Determining the acidity and chemical composition of fog,haze and cloud droplets in Israel

The chemistry and acidity of individual droplets were analyzed in samples of fog, haze and cloud collected at Tel Aviv University on the Mediterranean seacoast and at the top of Mt Meron and of Mt Carmel in northern Israel. Acidity was measured using pH paper in a cascade impactor. The characteristics of droplets and interstitial particles 0.3–20.0 μm in size were identified using microspot and electron microscopy techniques.The results revealed the following: (1) the aerosols in the micrometer and sub-micrometer range were mostly very acidic droplets, with pH as low as 2.0, caused by the presence of sulfuric acid; (2) lower acidity was associated with an increase in droplet size, due to dilution by condensation or nucleation scavenging of mineral dust, i.e. gypsum, calcite and dolomite; (3) both acidic and alkaline droplets contained significant amounts of sulfur; and (4) the alkaline droplets contained minerals and salt solutions of Na₂SO₄, CaSO₄, or NaCl.     

石家庄地区雾霾天气下云滴和云凝结核的分布特征

2009年5~10月在石家庄地区对雾霾天气下的近地面到高空的云雾滴和云凝结核(CCN)进行了7架次飞机探测.利用PMS云粒子测量仪器、机载温湿仪和连续气流纵向热梯度云凝结核仪获得的云雾粒子和云凝结核(CCN)探测资料,分析了层积云(Sc)和高积云(Ac)中云粒子浓度、液态含水量、粒子算术平均直径和粒子有效平均直径的垂直分布特征;分析了CCN垂直和水平分布特征以及谱分布.结果表明雾霾天气状况下,云滴数浓度在102个/cm3量级上.高云粒子粒径总体大于低云粒子.云含水量平均值范围为0.03~0.14g/m3;地面到600 m高度内, CCN值的平均值为3034cm-3(过饱和度S=0.3%).对CCN的活化谱进行拟合表明石家庄属于典型大陆性核谱,云对CCN有消耗作用,逆温层的存在使得该区CCN浓度累积增加.     

不同来源胡敏酸化学组成及其结合态磷素的生物有效性

磷(P)是存在于腐殖物质中的主要元素之一,然而不同来源腐殖物质中P素的生物有效性及其影响因素尚不清楚.本研究以土壤、泥炭、玉米秸秆、牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪为供试材料,利用酶水解方法比较了不同来源胡敏酸(HA)中P素生物有效性的差异,分析了P素生物有效性与HA化学组成之间的关系.结果发现:HA中活性无机P占HA全P的19.9%～46.4%,活性有机P占HA全P的23.3%～53.8%,活性P总量占HA全P的43.3%～84.7%;活性有机P中,类植酸态P的比例(9.13%～25.1%)最高,其次为简单单酯P(7.06%～22.3%)和多核苷酸P(4.12%～7.46%);不同来源HA相比,活性无机P的含量以土壤HA最高而鸡粪HA最低,活性有机P的含量以秸秆HA最高而牛粪HA最低,活性P总量的顺序为秸秆HA土壤HA≈猪粪HA泥炭HA牛粪HA鸡粪HA;Pearson线性相关分析指出,活性无机P与Al含量之间呈显著的负相关,活性有机P与Ca、Mg、Zn、碳水化合物和双烷氧碳含量之间呈显著的正相关,而活性P总量与Fe含量之间呈显著的负相关.上述结果说明,不同来源HA结合态P素的生物有效性不同,其中秸秆HA结合态P素的生物有效性最高,其次为土壤HA、猪粪HA、泥炭HA和牛粪HA,而鸡粪HA结合态P素的生物有效性最低;HA中酶可水解的活性有机P含量与其中金属元素和有机碳官能团的组成有关,HA中与Ca、Mg和Zn结合的P是酶可水解的有机P形态,同时HA中活性有机碳官能团含量较高则活性有机P的含量也较高.     

2009年夏季黄山云雾水化学特征及来源分析

利用09年夏季在黄山光明顶气象站采集的25个云雾水样本及气象站常规资料,分析了云雾过程雾水的化学特征、污染来源与微物理特性.结果表明,观测期间云雾水呈弱酸性,平均值pH值为6.4,主要的离子浓度由大到小排列为:SO42->NH4+>Ca2+>NO3->Na+>Cl-,表明二次污染物对黄山云雾水的贡献较大.统计分析显示,各云雾过程中雾水组分变化,主要缘于不同云雾过程中污染源与海洋源的贡献率不同.结合后向轨迹进一步分析显示,影响气团主要来源于海洋和周边地区,不同气团影响下雾水离子组分及云雾微物理特征差别明显.     

