硅基底增透膜典型自然环境适应性评价研究

目的 掌握硅基底增透膜在自然环境中的环境适应性。方法 采用棚下暴露试验方法,开展硅基底增透膜样品自然环境试验。以0.5、1、1.5、2 a为检测周期,测试样品外观形貌、微观形貌、光谱透射比和表面化学成分等性能,根据性能随试验时间和试验环境的退化规律来对硅基底增透膜的环境适应性进行评价。结果 经过0.5 a的湿热雨林(版纳站)、暖湿酸雨(江津站)、寒冷(漠河站)、南海岛礁(永兴岛站)气候环境试验,硅基底增透膜光谱透射比出现少量下降,表面部分区域出现了明显的变色和脱膜,样品已失效。随着试验时间的延长,变色和脱膜区域变多、变大,光谱透射比出现明显下降,尤其是经过2 a南海岛礁气候环境试验后,光谱透射比下降了80%左右。结论 对各性能参数进行比较,硅基底增透膜在南海岛礁气候环境中的环境适应性最差,其次是暖湿酸雨气候环境,再次是湿热雨林气候环境,相对好一点的是寒冷气候环境。     

近43年来“三江源”地区气候变化趋势及其突变研究

利用“三江源”地区14个气象台站1962-2004年气温、降水量资料,分析了该地区气候变化趋势及其突变情况。研究表明:近43年来,“三江源”地区气温普遍升高,年及夏、秋季降水量的变化呈微弱减少趋势,而冬、春季降水量呈现出显著增加趋势,气候暖湿变化表现出不同季性,四季及年蒸发量变化呈逐年增大趋势;气候变化具有显著的区域性差异;年平均气温在1987年出现了由冷到暖的突变,冬、春季降水量均在20世纪70年代中期和80年代出现了由少向多的突变,年蒸发量在1986-1988年间发生由少到多突变。全球升温并由此引起的海洋蒸发和陆地上的蒸散加强,地气水分循环加快,是“三江源”地区气候出现暖湿变化的主要原因。     

基于提升能源化工基地清洁生产水平的节能减排潜力分析

文章以榆林能源化工基地代表性的支柱产业为例,开展依靠科技进步提升清洁生产水平的节能减排潜力分析。分析结果表明,至"十二五"末期榆林能源化工基地的支柱产业分别将清洁生产水平提高至一级或二级,可减少的二氧化硫排放量是3 451.8吨/年和1 094.3吨/年,氮氧化物排放量是5 333.5吨/年和1 962.5吨/年。     

Geomorphological consequences of fraquent and infrequent rainfall and hydrological events in Pyrennez Mountains of Spain

Various aspects of pluviometric andhydrological events have been studiedworldwide, one of which is the geomorphichazards as the intensity of the eventsexceeds various geomorphic thresholds.During the last few years, rainstorms ofdifferent intensities have occurred in theCentral Spanish Pyrenees, including one ofexceptional character. Large, historicaldebris flows have been studied, as well asthe actual sediment transport in smallexperimental catchments. This study showsthat during the most frequent eventssuspended sediment transport is the commongeomorphic process. Bedload is mobilizedseveral times per year while small rockavalanches and channelized debris flowshave a return period of at least 5 years.Hillslope debris flows are triggered byrainfall events with a 25–30 year returnperiod. Reactivation of large, deep massmovements is linked to rainfalls of around100 year return period (between 130 and160 mm in 24 hours). Catastrophicgeomorphic processes occur whenprecipitation exceeds a 100 year returnperiod, as was the case of the Biescascampsite disaster. Geomorphic processestriggered by intense rainfall events havecaused major damage and human disastersbut the hazards have been reduced by theintroduction of several control measures,including reforestation, the constructionof check-dams, canalization of riversegments and improved flood forecasting.     

近50年贵州省雷暴气候特征分析

利用贵州79个观测站1962—20¨年雷暴观测资料,采用经验正交函数分解（EOF）、小波分析和Mann—kendall检验,研究了贵州雷暴的气候变化特征。结果表明：全省雷暴活动西南向东北沿线逐渐减弱,东南向西北部减弱;根据EOF分析,雷暴异常空间分布主要有以下三类：全区一致型、纬向型、经向型,即同增同减、北多（少）南少（多）、东增（减）西减（增）,以全区一致型表现最为明显,其方差贡献为66．16％;此外,年际变化存在8～10年长周期、2～3年短周期振荡变化,且自1986年发生突变,总体呈现减弱的趋势,尤其以90年代以来最为显著,并推测未来几年全省雷暴活动将持续维持在偏少期。     

