直接辐射和天空光扫描探测,通过反演计算可获取大气气溶胶各种光学特性,在大气环境监测与研究领域发挥着重要作用。介绍了CE-318太阳光度计的仪器结构、测量工作程序和反演算法,并对2010年重庆城区大气Angstrom波长指数测量结果进行了简要分析。     

A preliminary comparison of atmospheric aerosols in urban and non-urban areas in Nanjing,China

Using a 10-stage cascade impactor, atmospheric aerosols were collected from urban and non-urban areas in Nanjing, China. The shapes of average mass distribution were multimodal for both the urban and non-urban samples. The average mass concentration of atmospheric aerosols in the industrial/agricultural area was larger than in city center and natural park areas. The mass median diameter (MMD) were 0.80 μm, 0.51 μm and 0.46 μm for the natural park, city center and industrial/agricultural samples, respectively. In both the urban and non-urban areas, the particles in accumulation and coarse modes were the main contributors to total mass concentration, the particles in Aitken nuclei mode were only a few percent of total mass.     

石家庄地区大气细粒子增长特征初步研究

为研究石家庄地区大气细粒子的微物理特征,2010年5月在石家庄市气象局观测站,对大气颗粒物、NOx和SO2进行了外场观测.结果表明:石家庄地区粒径小于1.0μm的大气颗粒物中,0.01~0.1μm粒径范围的粒子所占比例高达89.3%,大气细粒子污染较为严重.0.01~0.02μm和0.02~0.1μm粒径范围的颗粒物具有大致相似的变化规律,且与0.1~1.0μm粒径范围的粒子数浓度变化趋势明显不同.通过对典型粒子增长事件的研究发现,0.01~0.02μm的粒子数浓度在上午8:00左右会急剧升高,并达到全天的最大值.其后,0.01~0.02μm的颗粒物粒径会不断增长,由于增长消耗,其数浓度会迅速下降,使得0.02~0.04μm的粒子数浓度在上午12:00前会迅速升高.通过对气象要素和污染气体的分析,发现在相对湿度较低、风速风向变化不大,太阳辐射增加的情况下,SO2气相成核参与颗粒物增长的可能性较大.     

沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶含量变化的原因分析

利用中国大陆气溶胶指数(TOMS AI)、太阳辐射、沙尘能见度、降水量等观测资料,对中国西北部沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶含量进行分析.结果表明,沙漠地区AI值不但取决于沙尘暴的发生,而且取决于太阳辐射.这表明沙尘暴起沙模型和尘卷风与干热对流的联合起沙模型互为补充,沙漠地区上空的沙尘气溶胶含量是它们共同作用的结果,而由太阳辐射引发的尘卷风与干热对流较沙尘暴过程更为重要.