南京南郊马尾松种群动态及种内竞争模型的应用

通过对南京南郊马尾松(Pinus massoniana)种群年龄结构的统计,绘制该种群的静态生命表。结果表明,该马尾松种群年龄结构属衰退型;存活曲线为凸形曲线,属Deevey-A型;死亡率和消失率变化规律一致,均在第11龄级(47~49 a)时取得极大值,分别达0.625和0.981。对群落Hegyi竞争指数的计算表明,种内竞争是马尾松种群衰退的主要原因:种内竞争指数占总竞争指数的85.8%,种内平均单木竞争指数为1.71,而种间竞争指数仅占总竞争指数的14.2%。非线性回归结果表明,用林振山种内竞争模型拟合南京南郊马尾松种群数量的衰退规律可以达到较高优度,判定系数为0.759,此地马尾松种群固有出生率为0.105,环境对马尾松的最大容量为31株·(400 m2)-1。模型稳定性分析表明,马尾松种群虽然处于衰退阶段,但种群不会退出该地区,并将在未来很长时间保持群落优势种的地位,种群密度最终将衰退至9.396株·(400 m2)-1的稳定状态。     

长白山暗针叶林建群种竞争关系的研究

根据野外调查数据,利用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型,定量地研究了长白山暗针叶内主要建群种（以鱼鳞云杉为例）的种内、种间竞争关系,结果表明：暗针叶林中鱼鳞云杉种内竞争强度随着林木径级的增大而迅速减小,也就是说,在暗叶叶林内,鱼鳞云杉种群由于自然调节的作用,随着林木径级的增大,林木因自然稀疏过程导致部分个体死亡,加大了株间距离,因此对光、温、水等生态条件及资源的竞争强度降低,暗针叶林内鱼鳞云杉种内种间竞争强度的顺序为：鱼鳞云杉－鱼鳞云杉＞鱼鳞云杉－臭冷杉＞鱼鳞云杉－红松＞鱼鳞云杉－长白落叶松＞鱼鳞云杉－岳桦＞鱼鳞云杉－杂木,鱼鳞云杉种内种间竞争强度可用幂函数关系CI＝AD－B（其中CI为竞争强度：D为对象木胸径;A、B为参数）表示,并可模拟和预测鱼鳞云杉种内种间竞争强度,从预测结果中发现：当鱼鳞云杉胸径达到35cm后,竞争强度变得小,且变化幅度不大,说明此时该生态系统已基本上达到稳定状态,这可为暗叶林的经营管理提供依据,即在鱼鳞云杉胸径达到35cm之间辅以必要的人工管理措施,以期使得该生态系统尽快达到稳定状态,图2表4参10     

雅安市谢家山两种密度柳杉人工林群落结构和物种多样性研究

林分密度是影响林分生长、群落结构及生物多样性的重要因素之一,对近自然森林的经营改造、森林生态系统稳定性的维持及林业可持续发展具有重要意义。为研究林分密度对群落结构和物种多样性的影响,并探索维持人工林生态系统的稳定性和促进近自然林业改造的合理林分密度,采用典型样地法,以物种丰富度指数D值、Shannon-wienner指数H值、Simpson优势度指数H′值和均匀度指数Jsw值作为综合衡量群落物种多样性的指标,对比研究了雅安市谢家山两种林分密度(高密度和低密度)对柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)人工林群落结构和物种多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)共记录到植物109种,隶属57科95属。高密度群落物种组成为乔木11种,灌木27种,草本41种;低密度群落物种组成为乔木17种,灌木35种,草本35种;(2)从群落结构上看,在高密度下,物种多分布在中径级(胸径11.0~23.0cm)和高高度级(高度15.0~24.0 m);在低密度下,物种多分布在小、中径级(胸径5.0~23.0 cm)和小、中高度级(高度9.0~21.0 m);(3)两种密度下群落的各指数均表现为:草本层灌木层乔木层。物种丰富度指数D值在乔木层和灌木层表现为低密度高密度,在草本层表现为低密度高密度。从Simpson指数H′值、Shannon-Wiener指数H值和均匀度指数值Jsw值分析来看,乔木层这些指数均表现为低密度高密度,而灌木和草本层则与之相反;研究认为低密度(1 250~1 375/(株·hm-2))更利于谢家山地区柳杉人工林多样性的维持及柳杉树种的自然更新。     