The extreme heat wave in Athens in July 1987 from the point of view of human biometeorology

At the end of July 1987 a heat wave came over Greece and had as a consequence an increase in the mortality to double the normal values. Predicted mean vote (PMV), physiologically equivalent temperature (PET), and for comparison discomfort index (DI) as thermal indices as well as core temperature, mean skin temperature, and skin wetness as body parameters are calculated for that period based on meteorological data of the Meteorological Institute of the National Observatory in the centre of Athens and of the suburban station New Philadelphia of the Hellenic National Weather Service. The results for the thermal indices and the body parameters indicate a very high thermal stress on people. In addition, the air quality stress index (AQSI) has been used for characterizing air quality conditions in Athens during the heat wave. The results Combined with the thermal effects of the heat wave the stress on humans due to environmental conditions has been very injurious to health.     

沈抚灌区土壤生态恢复途径初步研究

沈抚灌区是我国最大的石油类污灌区之一 ,已有长达 40年的污灌历史。灌区土壤中石油类有机污染物积累严重 ,特别是芳烃类污染物所占比例逐年增高 ,已给区域人群健康带来很大的潜在威胁 ,农田土壤的生态恢复迫在眉睫。本文全面分析了沈抚灌区土壤的污染特点 ,进行了土壤生物修复的初步研究 ,阐述了土壤生物修复方法的选用和开发方向 ,并对该区域生态恢复的途径进行了探讨     

A feasibility and cost comparison of perchloroethylene dry cleaning to professional wet cleaning: case study of Silver Hanger Cleaners, Bellingham, Massachusetts

The Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI) has been working with the dry cleaning sector for over 10 years - focusing on the ultimate goal of eliminating the use of perchloroethylene in this sector due to the availability of less toxic, feasible alternatives. Professional wet cleaning has been identified as one of these alternatives and has been a focus of the Institute in recent years. In 2008, the Institute provided a matching grant to Silver Hanger Cleaners in Bellingham, Massachusetts to convert their operations from perchloroethylene-based to water-based processes. Two years of data have been collected from the facility, reflecting one year of solvent use and one year of dedicated professional wet cleaning. The analysis of that data is presented here, including capital costs, performance data and associated costs, operational costs, and resource use and associated costs.     

The Ecological Footprint of Mediterranean cities: Awareness creation and policy implications

The Ecological Footprint is an accounting tool that has been used by resource managers and widely communicated to the public over the last 20 years. The National Footprint Accounts (NFA) are a system of national-level Ecological Footprint accounts that can be geographically scaled to derive Footprint values for major consumption categories at the household level for a given region, province, city or urban agglomeration. A number of city Footprint assessments have been undertaken during the last two decades. However, these studies have used different approaches, rendering comparability challenging. Here we present a top-down approach to consistently track the Ecological Footprint of 19 coastal cities in the Mediterranean region. Valletta, Athens, and Genoa are the cities with the highest per capita Ecological Footprint, ranging between 5.3 and 4.8 gha per person; Tirana, Alexandria and Antalya have the lowest Ecological Footprint, ranging between 2.1 and 2.7 gha per capita. Most cities’ Footprints exceed that of their countries with the exception of Thessaloniki, Tel Aviv, Venice, Palermo and Naples. This analysis provides a macro-level indication of the overall resource demands by cities, their drivers and leverage point. The main Footprint drivers are food consumption, transportation and consumption of manufactured goods. Differences among cities’ Ecological Footprint values are most likely driven by socio-economic factors, such as disposable income, infrastructure, and cultural habits. City level Footprint findings can be used to help design sustainability policies and positively reinforce collective public achievements so far.     

Addressing the environmental risk of persistent organic pollutants in China

The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was adopted in 2001. This year is the 10th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention. Until now, 22 chemicals or chemical categories have been listed as POPs in the Stockholm Convention. The POPs Research Center was established in Tsinghua University in the same year when the Convention was adopted. In the last ten years, much work has been done by Chinese researchers to understand the environmental risk of POPs in China. This article aims to review the recent research progress of our POPs Research Center and some other Chinese researchers’ studies in addressing the environmental risk of POPs, including the priority screening and inventory study of POPs, monitoring and modeling of POPs pollution and exposure, and environmental risk assessment and modeling of POPs. Although great advances in addressing the environmental risk of POPs have been made in recent years, we are still facing quite a few problems, such as data scarcity and uncertainty in environmental risk assessment of POPs. The study on the effect of POPs mixtures is in its infancy and currently POPs are usually assessed from legal perspective by risk assessment of single chemicals. These problems should be well addressed by further efforts. Further studies should also be taken in future to study environment risk of POPs by considering aspects of coupled dynamics between climate processes and POPs. Such sound scientific, riskbased information can support decision-making aiming to effectively minimize the risk level of POPs.     

