Sensitivity of soils to acid rain in South China

This paper deals with the sensitivity of soils to acid rain in 5 provinces, South China. Based on field work and literature, and taking soil pH, CEC, and the types of residua into account, the authors classified the sensitivity into 4 categories: highly sensitive, sensitive, slightly sensitive, and non-sensitive. By overlapping the maps of soil pH, CEC, and types of residua, the map of soil sensitivity in South China has finally resulted.The authors try to summarize the regularity of soil sensitivity to acid rain in this area. The sensitivity of different soil types in the studied area has also discussed.The seriousness and its prospects of acid rain in this area have been pointed out in order to draw the attention of relevant authorities.     

华南四座固体废物综合处理产业园周边土壤重金属研究

采集了华南四座固体废物综合处理产业园周边表层土壤样品,并分析各样品中Cd、Pb、Hg、As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和Co等9种重金属以及氟化物的含量,研究了重金属和氟化物的含量水平、空间分布及来源构成.结果表明,研究范围内表层土壤重金属和氟化物含量均值范围分别为Cd(0.165～1.161mg/kg)、Pb(37.8～...     

华南某市生活垃圾组成特征分析

依据城市生活垃圾采样分析方法对华南某市20个街镇生活垃圾的物理性质和物理组成进行历时一年的研究.结果表明,研究区域垃圾平均容重为0.22×103kg·m-3,垃圾三组分(水分、灰分和可燃物)所占比例分别为55.0%~66.9%、18.6%~30.3%、69.7%~81.4%,有机质含量比例为50.1%~58.0%,各研究区镇垃圾热值范围为6 570~9 652 k J·kg-1,平均热值为8 272 k J·kg-1,高于世界银行推荐的垃圾焚烧所需最低热值(7 000 k J·kg-1).其它物理组分所占比例分别如下:厨余类为39.8%~53.3%,橡塑类为16.5%~33.4%,纸类为5.61%~7.95%,纺织类为1.14%~5.16%,竹类为2.49%~5.12%,玻璃类为1.10%~1.47%,混合类5.86%~7.57%,灰土类2.46%~6.73%,金属0.1%~0.32%,陶瓷0.4%~0.69%.相关分析和主成分分析结果表明纺织类、橡塑类、纸类、可燃物比重对焚烧有促进作用,厨余类、玻璃类、容重、灰分、含水率、灰土等则对焚烧有一定的负影响.     

我国主要地区表层土壤中多环芳烃组成及含量特征分析

关于我国表层土壤多环芳烃的含量、组成及来源分析的报道很多,但大部分都是针对某一地点或地区的研究,关于我国主要地区总体分布情况的研究很少.为全面了解我国表层土壤中多环芳烃组成及含量特征,本文基于文献报道结果,较系统地分析了全国土壤多环芳烃的总体污染状况及规律.对140组数据进行分析的结果表明:我国表层土壤∑PAHs的含量中位值为580μg·kg-1.从PAHs的组成来看,4～6环PAHs的相对比例较高,占68.53%.我国表层土壤中∑PAHs平均含量的分布趋势为东北>华北>华东>华南>华中,东北地区表层土壤中∑PAHs的含量显著高于除华北地区以外的其它3个地区(p<0.05).东北地区土壤中∑PAHs的含量约是华中地区的6倍.造成这种差异的原因可能和气候条件的地理性差异以及产业结构的区域性分布有关.不同的污染源类型对土壤中PAHs的含量影响很大,点源污染表层土壤多环芳烃的含量显著高于面源污染的土壤(p<0.01),面源与点源污染表层土壤中∑PAHs的平均含量分别为317.3μg·kg-1和1812.95μg·kg-1.上述研究结果可为全国和区域土壤环境质量评价以及土壤环境质量标准制修订提供参考.     

中国南方生态系统的酸沉降临界负荷

将中国南方生态系统的酸沉降敏感性等级与用MAGIC模型在对应样点计算的临界负荷值相结合,对中国南方生态系统的酸沉降临界负荷进行了研究,并编制了1°×1°经纬度网格的临界负荷图．研究结果表明,中国南方生态系统硫沉降临界负荷大多在2.3～5.2gm²a之间,在地域分布上由东南向西北逐渐增大,其中临界负荷小于3.0g/m₂a的极敏感地区为浙江南部、广东与福建交界地区、贵州西南部和广西中部．     

Effects of simulated acid rain on cation release in soils of South China

This paper deals with the release of base cations and Al3+ at the treatment with simulated acid rain (SAR) in main soil types collected from South China. Results showed that the amounts of base cations increased obviously when the pH value of simulated acid rain was lower than 3.0 or 3.5. Compared with the leaching of K+ and Na+, the leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+ was affected by the pH value of SAR. Only when the amounts of base cations leached from soils exceeded the cation exchange capacity, the pH value of leaching solutions decreased sharply and the amounts of released Al3+ increased. The H+ buffering mechanisms, which were affected notonly by the pH values of SAR, but also by the types and solid components of soils, were proposed for the main soils studied.     