泰山云雾水中多环芳烃的特征与来源分析

于2008年10月18日~11月26日在泰山采集云雾水样品,分析了泰山云雾水中PAHs的含量特征及其与气象条件和pH值、电导的相互关系.结果表明,泰山云雾水中菲含量最多,芴和苊的含量次之;云雾水样品中PAHs浓度与气温有很好的相关性.应用特征分子比值法和因子分析法对云雾水中PAHs的来源进行解析,得出泰山云雾水中PAHs的主要来源为煤炭燃烧源,石油源的贡献相对较小.     

2006 年南京冬季浓雾雾水的化学组分

利用2006 年12 月24~27 日南京外场观测试验资料和采集到的雾水样品化学分析资料,从雾水的化学组成及同月采集的雨水的比较、雾水离子间的相关性、雾水离子浓度与污染气体的关系等几方面,分析了南京雾水的化学特征.结果表明,南京雾水pH 值介于4.24~7.27,多呈酸性;雾水离子浓度随时间有较大变化,这与雾的宏观和微物理结构有关;雾水中离子浓度与同时期(2006 年12 月上旬)雨水中的离子浓度以及污染气体的浓度变化趋势有一致性.如,雾水SO4₂^-和NO₃^-的浓度在25 日14:30~19:55 有1 个峰值,而污染气体的峰值则相对提前,大约在13:00~14:00,随后气体和离子的浓度都逐渐降低.     

南京2013年冬季三级分粒径雾水化学特征

为研究南京冬季不同粒径雾滴的化学成分的特征,利用three-stage CASCC主动式分档雾水采集器,于2013年12月7日~12月9日南京郊区发生浓雾期间,分时段采集三级分档雾水样本,分档粒径为4~16μm(三级)、16~22μm(二级)、>22μm(一级),共计23个分档雾水样本;用瑞士万通850professional IC型色谱仪器测定水溶性阴、阳离子浓度,分析探讨了三级分粒径雾水中阴、阳离子组分的分布特征,不同粒径雾滴中阴、阳离子浓度的相关性,雾水离子浓度与污染气体以及微物理之间的关系.结果表明,南京雾水的pH值多呈酸性,雾水中的各离子成分分布都与雾滴的大小存在着尺度依赖性关系,小雾滴与大雾滴相比,小雾滴中主要离子成分浓度(NH4+,NO3-,SO42-)高、pH值小且电导率(EC)值高.同时南京雾水中的各离子浓度呈现出夜间高白天低.统计分析显示,南京雾过程中雾水组分的变化,主要源于污染源的贡献差异.结合雾滴谱和污染气体资料分析得出,雾水化学组成的变化与微物理特征以及空气中污染气体有关.     

辣椒秸秆不同部位化学组分及厌氧发酵产沼气潜力

以辣椒苏椒16号为试验材料,调查统计了辣椒生物量和产废系数,并在实验室条件下,研究了辣椒秸秆不同部位理化特性及厌氧发酵产沼气潜力,及各部位对辣椒整株的影响.结果表明：辣椒秸秆生物量高达21t/hm²,产废系数为0.36.辣椒秸秆各部位间理化特性及产沼气潜力具有显著性差异（P<0.05）,产沼气潜力大小顺序为：叶（185.2mL/gVS）>茎（104.2mL/gVS）>根（68.9mL/gVS）.各部位对辣椒整株的影响主要表现在纤维素和碳水化合物的相对含量对其产沼气的影响.且根据经验分子式推测的理论产沼气量,对辣椒秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气转化率进行了评估,各部位转化率均较低,其原因有待进一步研究.     

湛江东海岛海雾雾水化学特征的对比分析

利用2010年和2011年在广东省湛江市东海岛海雾外场观测试验中获得的雾水样本和雾滴谱资料,对南海沿岸海雾化学特性进行研究.结果表明:2010年雾水的p H和电导率(EC)平均值分别为5.20和1884μS·cm-1,2011年的p H和EC平均值分别为3.34和505μS·cm-1.2011年雾水酸性变强的原因主要考虑到酸性物质比重增加.海洋源离子Cl-和Na+的离子浓度很高;SO_2-4和NO-3具有同源性,人为污染的贡献明显.2010和2011年总离子浓度(TIC)的平均值分别为38260μeq·L~(-1)和5600μeq·L~(-1),而实际大气中离子负荷量相差不大,主要是由于2011年观测地点海拔高度的升高会降低湍流因子的影响,减少粒径较大雾滴的沉降,从而促使液态水含量增加,在大气中污染物质浓度变化不大的情况下,离子浓度下降.     