鹤山针阔叶混交林的种群竞争初步研究

通过对鹤山针阔叶混交林种群竞争的研究发现,10年生同龄大叶相思—马尾松群落中,大叶相思生长良好,马尾松种群生长不良和死亡率高达72％;异龄大叶相思—湿地松群落内两种群均生长良好;马尾松、湿地松和大叶相思等纯 林内个体高度和胸径的分化差异小,而混交林内各种群个体高度和胸径分化差异大,尤其是大叶相思比针叶树种更明显;在考虑种群竞争指标时,个体枝叶的生物量或单位面积的生物量比植株数和构件更好;大叶相思—湿地松混交林总的生物量为69.091/hm~2,大叶相思—马尾松混交林为55.282/hm~2,这两个群落的生物量均低于7年生大叶相思纯林;营造针阔叶混交林时应以异龄块状混交方式为主。     

亚热带次生常绿阔叶林优势种间的竞争效应与竞争反应

运用邻体干扰模型及其野外工作方法,初步研究了缙云山亚热带次生常绿阔叶林优势种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、大头茶(Gordonia acumenata)和白毛新木姜子(Neolitea aurata var. glauca)3个种群间的竞争效应与竞争反应.结果表明(1)种内竞争效应排序为马尾松＞大头茶＞白毛新木姜子;(2)种间竞争效应排序为白毛新木姜子＞马尾松＞大头茶;(3) 种间竞争反应排序为大头茶＞马尾松＞白毛新木姜子;(4)白毛新木姜子与大头茶之间的竞争强度最大,达到1.05;大头茶与马尾松之间的竞争强度最小,仅为0.32. 表3 参8     

澳门松山市政公园优势种的种间关联性分析

为了探明澳门松山市政公园群落的物种组成和种间关系,在对其群落进行样方调查的基础上,利用方差比率法、γ2检验以及种间关联度指数对物种关联性进行了分析.结果表明:澳门松山市政公园群落内共有维管束植物119种,其中乔木34种,灌木44种,麒本植物18种,草本植物23种.该群落内物种整体关联性表现为显著的正关联;55个优势种组成的1 485对种对中,有242对表现出显著或极显著关联性.其中有241对种对表现出正关联性.占所有关联对数的99.59%,占总种对数的16.23%;仅1对种对表现出负关联性占所有关联对数0.41%,占总种对数的0.067%.     

江西三清山台湾松+白豆杉-猴头杜鹃植物群落研究

对三清山台湾松(Pinus taiwanensis Hayata)-白豆杉(Pseudotaxus chienii(Cheng)Cheng)-猴头杜鹃(Rhododendron simiarum Hance)群落进行野外调查和分析,结果表明,(1)从群落组成、外貌、结构分析看该群落是保存较好的典型中亚热带针阔叶混交林,地理成分构成以热带属占52.60%,温带属占46.08%;按重要值计算,群落优势种组成以杜鹃花科(24.38%)、松科(22.93%)、山茶科(19.45%)、壳斗科(10.27%)占优势,而建群种、优势种主要为猴头杜鹃(64.53%)、台湾松(56.11%)、白豆杉(29.36%)、荷木(19.68%)、黑柃(15.99%)、细叶青冈(15.82%)和厚叶红淡比(15.79%)。(2)Simpson物种多样性指数为1.00,Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数为3.66,频度值分析为A>B>CE,同Raunkiaer标准频度定律有一定差异。(3)群落组成以多优势种为特征,从年龄结构图看均为衰退种群,衰退程度为:台湾松>猴头杜鹃>荷木>白豆杉>黑柃>细叶青冈>厚叶红淡比,且前三种衰退程度很高。(4)群落生活型以高位芽植物占绝对优势(70.21%),地上芽植物次之(25.32%),地面芽植物(2.13%)和隐芽植物(2.13%)较少。(5)群落的乔木层明显分为2层,高度在10~18m,以台湾松、荷木、细叶青冈优势,7~10m以白豆杉、黑柃、猴头杜鹃占优势。猴头杜鹃优势度极大,覆盖度达0.6~0.98,较大的荫闭环境对其它优势种如台湾松、白豆杉等幼苗的更新造成极大的影响。(6)从总体上看,该台湾松、白豆杉群落是一个典型的亚热带地带性常绿阔叶林,群落物种多样性、均匀度较高,在演替上实际上处于一种相对稳定的状况。     