Early Days of Food and Environmental Virology

In July 1962, the author joined the Food Research Institute (FRI), then at the University of Chicago, to become its food virologist. There was a limited record of waterborne viral disease outbreaks at the time; recorded data on foodborne outbreaks were fewer still. Laboratory environmental (water and wastewater) virology was in its infancy, and food virology was in gestation. Detection of viruses was most often attempted by inoculation of primary primate cell cultures, with observation for plaque formation or cytopathic effects. Focus was initially on enteroviruses and reoviruses. Environmental and food samples had to be liquefied if not already in liquid form; clarified to remove solids, bacteria, and fungi; and concentrated to a volume that could be tested in cell culture. Cytotoxicity was also a concern. Studies at the FRI and some other laboratories addressed all of these challenges. The FRI group was the World Health Organization’s Collaborating Center for Food Virology for many years. Other topics studied were virus inactivation as functions of temperature, time, matrix, disinfectants, and microbial action; peroral and ex-vivo infectivity; and the suitability of various virus surrogates for environmental monitoring and inactivation experiments. Detection of noroviruses and hepatitis A virus required molecular methods, most often RT-PCR. When it was found that inactivated virus often gave the same RT-PCR signal as that of infectious virus, sample treatments were sought, which would prevent false-positive test results. Many laboratories around the world have taken up food and environmental virology since 1962, with the result that a dedicated journal has been launched.     

西安地区人工林土壤干层与水分恢复研究

为查明西安地区土壤干层和丰水年之后的土壤水分的恢复,利用烘干法研究了人工林地土壤含水量。结果表明,西安地区丰水年极端降水前杨树林,法国梧桐林、中国梧桐林和苹果林地大约1.5～4m深度范围内土壤含水量分别为9.3%、9.0%、9.7%和9.1%,普遍存在土壤干层,干层厚度约2.5m。丰水年之后土壤水分得到了很好的恢复,干层全部消失。经过1a左右的入渗,水分恢复深度可达6m左右。根据丰水年之后土壤含水量的不断消耗确定,西安地区丰水年之后一般经过3～4a左右的时间,人工林地的干层将会再次出现。发育弱的土壤干层并未影响到人工林的正常生长,表明在西安或与西安类似降雨量的黄土高原其他发展人工乔木林是可行的。     

有机食品的发展现状及趋势探讨

介绍了有机食品的概念,分析了国际有机食品运动的发展方向、推动因素和市场潜力,预测今后几年内全球有机产品市场的年平均发展速率为15％－20％。同时,还分析了我国发展有机食品的国际环境、农业基础和发展模式,认为发展有机农业和有机食品是跨越绿色贸易壁垒的良策,国内的消费市场潜力和空间巨大,预测到2010年,我国有机食品占国内食品市场的比例可望达到1.0%-1.5%,占全球有机食品市场的份额则可望达到3.0%。     

On the meteorological conditions during some strong smoke episodes in Athens

Data of smoke concentrations from two stations in the downtown Athens area, were used to select eight intense air pollution episodes lasting a total of 31 days in the cold months of the period 1984–1987. The onset of these episodes was found to have been associated with a warm air advection from the south-west or with the withdrawal of a cold air mass that had been previously established over Greece. Rawinsonde data indicated that an intense warming below the 850 mb layer also occured during the first day in seven of the eight episodes, denoting the existence of strong subsidence. During 90% of the episode days the maximum 3-hourly resultant wind speed was less than 2.0 m s⁻¹ between 0000 and 1200 LST, while the mean mixing height was less than 500 m in 65% of the days; only on 1 did it exceed 1000 m. Finally, the end of the episodes was found to have been caused in four of the cases by a cooling of the lowest layers of the troposphere produced by the passage of a weak cold front and in three cases by a substantial increase in the wind or the wixing height.     

