天山北麓地区博乐黄土磁化率、粒度特征与古气候意义

受西风控制的天山地区黄土广泛分布,是中亚重要的黄土分布区之一。这些陆相风成沉积物为研究中亚干旱区气候环境变化历史提供了重要的信息载体。本文选取天山北麓博乐地区一个厚为12.7 m的黄土剖面作为研究对象,分析了其磁化率、粒度指标的变化特征,并探讨了其古气候意义。结果表明:(1)博乐黄土粒度组成以粉砂为主,是典型的风成沉积物,成壤作用很弱;(2)博乐黄土磁化率变化主要受控于风力强度;(3)剖面粒度的环境敏感粒级为31.7μm、31.7—282.5μm,分别可能代表风暴过后的浮尘堆积和风暴过程中风力近距离搬运的沉积物组分;(4)博乐黄土MIS(海洋氧同位素)3阶段记录了多次千年尺度气候事件,能与北大西洋Heinrich事件和D-O事件对应,表明中纬度西风环流在传递北大西洋信号到东亚的过程中扮演着重要角色。     

青藏高原东部黄土粒度分布的端元模型研究

为了探讨青藏高原东部黄土粒度指标蕴含的物源和沉积信息,运用参数化端元分析模型对青藏高原东部地区采集的大量表土和马兰黄土样品粒度数据进行了分解。结果得到五个Gen.Weibull分布端元,分别是:(1)众数粒径为1~2μm和7~9μm的远源端元,可能由高空西风搬运而来;(2)众数粒径为35~45μm和60~80μm中远源端元,可能主要由高原季风搬运而来;(3)众数粒径为180~560μm的砂粒组分端元,可能主要为近源和局地来源。因此研究区黄土为多物源、多搬运动力下的风成沉积物。进一步比较端元间的众数粒径、标准偏差以及含量占比的差异,揭示了沉积区的地理位置、地形地貌等环境因素差异对黄土沉积有重要影响。此外,研究区与邻近的黄土高原西缘黄土粒度端元的特征差异指示了青藏高原东部黄土在搬运动力、物质来源及其贡献方面与西部黄土高原明显不同。     

新疆伊犁河谷沙漠沉积不同粒径组分的地球化学元素分布特征

本文通过对伊犁河谷西部塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠内的可克达拉（TKP）剖面典型层位样品 的不同粒级组分地球化学元素分析,探究西风环流控制的沙漠沉积区元素特征和化学风化指标 在不同粒级组分中的分布特征。研究结果表明TKP 剖面Na 和Sr 元素趋向于在粗粒级中富集; Fe、Mg、Al、Rb 元素趋向于细粒级中富集,K 元素含量随粒径增大先升高再降低,16 ~ 32 μm 粒 级处出现谷值;Ti 元素含量与粒度关系不明确。CIA、Rb/Sr 随粒级增大逐渐降低,Na2O/Al2O3、 Na2O/K2O、K2O/Al2O3 随粒级增大逐渐升高。TKP 剖面地球化学元素和比值在<2 μm、2~16 μm、 16 ~32 μm 细粒级组分不同粒级间变化较为剧烈,32~ 63 μm、63~125 μm、>125 μm 粗粒级组分 变化则不明显,而且粗粒级组分在剖面中的变化也比较稳定。剖面整体风化程度较弱,因此这 种现象可能是物源不统一造成的,为塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠具有物源多样性特点的观点提供了地球 化学元素方面的证据。     

伊犁盆地昭苏黄土不同粒径和相态稀土元素特征及其物源指示意义

为了探讨伊犁盆地风成沉积物质来源特征,对伊犁地区昭苏黄土剖面代表性样品各个 粒级全岩、酸溶组分和残渣组分中的稀土元素进行了分析。结果表明,各个粒级组分全岩样品 的稀土总量（ΣREE）的变化范围为114.61~178.37 μg·g?1,剖面中各个粒级组分稀土球粒陨石标 准化配分模式呈轻稀土富集,存在明显的Eu 负异常,Ce 无明显异常。各个粒级组分酸溶残渣 稀土特征与上述全岩特征类似。酸溶组分稀土的上部大陆地壳标准化呈现稳定的中稀土富集。 随着各组分粒级变粗,酸溶组分稀土占全岩比例呈现先降低后升高的趋势,即从<2 μm 组分到 16 ~32 μm 组分比例渐次降低,而后从16 ~32 μm 组分到>63 μm 渐次升高,这主要反映了以西风 为代表的远源输送体系和以近地面风为代表的近源输送体系下两种来源的碎屑碳酸盐稀土的混 合。本文不同粒径和赋存形态下稀土元素的特征表明了利用风成沉积物稀土元素反映源区物质 特征存在一定复杂性。     

新疆塔城黄土的形成

中亚黄土是研究区域古气候和古环境变化的重要载体。但是对于受到广泛研究的黄土 高原黄土来说,对中亚东部塔城黄土的报道较少。基于对塔城黄土粒度的系统分析,与伊犁盆 地黄土、典型黄土高原的黄土对比,我们发现无论是粒度频率曲线、粒度结构散点图、还是三 角图,塔城黄土与伊犁盆地清水河黄土较相似,而与黄土高原黄土不同,塔城黄土粒度频率分 布曲线为三峰分布,粒度组成比较分散,分选较差,细、中颗粒含量较少,主要以粗颗粒物质 为主,属近源风成黄土。结合当地地形和现代环流分析,我们认为中亚萨雷耶西克阿特劳沙漠 为塔城黄土提供主要的物源,盛行西风为粉尘的搬运提供足够的动力,向西开口的山间盆地地 形为粉尘的沉积提供有利的沉积中心,这三个条件的共同作用导致了塔城盆地厚层黄土的沉积。     