岷江上游油松造林密度对油松生长和群落结构的影响

调查了岷江上游 20a龄油松人工林样方 17个(20m×20m),测定了油松生长参数、林下植被的植物物种多样性和盖度,以分析油松生长和群落结构变化的密度效应.结果发现:油松高度生长随密度增大而增加,在密度 2 500~3 500hm-2时达最大,随后下降;胸径生长在 2 200~2 800hm-2时达到最大,随后下降.油松单位面积生物量由低及高,在 3 500~4 000hm-2达到最大,随后稍有下降;而个体平均生物量约在 2 500hm-2时最大.随着油松盖度的上升,灌木层盖度开始下降,林下散射光增加,导致草本层盖度上升,中等密度时 (2 500~3 500hm-2 )油松林乔灌草层次盖度配置较为合理;物种丰富度与油松密度呈显著负相关,但不同密度油松林的物种多样性指数变化无一定规律.因此,如果不以追求生物量最大化为单一目标,中等密度(2 500 ~3 500hm-2 )的油松林具有较好的群落结构配置、较高水平的物种多样性和种群更新能力,符合可持续林业发展的要求. 图 3参 19     

放牧对荒漠草原建群种和优势种生态位的影响

短花针茅荒漠草原建群种为短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）,优势种为无芒隐子草（Cleistogenes songorica）和碱韭（Allium polyrrhizum）,3个种群地上现存量之和可达群落现存量的60%~80%,其数量消长、时空变化及结构的位移均会引起群落的巨大波动。为明确3个植物种群占有空间资源的能力、相互关系及其受放牧影响的变化规律,以内蒙古苏尼特右旗赛汉塔拉镇1999年建立的荒漠草原教学科研基地建群种和优势种为研究对象,于2012年8月在围封区（CK）和自由放牧区（CG）按样带法和样地法进行取样,运用生态位宽度指数、生态位重叠指数及灰色关联度进行数据分析,结果如下。受放牧影响,短花针茅和碱韭主要通过大幅度调节生态位宽度来保证植物种群存活及其在群落中的地位和作用,变化幅度分别为0.429~0.813和0.235~0.828;而无芒隐子草生态位宽度变化不大（为0.556~0.761）,其对放牧影响的耐受性较强。在生态位重叠方面,短花针茅与无芒隐子草受放牧影响后分别与其他两植物种群重叠程度增加,而碱韭植物种群表现相反;生态位重叠程度变化与种对间的竞争能力有关,也与种对间的亲和能力有关,且存在不对称性。     

镇江内江湿地植物群落演替进程中种群生态位动态

用定量分析法对镇江内江湿地植物群落演替进程中种群生态位动态进行了研究.先采用"空间代替时间"方法,选择四类典型样地,分别代表群落演替进程中四个不同阶段.再以每个调查样方作为多维资源的综合资源位,用Levins 生态位宽度公式和Pianka生态位重叠公式测算不同演替阶段内所有种群的生态位宽度以及同一演替阶段内所有种群间的生态位重叠,并分析它们的生态学意义.结果表明,不同演替阶段,群落的优势种群生态位占绝对优势,揭示了它们较强的环境适应能力和较高的资源利用能力.种群生态位动态较好地表征了演替过程中对应种群及生境的动态变化,尤其是优势种群的更迭.总体上,生态位较宽的种群间生态位重叠较大,有较多相似生态特性的种群间生态位重叠也较大.群落内种群的平均生态重叠随演替逐渐增加,至中后期最高,后期略有回落,这主要由群落内种群种内竞争和种间竞争共同作用的结果.     