南京雾过程对大气气溶胶谱分布及化学组成的影响

为探究南京地区雾过程对气溶胶粒子化学组成和尺度分布的影响,在2017年冬季的雾观测中平行收集了3级分档雾水和分粒径气溶胶样品,并对雾微物理量与气溶胶谱分布、3级分档雾水与雾前、雾中、雾后分粒径气溶胶化学组成对比分析。结果表明,2017年冬季南京第1次雾过程的雾滴液态水含量随粒径分布为不对称“V”型,最低值位于7μm处,第2次雾过程的雾滴液态水含量随粒径分布为3峰型,峰值分别位于5,15,21.5μm处。在雾形成、发展阶段,粒径<0.33μm的气溶胶质量浓度降低,粒径0.38μm气溶胶质量浓度升高,雾成熟阶段,气溶胶粒子质量浓度在全粒径段均达到最低,粒径0.38μm的气溶胶质量浓度大幅降低,与雾前相比,雾后气溶胶质量浓度峰值向大粒径方向移动。雾前,气溶胶水溶性离子组分富集在粒径<0.43μm的小粒子中,随着雾过程进行,成核作用和吸湿增长使得水溶性离子向较大粒径段富集。雾中新生成的气溶胶随着雾滴的蒸发被释放,导致雾后NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺浓度升高。较小粒径的气溶胶中和率更高,雾形成初期的新生雾滴酸性较强,随着雾过程的进行逐渐中和,雾水pH值逐渐升高。     

Chemical composition of different size ultrafine particulate matter measured by nanoparticle chemical ionization mass spectrometer

New particle formation (NPF) is the primary source of nanoparticles and contributes a large number of concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei. In recent years, field campaigns and laboratory experiments have been conducted to promote cognition of the mechanism for NPF and its following growth processes. The chemical composition measurement of nanoparticles could help deepen understanding of the initial step of particulate matter formation. In this work, we developed a nanoparticle chemical ionization mass spectrometer to measure nanoparticles' chemical compositions during their initial growth stage. Meanwhile, a non-radioactive ion source was designed for aerosol charging and chemical ionization. Time of flight mass spectrometer coupled with integrated aerosol size selection and collection module would guarantee the picogram level detection limit and high-resolution ability to measure the matrix of ambient samples. The performance of this equipment was overall evaluated, including the transmission efficiency and collection efficiency of custom-built nano differential mobility analyzer, chemical ionization efficiency, and mass resolution of the mass spectrometer. The high sensitivity measurement of ammonium sulfate and methylammonium sulfate aerosols with diameters ranging from 10 to 25 nm could guarantee the application of this instrument in the ambient measurement.     

天津市大气颗粒物中有机标识物粒径分布的季节特征

为探讨采暖季和非采暖季大气颗粒物中有机标识组分的粒径分布特征,识别其来源,于2018年5月至2019年4月在天津采集分粒径颗粒物,利用GC-MS对9个粒径段颗粒物中17种多环芳烃(PAHs)、20种正构烷烃(n-Alkanes)和7种藿烷(hopanes)进行分析,并通过有机标识物及特征比值的方法探讨其主要来源.结果表明:非采暖季的四环多环芳烃Pyr、Ba A、Chr和五环多环芳烃BbF、Ba P呈3峰分布,其余PAHs呈双峰分布,采暖季的低环PAHs呈双峰分布,中高环PAHs近似单峰分布.根据PAHs特征比值发现,非采暖季的燃煤源和交通源是PAHs的主要贡献源,采暖季PAHs受燃煤源的影响更显著.非采暖季的正构烷烃中C29呈单峰分布,C27、C31、C32和C33近似单峰分布,其余正构烷烃呈双峰分布,采暖季的正构烷烃均呈双峰分布.根据正构烷烃碳优势指数(CPI)和主碳峰数(C_max)发现,人为源是正构烷烃的主要来源,非采暖季受自然源的影响大于采暖季,自然源排放的正构烷烃倾向于富集在粗颗粒物上,人为源排放的正构烷烃则更倾向于富集在细颗粒物上.藿烷在粗粒径段和细粒径...     