水稻土对磷的吸持能力及环境风险研究

以湖南Cd污染区水稻土为供试土壤,研究了土壤活性Al(Al_(ox))、活性Fe(Fe_(ox))、磷吸持指数(PSI)、吸持饱和度(DPSS)和释放风险指数(ERI)及其相关性关系.结果表明:供试水稻土中Al_(ox)和Fe_(ox)含量变异性较大,分别为55.67~1495.90 mg·kg~(-1)和1.50~13.63 g·kg~(-1),但有效磷含量变化幅度不大.水稻土吸持磷能力较弱,全部样品中PSI均低于30,但水稻土磷的吸持饱和度较低,85%的土壤样品DPSS低于磷淋失临界值(15%),且磷释放失风险(ERI)较小.水稻土中Al_(ox)含量和Fe_(ox)含量与PSI存在显著正相关关系(p0.05),而与DPSS之间表现为显著负相关关系(p0.01),DPSS和PSI呈现为显著负相关关系(p0.01).     

中国环境固体废弃物污染现状与治理研究

固体废弃物污染问题已经引起全世界的关注。固体废弃物污染环境,危害公众健康,已经成为不可忽视的环境问题,其中重金属污染治理和农业环境整治已被列为近期环保治理重点工作。随着城市化进程的加速,城市固体废弃物产生的危害也越来越大;随着人们生活水平不断的提高,农村的固体废弃物的处理也不容乐观。环境保护工作的重要性日益突显,固体废弃物的危害已经日益严重。研究中国固体废弃物污染形式,分析污染形成原因、污染源形成,并采取针对性措施的研究将有助于这项工作的开展,对保障人民身心健康,保障经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Lead content of urban soils in China

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Effect of N and P addition on soil organic C potential mineralization in forest soils in South China

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition is at a high level in some forests of South China. The effects of addition of exogenous N and P on soil organic carbon mineralization were studied to address: (1) if the atmospheric N deposition promotes soil C storage through decreasing mineralization; (2) if the soil available P is a limitation to organic carbon mineralization. Soils (0-10 cm) was sampled from monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest (MEBF), coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBMF), and Pinus massoniana...     

我国工业固体废弃物的管理及资源化探讨

针对我国目前工业固体废物情况提出相应对策:加强法制和标准建设;综合利用;推广清洁生产,严格控制产生总量,实施全过程管理;推进垃圾处理处置社会化进程,建立工业固体废物的排放收费制度,实行工业企业固体废物排放许可证制度;积极推行IS014000以及加强国际合作交流。     

中国城市生活垃圾燃烧的特性

根据我国23个主要城市约40组垃圾的统计数据(包括元素分析和工业分析及组分分析),较好地拟合了生活垃圾净热值、垃圾焚烧理论空气量的计算公式;在此基础上研究了垃圾净热值与绝热火焰温度的数学关系,进而分析了垃圾单独焚烧(无辅助燃料)所需的临界热值及过剩空气率、预热空气温度等参数对临界热值的影响.本研究为了解垃圾的燃烧特性及垃圾的焚烧利用提供分析依据.     

中国工业固体废物的现状和对策探讨

从固体废物的产生、分布、利用与处置、排放、污染以及危险废物等方面分析了我国工业固体废物的现状,得出了相应结论,即工业固体废物产生量增长势头得到了一定控制,与地区和行业有很大关系,其组成相对稳定,以及危险废物状况令人担忧等,最后提出了“九五"期间解决工业固体废物问题的具体对策。      

我国的固体废物处理处置现状与发展

本文在对固体废物的污染状况、管理中存在的问题,现有技术水平以及社会需求进行分析的基础上,提出了建立了区域性集中处理处置技术体系的观点及应考虑优先发展的处理处置技术。     

电子垃圾拆解地稻田土壤和稻米中重金属污染评估

As、Cd、Cu、Pb等重金属是废旧电子电器产品(电子垃圾)拆解过程释放的一类重要的有害化学物质.大米是电子垃圾拆解地居民主要的食物,大米中的重金属含量直接关系到当地居民的食品安全和健康风险.本研究测定了广东省清远市电子垃圾拆解地4个拆解点稻田土壤和稻米中As、Cd、Cu和Pb的含量水平,并评估了土壤中重金属的生态风险和当地居民食用大米中的重金属的健康风险.电子垃圾拆解地稻田土壤中As、Cd、Cu和Pb的平均含量分别为8.9~9.4、0.73~1.94、75~195和54~87 mg·kg~(-1),稻米中As、Cd、Cu和Pb的平均含量分别为0.11~0.17、0.11~0.66、7.54~21.6和0.27~0.42 mg·kg~(-1)(以稻米干重计).电子垃圾拆解地土壤和稻米中Cd、Cu和Pb的含量是对照区的2~15倍,但As的含量与对照区无显著性差异.土壤中重金属的生态风险评估结果显示,电子垃圾拆解地稻田土壤中的Cd具有极强生态风险.当地居民膳食暴露风险评估结果提示,电子垃圾拆解地当地居民大米中的Cd和Cu可能存在较高健康风险,且Cd具有较高的致癌风险.     