古田山国家级自然保护区常绿阔叶林类型及其群落物种多样性研究

在群落调查的基础上，分析了古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林的群落类型和群落物种多样性特征．结果表明：古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林主要有6种类型(群系)，即甜槠林、栲树林、野含笑-钩栗林、青冈林、虎皮楠-甜槠林、乌冈栎-青冈林，并对各群落类型的结构和物种组成进行了描述．从各群落的外貌、结构和种类组成上看，均具有我国典型常绿阔叶林的基本特征．不同群落类型其物种多样性大小不同，栲树林和野含笑-钩栗林物种多样性较高，虎皮楠-甜槠林和乌冈栎-青冈林物种多样性较低．在群落垂直结构中，灌木层→乔木层→草本层物种多样性依次降低，乔木层与灌木层之间物种多样性差异不显著，草本层的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数均明显小于乔木层和灌木层．与邻近4个山地常绿阔叶林物种多样性相比较，古田山常绿阔叶林物种多样性比纬度位置高的黄山和大别山要大，但比纬度位置低的乌岩岭和缙云山小．     

Recruitment of Hornbill-Dispersed Trees in Hunted and Logged Forests of the Indian Eastern Himalaya

Abstract:  Hunting of hornbills by tribal communities is widespread in logged foothill forests of the Indian Eastern Himalaya. We investigated whether the decline of hornbills has affected the dispersal and recruitment of 3 large-seeded tree species. We hypothesized that 2 low-fecundity tree species , Chisocheton paniculatus and Dysoxylum binectariferum (Meliaceae) bearing arillate fruits, are more dispersal limited than a prolifically fruiting drupaceous tree Polyalthia simiarum (Annonaceae), which has potential dispersers other than hornbills. We estimated the abundance of large avian frugivores during the fruiting season along transects in 2 protected and 2 disturbed forests. We compared recruitment of the tree species near (<10 m) and far (10–40 m) from parent trees at protected and disturbed sites. Median abundance of Great ( Buceros bicornis ), Wreathed ( Aceros undulatus ), and Oriental Pied Hornbills ( Anthracoceros albirostris ) were significantly lower in disturbed forests, but sites did not differ in abundances of the Mountain Imperial Pigeon ( Ducula badia ). Overall, tree species showed more severely depressed recruitment of seedlings (77% fewer) and juveniles (69% fewer) in disturbed than in protected forests. In disturbed forests, 93% fewer seedlings of C. paniculatus were beyond parental crowns, and a high number of all seedlings (42%) accumulated directly under reproductive adults. In contrast , D. binectariferum and P. simiarum were recruitment rather than dispersal limited, with fewer dispersed seedlings surviving in disturbed than in protected forests. Results are consistent with the idea that disturbance disrupts mutualisms between hornbills and some large-seeded food plants, with the caveat that role redundancy within even small and specialized disperser assemblages renders other tree species less vulnerable to loss of regular dispersal agents.     

扁刺栲在两种类型林分中的生长过程分析

通过对扁刺栲—华木荷林区针阔混交林、次生阔叶林的群落调查以及扁刺栲的树干解析．研究结果表明：(1)扁刺栲在针阔混交林与次生阔叶林中,胸径快速生长期分别在a8～12和a10～14之间,生长高峰值分别出现在a10和a12,最大值分别为1．07cm和0．85cm．(2)扁刺栲在针阔混交林与次生阔叶林中,树高快速生长期分别在a6～10和a10～14之间,生长高峰值分别出现在a8和a10,最大值分别为0．55m和0．56m．(3)在针阔混交林中,16a生扁刺栲单株材积达0．0134m^3,而在次生阔叶林中只有0．0103m^3．在分析不同林分中扁刺栲生长差异及其原因的基础上,建议对次生阔叶林经营应采用动态管理．     