不同粒径的厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥脱氮性能研究

通过血清瓶批试研究了温度为25℃时,粒径为R1(>2.5mm),R2(1.5~2.5mm),R3(0.5~1.5mm)的厌氧氨氧化(anammox)颗粒污泥的脱氮特性.R1,R2,R3的厌氧氨氧化TN去除速率分别为0.555,0.423,0.456kgN/(kgVSS×d),R1的TN去除活性最大,R2和R3的TN去除活性相差不大.anammox颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化TN去除、亚硝态氮反硝化、硝态氮反硝化、好氧氨氧化、好氧亚硝态氮氧化速率平均值分别为0.478,0.028,0.037,0.050,0.033kgN/(kgVSS×d).扫描电镜显示anammox颗粒污泥表面存在孔洞,有助于缓解粒径对传质效率的不利影响.颗粒污泥外部以球状菌为主,可能为好氧氨氧化菌(AOB),有助于缓解氧气对anammox菌的抑制作用;颗粒污泥内部以火山口状的细菌为主,可能为anammox菌.     

兰州地区大气污染的化学组成及来源解析

为探究大气污染的特征,于2020年5月—2021年4月在中国西北部的兰州市区采集了总悬浮颗粒物样品227个,利用离子色谱仪、热/光碳分析仪对主要水溶性离子、元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC)的质量浓度进行了测定.结果显示,兰州地区大气总悬浮颗粒物质量浓度均值为(376.7±974.8)μg·m^-3,高于国家环境空气质量二级标准(NAAQS),呈昼低夜高的变化特征主要是由于兰州地区夜间大气多处于静稳状态导致的污染物累积效应.水溶性阴、阳离子按质量浓度排序为NO₃^->SO₄^2->Cl^-、Ca²⁺>NH₄⁺>Na⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺,其中二次离子(NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺     

沙土不同粒径微团聚体对磷的富集特征

流失的水土是污染物的重要载体,为估算沙土吸附态磷流失量,采用平衡吸附法研究了沙土不同粒径微团聚体对磷的富集特征.结果表明,不同粒径微团聚体对磷的富集系数为:黏粒(3.79)＞粉粒(2.98),沙土中微团聚体对磷的富集作用比较强,其原因有三:细粒级微团聚体中腐殖质含量显著高于粗粒级;细粒级微团聚体中有机质是通过可溶有机质与黏土矿物相互结合形成复合体而富集,在复合体结构中存在孔隙填充方式磷吸附;粘粒和粉粒中的铁铝键有机矿质复合体所占比例显著高于其它粒级,在对磷吸附中发挥重要作用,其吸附机制除孔隙填充方式外,还存在铁铝氧化物及水化氧化物对磷的配位吸附.不同粒径团聚体对磷的吸附分配系数和富集系数均与腐殖质总量呈显著正相关(p＜ 0.01,r分别为0.854和0.954);西辽河流域沙土在暴雨径流中黏粒级和粉粒级冲泻质泥沙所携载的吸附态磷质量分数可分别按1269.15 mg·kg-1和997.53 mg·kg-1估算,黏粒和粉粒级微团聚体对磷的富集系数(Er)可分别按3.79和2.98计算.     

Fog composition along the Yangtze River basin: Detecting emission sources of pollutants in fog water

To investigate the fog chemistry along the Yangtze River basin, a field observation experiment was performed from Shanghai to Wuhan during November 2015. Fifteen fog water samples were collected by using a three-stage Caltech Active Strand Cloud water Collector(CASCC). The three-stage CASCC was mounted on the board of a ship. PH, electrical conductivity(EC), H_2O_2,HCHO, S(IV), ten inorganic ions, seven organicacids and sixteen trace metal elements were measured in this study. The p H of fog water samples ranged from weakly acidic(pH 4.3) to weakly alkaline(pH 7.05) and the EC ranged from 32.4 to 436.3 μS/cm. The main cations in fog water were NH+4 and Ca~(2+), accounting for 12.35% and 29.07% of those inorganic ions,respectively. In addition, SO_4~(2-) and NO_(-3) contributed to 25.52% and 12.93% to total anion concentrations respectively. Moreover, the dominant kinds of organicacids were formate and oxalate, occupying 45.28% and 28.03% of the total organicacids, respectively. For trace metal elements in fog samples, Al, Fe, Zn, and Ba revealed 34.6%, 16.4%, 19.3%, and 20.9%contributions to these sixteen trace element concentrations, respectively. The results indicated that pollutants were mainly from human activities, including fossil fuel combustion,biomass burning, steel-making, stone quarrying and sand digging. Besides, natural sources including natural background levels and long-range transport of sea salt particles also aggravated the pollution levels in the fog events along the Yangtze River.     