垃圾填埋场营造人工植被的研究

采用３种不同栽培方式,受试木本植物１６种、草本植物９种,在垃圾填埋场进行营造人工植被的试验。结果表明,填埋场甲烷气是影响植物成活的主要因素。在填埋１－２年的废弃地上,栽培短周期生长植物全部成活,获得了预期效果。在埋龄１年的垃圾废弃地上不易种植长周期生长的木本植物,在埋龄２年的废弃地上,仍需采取覆盖６０ｃｍ土层阻断沼气等措施才能生长。筛选出抗性较好的植物枸杞、苦楝、紫穗槐、刺槐、白蜡树、女贞、苜蓿、     

An evaluation of the delta-Eddington contrast transmission model

Calculation of visible contrast transmittance using a model based on the delta-Eddington solution to the radiative transfer equation is evaluated for a variety of conditions. The approximate nature of the delta-Eddington approach for calculation of radiances is demonstrated by comparison with published results from a spherical harmonics model and a Monte Carlo model developed for visibility calculations. Results of visible contrast transmittance using the delta-Eddington model are shown to be adequate in many instances, the major discrepancies are found for lines of sight directed toward the sun and for calculations over low albedo surfaces.     

福州市2000-2004年的生态足迹分析与评价

生态足迹是近年发展的用于定量研究和判断一个国家或地区可持续发展状况的新方法.文章在简要介绍生态足迹的概念与计算模型基础上,定量研究了福州市2000-2004年五年间的生态足迹和生态承载力变化规律和特征,并分析其原因.结果表明:五年间福州市人均生态足迹分别为2000年1.1729ha,2001年1.1395ha,2002年1.3510ha,2003年1.3821ha,2004年1.4806ha;人均生态承载力依次为2000年0.4009ha,2001年0.3973ha,2002年0.3957ha,2003年0.3904ha,2004年0.3882ha.生态赤字呈逐年增加的趋势,从2000年的0.7720ha上升到2004的1.0924ha.根据计算分析结果,有针对性地提出了福州市可持续发展过程中应采取的措施,为生态城市的建设提供新思路和科学依据.     

能耗和水质因素对紫外LED灭活深海油田注水常见细菌的影响

为了探究紫外LED应用于深海油田注水消毒的可行性,通过静态实验考察了255、280、350 nm紫外线对腐生菌、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌的消毒能力,并结合光电转换效率考察各紫外LED的能耗差异;此外,考察了水质因素对紫外线透射率及紫外LED灭活异养菌效果的影响.结果表明,紫外LED的单位灭活率能耗受紫外线灭活速率常数和该波长紫外LED的光电转换效率共同影响,尽管255 nm紫外线对腐生菌、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌灭活速率常数最大,但280 nm紫外LED针对受试菌种的单位灭活率能耗最低;颗粒物和铁离子等水质因素主要通过影响紫外线透射率对消毒效果产生影响,当紫外线透射率较高时对消毒效果的影响不大;驱动电流相同时,280 nm紫外LED对高细菌负荷水样的消毒更有优势.     

黄土高原植被重建对小流域水循环的影响

在黄土高原,植被重建是减少水土流失改善区域生态环境的有效措施,因而植被重建对水分循环的影响成为黄土高原地区生态环境问题研究的核心。论文利用流域对比分析法,以位于甘肃省西峰市南小河沟流域的一条森林小流域和一条荒坡草地小流域为对象,通过对1956～2000年水文要素的监测和分析,得出:44年内森林植被累积减少地表径流37％;前15-20年内植被减流作用随树龄的增长而增加,后24～30年植被的减流作用几乎保持不变;月径流量的减少主要集中在6-9月份;森林小流域相对于对比小流域,44年内土壤含水量累积减少约222mm,平均每年减少5mm;而蒸散量相对荒坡草地流域累积增加了620mm,平均每年多蒸散14mm。     

广州市主要污染物总量减排环境绩效评价

“十一五”期间,广州市主要污染物COD和SO2排放总量持续下降,经初步核算,2010年COD和S02排放量分别比2005年下降2．7万吨和6．5万吨,减排比例分别达到19．7％和43％,总量减排工作顺利完成。减排对环境改善明显,珠江广州河段主要污染指标浓度值均有所下降,COD年均浓度从2005的20．7毫克／升下降至2010年的13．6毫克／升,下降幅度达34．3％,整体水环境质量得到根本好转;空气环境质量优良率逐年上升,大气主要污染指标年均浓度值基本呈现逐年下降的态势,SO2从2005年年平均浓度为0．053毫克／立方米下降至2010年的0．033毫克／立方米,下降幅度达37．7％,空气质量持续得到好转。