南亚热带中幼龄针阔混交林碳储量及其分配格局

以南亚热带中幼龄针阔混交林为研究对象,通过典型样地调查法,对森林生态系统各个层次进行取样调查,采用12个样地实测数据和已有生物量模型相结合的方法计算乔木层生物量,灌木层、草本层和凋落物层采用全部收获法测得其生物量,对土壤层的调查采用剖面法加土钻法,代表性样品碳含量的测定采用重铬酸钾-水合加热法。在此基础上,分析了中幼龄针阔混交林碳储量及其分配格局。结果表明,主要造林树种树根、树杆、树枝和树叶碳含量均值分别为45.07%、46.73%、46.30%和47.72%。植物碳含量表现为乔木〉灌木〉草本。乔木碳储量占植被总碳储量比例介于63.38%-94.08%之间,灌木碳储量所占比例介于3.55%-12.67%之间,而草本碳储量仅介于为1.28%-23.95%之间,不同林龄段乔木和灌木碳储量均值随林龄的增加呈上升趋势,而草本碳储量呈下降趋势。土壤碳储量介于106.73-136.61 t·hm^-2之间,土壤碳储量随林龄的增加呈现出先降低后升高的趋势。针阔混交林总碳储量介于134.79-162.60 t·hm^-2之间,分配格局表现为土壤层〉植被层〉凋落物层。土壤层碳储量所占总碳储量比例范围为78.34%-94.45%,植被层所占比例介于4.84%-20.16%之间,凋落物层仅介于0.71%-1.50%之间,中幼龄针阔混交林碳储量主要以土壤固碳为主。研究结果为树种选择、人工林生态系统固碳潜力以及人工碳汇林的经营管理等研究提供科学参考。     

贵州西部4种林型土壤有机碳及其剖面分布特征

在气候变化背景下,森林土壤碳库已成为全球碳循环研究重点之一。以贵州西部桦木（Betula luminifera H.Wilk.）、柳杉（Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk ex Otto et Dietr.）、华山松（Pinus armandii Franch.）和杉木（Cunninghamia lanceilata（Lamb.）Hook.）4种主要森林类型为对象,对其土壤有机碳、碳密度及其垂直分配特征等进行了研究。结果表明：4种林型土壤有机碳含量和碳密度均表现为华山松林（51.09 g.kg-1,30.56 kg.m-2）〉杉木林（39.47 g.kg-1,22.97 kg.m-2）〉柳杉林（37.49g.kg-1,21.00 kg.m-2）〉桦木林（36.31 g.kg-1,20.13 kg.m-2）,华山松林土壤有机碳含量和碳密度显著大于其它三种林型,而另外三种林型间差异不明显;4种林型土壤有机碳含量和碳密度均随土层深度增加而逐渐降低,土壤有机碳含量均为0-10 cm最大,分别是剖面均值的1.45-1.61倍,而0-20 cm层土壤碳密度占整个土壤剖面的32.69%-38.08%,显著高于其他各层,大于20 cm的土层中,各层间的变化较小,土壤碳密度具有一定程度的表聚性;4种林型土壤有机碳含量与土壤pH均表现极强的负相关,与土壤全N和碱解N均表现极强的正相关,与全P、速效P、全K、速效K和阳离子交换量的相关性不尽一致,建立的方程具有较高的回归精度,土壤N和P状况对4种林型土壤有机碳含量有重要影响。     

基于模糊聚类法研究绥宁黄桑自然保护区种子植物多样性与邻近地区之间的关系

通过对绥宁黄桑自然保护区植物多样性与其相邻的其余的9个地区植物多样性进行模糊聚类分析,结果表明,按与其区系关系的密切程度的大小进行排列,与绥宁县黄桑自然保护区的关系的密切从大至小的顺序为：台湾岛〉井冈山〉武夷山〉大罗山〉白云山〉北山〉北仑山〉黄山〉神农架,旨在对植物分类方法的研究作一个有益的尝试,探索一条植物分类的新方法,同时其结果对黄桑自然保护区的经营管理和保护具有一定的实践指导意义．图1,表2,参14．     

Multi-model analysis of tree competition along environmental gradients in southern New England forests.

