3种草皮缓冲带对农田径流污染物的净化效果及其最佳宽度研究

通过对照试验,研究了百慕大、白花三叶草和高羊茅3种草皮缓冲带对农田径流污染物的净化效果.结果表明,空白对照带对径流水SS几乎没有去除效果,百慕大草皮缓冲带对径流水SS的去除率最高,达84%.其次为白花三叶草和高羊茅草皮缓冲带,对径流水SS的去除率分别为81%、73%;进水TN质量浓度在10 mg/L以内时,3种草皮缓冲带出水TN质量浓度都低于2mg/L,均达到<地表水环境质量标准>(GB 3838-2002)V类标准;进水TP质量浓度为0.54～1.50 mg/L时,3种草皮缓冲带出水TP质量浓度均为0.08～0.34 mg/L,也均低于GB 3838-2002V类标准规定的限值;3种草皮缓冲带径流水SS去除率和沿程距离具有显著的相关性,在径流水SS去除率为80%时.通过计算可知3种草皮缓冲带的最佳宽度为16.1～20.4 m.其中百慕大草皮缓冲带最低,为16.1 m.     

钱塘江河口段水环境现状与保护对策

系统地分析了2001-2008年钱塘江河口段干流地表水、海水及两岸平原河网地表水的水质变迁与现状.结果表明,钱塘江河口段干流地表水水质总体较好,但大部分河段仍未达到<浙江省水功能Ⅸ水环境功能区划方案>的要求,主要的超标项目为NH4+-N和TP,其次为高锰酸盐指数和BOD5,并且DO浓度总体呈现下降趋势;干流海水水质总体较差,主要超标因子为无机氮与活性磷酸盐;两岸平原河网大部分河段水质为<地面水环境质量标准>(GB 3838-2002)V类或劣于GB 3838-2002 V类.为保障钱塘江河口段水资源的持续利用,提出了相关的水环境保护对策.     

酶联免疫快速检测技术在太湖流域微囊藻毒素污染调查中的应用研究

采用酶联免疫(ELISA)法对2008年5～11月环太湖水域及太湖下游嘉兴河网水体中微囊藻毒素(MC)的污染状况进行了调查.结果表明,ELISA法对环太湖水样的加标回收率为(98.0±6.5)%,相对标准偏差≤10.0%,准确性和再现性均良好,且具有通量高、检测速度快的特点,适于太湖流域MC污染的普查和初筛.环太湖水样中的MC-LR在2008年8、10月较高;太湖下游嘉兴河网水样中的MC-LR自2008年7月开始有检出,最高质量浓度出现在9月,为0.772μg/L;各饮用水源地水样中的MC-LR亦有检出,但未超过<地表水环境质量标准>(GB 3838-2002)规定的限值(1.0μg/L).     

基于内梅罗指数的阳宗海湖滨湿地水环境质量评价

在采集阳宗海湖滨湿地水样并测定水样中富营养化指标和重金属指标的基础上,用内梅罗指数法对不同湖滨湿地区域的水环境质量进行评价。结果表明:TP总平均质量浓度为0.095mg/L,是《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类水标准(0.05mg/L)的1.9倍;COD总平均质量浓度为19.59mg/L,未超过GB 3838—2002Ⅲ类水标准(20mg/L);阳宗海湖滨湿地As污染最为严重,总平均质量浓度为0.112mg/L,超过了GB 3838—2002Ⅴ类水标准(0.10mg/L),Zn、Cu、Cr未超过GB 3838—2002Ⅲ类水标准,Cd、Mn、Ni、Pb、Co未检出;4个湖滨湿地区域富营养化指标的内梅罗指数评价结果均为良好,空间上表现为北部东部南部西部;重金属指标的内梅罗指数评价结果为东部和北部中度污染水平,南部和西部重度污染水平,空间上表现为南部西部东部北部。     

单液滴微萃取—气相色谱/质谱法检测水中多环芳烃

采用单液滴微萃取-气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)法建立了检测水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的方法,研究了萃取溶剂种类、萃取时间、搅拌速度对萃取效率的影响,确定了最佳单液滴微萃取条件,该法用于水中PAHs的检测,16种PAHs的线性范围为0.2～7.0μg/mL,相关系数≥0.9784,检出限为0.002～0.190μg/mL,相对标准偏差为7.1%～15.1%,加标回收率在81%～122%.     