中国城市生活垃圾处理及趋势分析

介绍了城市生活垃圾的主要处理方法及目前中国城市生活垃圾的处理现状,通过实际调研和统计分析表明:中国城市生活垃圾的处理方式主要以填埋为主,占总处理量的95%以上;卫生填埋处理能力较低,处理水平参差不齐,有较大的区域性差异.基于城市生活垃圾清运量与国民经济发展水平、非农业人口数量等驱动因子相关,建立了城市生活垃圾清运量预测模型,并利用该预测模型预测了不同情景下未来中国城市生活垃圾清运量,比较分析了不同模型的预测结果,表明非农业人口预测结果与GDP和人均GDP预测结果有一定的差异,非农业人口预测结果更接近于中国的实际情况.      

Topsoil organic carbon mineralization and CO2 evolution of three paddy soils from South China and the temperature dependence

Carbon mineralization and its response to climatic warming have been receiving global attention for the last decade. Although the virtual influence of temperature effect is still in great debate, little is known on the mineralization of organic carbon （SOC） of paddy soils of China under warming. SOC mineralization of three major types of China＇s paddy soils is studied through laboratory incubation for 114 d under soil moisture regime of 70% water holding capacity at 20℃ and 25℃ respectively. The carbon that mineralized as CO2 evolved was measured every day in the first 32 d and every two days in the following days. Carbon mineralized during the 114 d incubation ranged from 3.51 to 9.22 mg CO2-C/gC at 20℃ and from 4.24 to 11.35 mg CO2-C/gC at 25℃ respectively; and a mineralizable C pool in the range of 0.24 to 0.59 gC/kg, varying with different soils. The whole course of C mineralization in the 114 d incubation could be divided into three stages of varying rates, representing the three subpools of the total mineralizable C： very actively mineralized C at 1-23 d, actively tnineralized C at 24--74 d and a slowly mineralized pool with low and more or less stabilized C mineralization rate at 75-114 d. The calculated Q10 values ranged from 1.0 to 2.4, varying with the soil types and N status. Neither the total SOC pool nor the labile C pool could account for the total mineralization potential of the soils studied, despite a well correlation of labile C with the shortly and actively mineralized C, which were shown in sensitive response to soil warming. However, the portion of microbial C pool and the soil C/N ratio controlled the C mineralization and the temperature dependence. Therefore, C sequestration may not result in an increase of C mineralization proportionally. The relative control of C bioavailability and microbial metabolic activity on C mineralization with respect to stabilization of sequestered C in the paddy soils of China is to be further studied.     

Study on the toxicity of acid rain to microbiota in soils

With simulated acid rain and acidification, the soils from both Nanning and Liuzhou municipalities, Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region have been studied to determine the counts of azotobacter, bacteria, actinomyces and the activity of urease in soils, and the changes in respiratory intensity of soil so as to identify the toxicity of acidic substances to microbiota and enzyme in such soils. The concept of the critical pH of toxicity has been developed and used to discuss the representation of the concept, the basis on which the soil treated with simulated acid rain can be taken as an object of study, and the criteria for the identification of toxicity. Based on that as mentioned above, it was found that acid rain behaved to have toxicity to the microbiota in soils from Liuzhou other than from Nanning. The findings may be regarded as an objective basis to study the toxicity of acidic substances to microbiota and enzyme in soils in this region.     

中国城市生活垃圾处理方法现状分析研究

城市生活垃圾无害化处理已成为重要的公共卫生问题。垃圾随意堆放会影响城市景观,而且占用土地;这是由于垃圾在堆放过程中由于在腐化过程中会产生大量酸性和碱性的有机污染物,这些污染物不仅污染环境并溶解出其中的重金属,对环境造成严重污染。本文分析了城市生活垃圾处理方法现状,阐述了将来的发展趋势,并针对目前中国城市垃圾处理存在的问题,提出了相关对策及工业化建议。     

物种敏感性分布法在土壤中铜生态阈值建立中的应用研究

利用不同累计概率分布函数拟合了基于中国土壤的21个物种的铜毒理学数据,建立了不同土壤条件下的铜物种敏感性分布曲线.结果表明物种敏感性分布方程Burr Ⅲ在X轴(浓度)方向及y轴的较小累计概率范围内拟合优度较佳.在构建土壤中铜物种敏感性分布曲线时,利用铜生物毒害模型归一化处理能体现土壤性质对铜毒害的影响,相比于未归一化(不考虑土壤性质差异的影响)的结果更具科学性.结合铜的生物毒害模型利用Burr Ⅲ构建了中国土壤4种典型情景中的物种敏感性分布曲线,并基于此推导出了不同土壤情景下的铜5％毒害浓度(HC5),其在酸性土壤、中性土壤(包括水稻土)、碱性非石灰性土壤和石灰性土壤中的值分别为13.1、29.9、51.9和26.3 mg·kg-1(以土壤中外源铜为单位).此结果不仅表明了不同土壤条件下的不同物种对铜毒害的敏感性分布规律,还为建立对应土壤性质的铜生态阈值提供了可靠的科学基础.