Robust predictions of competitive interactions among canopy trees and variation in tree growth along environmental gradients represent key challenges for the management of mixed-species, uneven-aged forests. We analyzed the effects of competition on tree growth along environmental gradients for eight of the most common tree species in southern New England and southeastern New York using forest inventory and analysis (FIA) data, information theoretic decision criteria, and multi-model inference to evaluate models. The suite of models estimated growth of individual trees as a species-specific function of average potential diameter growth, tree diameter at breast height, local environmental conditions, and crowding by neighboring trees. We used ordination based on the relative basal area of species to generate a measure of site conditions in each plot. Two ordination axes were consistent with variation in species abundance along moisture and fertility gradients. Estimated potential growth varied along at least one of these axes for six of the eight species; peak relative abundance of less shade-tolerant species was in all cases displaced away from sites where they showed maximum potential growth. Our crowding functions estimate the strength of competitive effects of neighbors; only one species showed support for the hypothesis that all species of competitors have equivalent effects on growth. The relative weight of evidence (Akaike weights) for the best models varied from a low of 0.207 for Fraxinus americana to 0.747 for Quercus rubra. In such cases, model averaging provides a more robust platform for prediction than that based solely on the best model. We show that predictions based on the selected best models dramatically overestimated differences between species relative to predictions based on the averaged set of models.     

Validation of a multispecies forest dynamics model using 50-year growth from Eucalyptus forests in eastern Australia

One of the key problems confronting ecological forecasting is the validation of computer models. Here we report successful validation of a forest dynamics model Ecosystem Dynamics Simulator (EDS), adapted from the JABOWA-II forest succession model. This model and many variants derived from it have successfully simulated growth dynamics of uneven-aged mixed forests under changing environment with a moderate amount of input data. But rarely are adequate time-series data available for quantitative model validation. This study tested the performance of EDS in projecting the tree density, tree diameter at breast height (dbh), tree height, basal area and aboveground biomass of uneven-aged, mixed species sclerophyll forests in St. Mary state forests of eastern Australia. The test data were collected between 1951 and 2005. Every tree was uniquely numbered, tagged and measured in consecutive re-measurements. Projected growth attributes were compared with those observed in an independent validation dataset. The model produced satisfactory projections of tree density (91.7%), dbh (92.3%), total tree height (82.8%), basal area (89.3%) and aboveground biomass (87.6%) compared to the observed attributes. These results suggest that the EDS model can provide reasonable capability in projecting growth dynamics of uneven-aged, mixed species sclerophyll forests.     

The importance of age-related decline in forest NPP for modeling regional carbon balances.

We show the implications of the commonly observed age-related decline in aboveground productivity of forests, and hence forest age structure, on the carbon dynamics of European forests in response to historical changes in environmental conditions. Size-dependent carbon allocation in trees to counteract increasing hydraulic resistance with tree height has been hypothesized to be responsible for this decline. Incorporated into a global terrestrial biosphere model (the Lund-Potsdam-Jena model, LPJ), this hypothesis improves the simulated increase in biomass with stand age. Application of the advanced model, including a generic representation of forest management in even-aged stands, for 77 European provinces shows that model-based estimates of biomass development with age compare favorably with inventory-based estimates for different tree species. Model estimates of biomass densities on province and country levels, and trends in growth increment along an annual mean temperature gradient are in broad agreement with inventory data. However, the level of agreement between modeled and inventory-based estimates varies markedly between countries and provinces. The model is able to reproduce the present-day age structure of forests and the ratio of biomass removals to increment on a European scale based on observed changes in climate, atmospheric CO2 concentration, forest area, and wood demand between 1948 and 2000. Vegetation in European forests is modeled to sequester carbon at a rate of 100 Tg C/yr, which corresponds well to forest inventory-based estimates.