人工湿地-沉水植物塘组合系统治理村镇污染水体

采用人工湿地-沉水植物塘组合系统在不同水力负荷(200、500、1 000mm/d)条件下对村镇污染水体净化效果进行研究。结果表明:在不同水力负荷和污染负荷下,组合系统整体运行稳定、耐负荷能力强、去除效果良好;出水COD达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅲ类标准,出水总磷达到GB 3838—2002的Ⅴ类标准,出水总氮达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级A标准,出水氨氮达到GB 18918—2002的一级B标准。除溶解性正磷酸盐以外,组合系统对污染物的去除效果均随着水力负荷的增加整体呈现出下降趋势,低水力负荷去除效果最优。沉水植物塘在氮、磷去除效果上优于人工湿地,而人工湿地在COD去除效果上则优于沉水植物塘。     

凤眼莲去除垃圾渗滤液中的COD、NH3-N和TP

在静态水培实验条件下,对不同浓度垃圾渗滤液条件下凤眼莲的生长状况及其净化效果进行了研究。结果表明,在高浓度(COD 3 546.7 mg/L、NH3-N 527.5 mg/L、TP 8.02 mg/L)垃圾渗滤液条件下(HCL)凤眼莲全部被毒害致死,在中浓度(COD 1 233.3 mg/L、NH3-N 182.9 mg/L、TP 2.83 mg/L)垃圾渗滤液条件下(MCL)生长状况差,生物量减少为实验前的32.6%。在低浓度(COD 660.0 mg/L、NH3-N 99.7 mg/L、TP 1.59 mg/L)垃圾渗滤液条件下(LCL)能够正常生长,且对低浓度垃圾渗滤液有较好的净化效果。24 d后COD、NH3-N和TP的去除率分别为85.9%,99.8%和84.8%。COD与NH3-N均达到《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB16889-2008)》排放标准,TP达到《地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)》Ⅳ类排放标准。     

大孔树脂对污水处理厂尾水提标及再生液的高效脱氮处理中试研究

为实现污水处理厂尾水提标至《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅳ类水质标准，针对已经达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准的杭州市某城镇污水处理厂尾水，采用大孔树脂吸附后出水化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)、氨氮、硝态氮、总氮(TN)平均质量浓度分别为5.89、0.10、0.12、0.74、0.98 mg/L,达到GB 3838—2002的Ⅳ类水质标准，相应的去除率分别为42.98%、44.44%、53.85%、91.79%、90.78%,对TN特别是硝态氮的去除效果非常明显。同时，针对含高浓度硝态氮的树脂再生液采用两级缺氧好氧工艺处理，使得出水TN平均质量浓度为30.00 mg/L,COD为191.00 mg/L,可以返回至污水处理厂生化系统。中试的吨水成本为1.34元，包括电耗成本1.10元，药剂费0.24元。     

Fe/C微电解-超声波/Fenton氧化-活性炭吸附处理仲丁灵农药废水

采用Fe/C微电解-超声波/Fenton氧化一活性炭吸附处理高色度、高COD、高盐分、高毒性的仲丁灵农药废水.试验结果表明:(1)Fe/C微电解处理仲丁灵农药废水的最佳条件:pH为4,铁屑投加量为0.5 mol/L,Fe与C摩尔比为2:1,反应时间为4h.(2)Fenton氧化的最佳条件:pH为4,FeSO4·7H2O投加量为0.03 mol/L,H2O2投加量为0.4 mol/L,反应时间为2 h.(3)在Fenton氧化的最佳条件下,超声波/Fenton氧化对COD去除率最高(平均约为80%).(4)当吸附时间为2 h、PH为6、活性炭投加量为20 g/L时.COD去除率可达90.5%.(5)采用Fe/C锻电解-超声波/Fenton氧化一活性炭吸附处理后,COD、色度均可达到<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)中的一级标准.     

过滤/厌氧/膜生物反应器工艺处理井冈霉素废水

针对生化性较好、COD和SS等污染物浓度极高、含有抗菌素的井冈霉素废水,在场地受限的情况下,采用过滤/厌氧/膜生物反应器工艺处理该废水.结果表明,该工艺流程简洁,操作简单、运行稳定;在进水COD、BOD5和SS分别为34 100、11 900、9 190mg/L的条件下.去除率均在99%以上.出水水质达到<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)中的一级标准.     