Influence of different weather events on concentrations of particulate matter with different sizes in Lanzhou, China

The formation and development of weather events has a great impact on the diffusion, accumulation and transport of air pollutants, and causes great changes in the particulate pollution level. It is very important to study their influence on particulate pollution. Lanzhou is one of the most particulate-polluted cities in China and even in the world. Particulate matter (PM) including TSP, PM_>10, PM_2.5-10, PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 concentrations were simultaneously measured during 2005-2007 in Lanzhou to evaluate the influence of three kinds of weather events - dust, precipitation and cold front - on the concentrations of PM with different sizes and detect the temporal evolution. The main results are as follows: (1) the PM pollution in Lanzhou during dust events was very heavy and the rate of increase in the concentration of PM_2.5-10 was the highest of the five kinds of particles. During dust-storm events, the highest peaks of the concentrations of fine particles (PM_2.5 and PM_1.0) occurred 3 hr later than those of coarse particles (PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10). (2) The major effect of precipitation events on PM is wet scavenging. The scavenging rates of particles were closely associated with the kinds of precipitation events. The scavenging rates of TSP, PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10 by convective precipitation were several times as high as those caused by frontal precipitation for the same precipitation amount, the reason being the different formation mechanism and precipitation characteristics of the two kinds of precipitation. Moreover, there exists a limiting value for the scavenging rates of particles by precipitation. (3) The major effect of cold-front events on particles is clearance. However, during cold-front passages, the PM concentrations could sometimes rise first and decrease afterwards, which is the critical difference in the influence of cold fronts on the concentrations of particulate pollutants vs. gaseous pollutants.     

Chemical composition of particles in the black sea atmosphere

Shipborne samples collected from the Black Sea atmosphere were analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis, atomic absorption spectrometry and ion chromatography for approximately 40 elements and ions. Concentrations of most of the elements are found to be a factor of two higher in the western part of the Black Sea than corresponding concentrations in the eastern part. Main source regions for anthropogenic elements were in Europe. The WNW, WSW and SSW sectors together account for 70% of observed concentrations of elements. Principal component analysis showed a crustal, a marine and three anthropogenic factors. Two of the anthropogenic factors were the result of long-range transport of particles and the third indicated a local iron and steel industry. Atmospheric fluxes of elements to the Black Sea were calculated using observed concentrations, scavenging ratios and precipitation data and results were compared with riverine fluxes of elements. For crustal elements, riverine fluxes were found to be dominant, but for pollution-derived elements, atmospheric fluxes were comparable to riverine fluxes to the Black Sea.     

北京市街道灰尘的化学成分及其可能来源

在北京市六环路以内北西-南东、北东-南西、东-西及南-北4条剖面上采集了街道灰尘样品,进行了20个元素的化学分析(K,Ca,Al,Fe,Ti,Mn,Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,La,Ce,Y,Nb,As,Sb,Hg,OC),并通过统计分析对街道灰尘中这些元素可能的来源进行探讨.结果表明,比较街道灰尘中对人体有害元素含量与北京地区土壤背景值发现,只有As、Ti、Mn的含量低于土壤背景值,其它元素的含量都不同程度地高于土壤背景值,而Cd和Hg的最大值甚至达到了北京地区土壤背景值的250倍和64倍.可见这些元素的点污染现状相当严重.通过因子分析将20个元素变量减少为5个因子,可解释北京市街道灰尘的4种来源:①交通排放,特征元素为Zn,Sb,Pb,Cu;②与成土母质的地质背景有关的土壤颗粒的再悬浮和/或迁移;③工业污染,铁族元素组合Fe、Mn、Cr、Ti是典型的首都钢厂污染元素;④建筑材料及废弃物.而Hg和Cd因其多来源的复杂作用使得这2个严重污染环境的元素归属(分组)不明.