Preparation of porous carbon based on partially degraded raw biomass by Trichoderma viride to optimize its toluene adsorption performance

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are usually organic compounds with boiling point in the range of 50 to 260°C, pose a serious threat to...     

A sensitive diffusion sampler for the determination of volatile organic compounds in ambient air

We developed a diffusive sampling device (DSD-voc) for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which is suitable for collection of low level VOCs and analysis with thermal desorption. This sampling device is composed of two parts, an exposure part made of a porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter, and an analysis part made of stainless-steel tubing. The DSD-voc collects VOCs through the mechanism of molecular diffusion. Collection is controlled by moving the adsorbent from the exposure part to the analysis part by changing the posture of the DSD-voc. Adsorbates in the DSD-voc were analyzed by GC/MS with a thermal desorption cold trap injector (TCT). The TCT has the advantage of being able to accept the entire quantity of VOCs. We connected a condenser between the DSD-voc and the trap tube to prevent moisture from freezing in the trap tube when the sampler was packed with strong adsorbent. We also examined the desorption efficiency for VOCs from several types of adsorbents (Carboxen^TM 1000, Carbosieve^TM G, Carbosieve S III, Carbotrap^TM B, and activated carbon) over a wide range of temperatures. Carboxen 1000 was suitable for the determination of VOCs with a low boiling point range, from CFC12 to hexane, while Carbotrap B was suitable for VOCs from hexane to 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The limits of detection with Carboxen 1000 and Carbotrap B were 0.036–0.046 and 0.0035–0.014 ppb, respectively, for a sampling duration of 24 h. Coefficients of variation for concentrations of major VOCs ranged from 3.8 to 14%. It is possible to estimate atmospheric VOCs at sub-parts per billion (sub-ppb), with high sensitivity, by using both adsorbents in combination.     

用修正的E-L模型描述二元VOCs气体在活性炭上的吸附平衡

对不同VOCs气体二元吸附平衡进行了研究。结果表明,对于甲苯-苯、甲苯-乙酸乙酯、甲苯-丙酮、丙酮-乙酸乙酯及苯-丙酮二元吸附体系,吸附过程存在置换现象,即随着高沸点组分在床层内吸附量的逐渐增加,相对挥发性大的低沸点组分更易脱附,出现高沸点组分置换低沸点组分的现象,表现为被置换组分的穿透曲线上出现峰值;但对于苯-乙酸乙...     

长江口区域饮用水源地有机污染特性研究

以南通市为例,对长江口区域饮用水源地53种挥发性有机物( VOCs)、64种半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)、33种农药、20种多氯联苯等有机污染物进行定性、定量检测,选取汇龙镇水厂、如皋水厂、海门长江水厂3个水厂水源地进行r枯水期、平水期、丰水期3个水期的监测.结果表明:(1)VOCs中仅在枯水期有四氯化碳检出,33种农...     

Development of a new hydrocarbon index for oil-in-water

A new robust method for determination of hydrocarbons in water without use of Freon^™ or other halogenated solvents has been validated and subjected to an interlaboratory exercise. The method is based on extraction with a light hydrocarbon (boiling point in the 39–69°C range), followed by cleanup for removal of polar components and detection by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionisation (FID) detection. The performance characteristics of the method are comparable with that of the previous Freon-IR method with recoveries in the 60–80% range and reproducibility (between laboratory variations) of about 30%.

A screening method for hydrocarbons in the range 5 ppm and above based on infrared spectroscopy (IR), and a promising method for detection of low levels based on solid phase extraction (SPE) has been tested and validated.     

Validation of an evacuated canister method for measuring part-per-billion levels of chemical warfare agent simulants

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) research on direct-reading instruments (DRIs) needed an instantaneous sampling method to provide independent confirmation of the concentrations of chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants. It was determined that evacuated canisters would be the method of choice. There is no method specifically validated for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. The purpose of this study was to validate an evacuated canister method for sampling seven specific VOCs that can be used as a simulant for CWA agents (cyclohexane) or influence the DRI measurement of CWA agents (acetone, chloroform, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, hexane, and carbon tetrachloride [CCl4]). The method used 6-L evacuated stainless-steel fused silica-lined canisters to sample the atmosphere containing VOCs. The contents of the canisters were then introduced into an autosampler/preconcentrator using a microscale purge and trap (MPT) method. The MPT method trapped and concentrated the VOCs in the air sample and removed most of the carbon dioxide and water vapor. After preconcentration, the samples were analyzed using a gas chromatograph with a mass selective detector. The method was tested, evaluated, and validated using the NIOSH recommended guidelines. The evaluation consisted of determining the optimum concentration range for the method; the sample stability over 30 days; and the accuracy, precision, and bias of the method. This method meets the NIOSH guidelines for six of the seven compounds (excluding acetone) tested in the range of 2.3-50 parts per billion (ppb), making it suitable for sampling of these VOCs at the ppb level.     

The occurrence of chlorinated and other organic trace compounds in urban air

The concentrations of 42 chlorinated hydrocarbons (boiling point range from 61 °C to 400 °C) and those of 16 selected volatile hydrocarbons were simultaneously measured in ambient air during the period of one year. The measurements were carried out at 12 sites with different air qualities in the city of Hamburg (FRG). Annual means, medians and peak concentrations are presented. Analyses of the concentration distributions and a comparison with emission data show that traffic is the dominant source of hydrocarbons, whereas chlorinated hydrocarbons are predominantly emitted by industrial sources. This results in a fairly uniform urban pattern of hydrocarbons, but highly variable concentrations of low boiling halogenated compounds.     

Estimation of volatile organic compounds in Kuwaiti houses after the Gulf war

Interest in indoor air quality is steadily increasing. Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is associated with health effects as diverse as childhood respiratory disease, lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. In an effort to assess the environmental impact indoors from possible sources of VOCs, such as (i) open oil lakes, (ii) chemical and petrochemical industries and (iii) indoor pollution from household items, concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic VOCs, comprising n-hexane to n-hexadecane, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethyl benzene, methanol and o-dichlorobenzene, were measured in indoor air samples from seven different cities in Kuwait using a gas chromatograph. The data for the period March to May 1993 are presented. The VOCs, as measured, were surprisingly low and they are below the concentrations set by the American Hygienists Association. However, although the concentration of the estimated VOCs being low, were cumulative effects of them entering the human body and water sources cannot be ruled out.     

Spatial distribution of organotins in sediments of lowland river catchments

A method is described for the measurement of nanogram quantities of a range of methyl and butyltin compounds. The method utilises a modified purge and trap/boiling point separation technique for the determination of organotin compounds in sediment samples. A spatial survey of sediment samples within 5 river systems in the East Anglia region of the United Kingdom was undertaken and identified a range of organotin compounds with concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) ranging from <3.9 ng g(-1) up to 1291 ng g(-1). The highest values were found in areas connected with boating activities. Wherever TBT was present, dibutyltin and monobutyltin were most commonly found along with small concentrations of certain methyltins.     

Characterization of Volatile Organic Chemical Emissions From Carpet Cushions

Abstract

The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission is investigating chemical emissions from carpet systems in order to determine whether the emissions may be responsible for the numerous health complaints associated with carpet installation. As part of this effort, a study was conducted to identify and quantify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released into the air by five major product types of new carpet cushions. Cushion samples were tested in small-volume dynamic chambers over a six-hour exposure period. Airborne VOCs collected on multisorbent samplers were identified using sensitive gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The emissions of selected VOCs were quantitated with the small-scale chamber method and further characterized in larger environmental chambers conducted over a 96-hour period under conditions more representative of indoor environments. A separate chamber method was developed to screen polyurethane cushions for emissions of toluene diisocyanates (TDI). Over 100 VOCs, spanning a broad range of chemical classes, were emitted from 17 carpet cushions. The pattern of emitted VOCs varied between and among product types, which reflects probable differences in manufacturing processes and ingredients. No significant quantities of TDI or formaldehyde were released by any cushions. Emission profiles were characterized for total VOCs and for the predominant individual VOCs. As a group, the synthetic fiber cushion samples emitted the lowest quantities of VOCs. Cushion samples purchased from carpet retailers released lesser amounts of VOCs than samples of the same cushion types obtained directly from the manufacturing mills, suggesting that chemical losses from the bulk material may ensue as a result of transport, handling, and storage prior to installation. The data suggest that placement of carpet on top of a carpet cushion, as would occur in a residential installation, reduced the rate of some VOC emissions when compared to the cushion alone.