江苏启东嘴潮滩敏感粒度组分及环境意义

敏感粒度组分是研究沉积环境变化的重要方法之一。江苏启东嘴潮滩位于江苏海岸与长江岸线交汇处,陆海相互作用强烈;随着社会经济的快速发展,受人类活动的影响也越来越大。在对4个岩芯沉积物进行粒度分析的基础上,应用粒级-标准偏差的方法提取环境敏感粒度组分。结果表明:（1）对环境变化敏感的细组分与粗组分具有明显的负相关关系,岩芯QDZ-1、QDZ-2和QDZ-3中<22 μm、<26 μm、<22 μm的细组分的含量由下向上逐渐增加,符合粉砂淤泥质潮滩下粗上细的沉积规律。（2）在流域强降雨引发的洪水和风暴潮等极端环境的影响下,导致粗组分的含量突然增加。岩芯QDZ-1、QDZ-2和QDZ-3中>22 μm、>26 μm、>22 μm的粗组分,在深度172.5 cm、242.5 cm、142.5 cm处分别剧增至84%、85%和80%。（3）在人类活动的影响下,细组分比粗组分更容易淋失,进而导致岩芯出现粗化趋势。QDZ-2在剖面上部A段>26 μm的粗组分呈增加趋势,是因为受到轮作翻种的农业生产活动和雨水淋溶作用的共同影响。岩芯QDZ-3在剖面上部A段22 μm～88 μm、>88 μm的粗组分和岩芯QDZ-4剖面>63 μm的粗组分呈增加趋势,原因是围垦建堤使原有的水动力得以增加,进而在高能环境下粗颗粒物质能够沉积。     

新疆伊犁地区近地表黄土的磁化率研究

伊犁盆地位于亚洲中纬度内陆,其特殊的构造和地理位置,使得该区具有特殊的气候 环境。分布在盆地内的黄土记录了该区气候环境的变化过程,但是由于受到区域气候、海拔及 近地物源的影响,使得磁化率在该区的表现和环境意义与黄土高原黄土中的会有差异。为了较 准确的应用磁化率指标表征气候环境意义,就必须理解磁化率变化所受到的制约因素。本文通 过伊犁盆地近地表采取的38 个黄土样品（相当于黄土高原马兰黄土顶层）,应用粒度,磁化率, 元素分析的方法,结合地形和气候因素,初步探讨了近地表黄土的磁性特征、地域分异和受控 因素,指出了磁化率在伊犁古环境研究中需考虑的问题。结果表明,近地表黄土样品的磁化率 与<2 μm 的粘粒含量、Fe2O3 含量成负相关,与>63 μm 的粗粒级含量呈正相关关系;样品的频 率磁化率与<2 μm 含量、Fe2O3 含量呈正相关;成壤作用形成的超顺磁颗粒对磁化率的贡献有限, 粗颗粒组分对磁化率贡献较大。近地表黄土磁化率与降水、海拔高度、局地物源等多种因子有关, 在黄土古气候解译中需要综合考虑这些因子对磁化率变化的可能影响。     

北京市街道灰尘粒度特征及其来源探析

对北京市2005年4月和11月2次采集的街道灰尘样品进行了粒度分析.结果表明,北京市街道灰尘粒度呈双峰分布特征,第一众数为45～100 μm,第二众数为5～20 μm,平均粒径分别为75 μm(春季)和100 μm(秋季);峰态中等偏窄且不对称,分选差,属轻亚粘土到中亚粘土,与黄土和现代尘暴降尘的粒度分布模式相似;街道灰尘沉积是由大气环流对远、近不同距离粗细颗粒物的混合搬运的结果,应是风积作用的继续.街道灰尘样品秋季平均粒径较大,且有由北西至南东逐渐减小的趋势,而春季样品无此变化特点.道路及建筑物工地附近样品呈现大于250 μm的第三众数,可以看出大规模的建设对街道灰尘的贡献.在适当的大气动力条件下,北京市街道灰尘颗粒有60%～80%可以进入大气悬浮搬运.     

末次冰期以来青州黄土光释光测年及其对古气候的指示

黄河下游湿润-半湿润地区的鲁中黄土-古土壤沉积,是记录东亚季风气候变化的良好载体。山东青州邵庄黄土剖面粗颗粒石英（63—90 µm）光释光年代和磁化率、粒度、色度以及主量元素测试结果表明：（1）邵庄黄土末次冰期以来（(51.3±2.5)— (8.1±1.1) ka）沉积连续;（2）与粒度、磁化率和色度指标相比,化学蚀变指数能够更灵敏地反映冰期-间冰期沉积旋回;（3）粒度结果表明“古土壤”层中值粒径（16.9—24.6 μm）明显高于下伏黄土层中值粒径（11.8—22.7 μm）,主要是因为近源沉积在总的沉积通量中所占比例在冰期-间冰期尺度上的变化;（4）灰黑色“古土壤”层底界年龄为(19.1±1.6) ka,明显老于黄土高原全新世古土壤层底界年代（约10—11 ka）,其既包含全新世沉积的加积型土壤,也包含下伏末次冰期黄土层基础上受风化、淋溶形成的非加积型土壤。虽然研究区的“古土壤”包含非加积型土壤,记录了间冰期风化成壤过程,但依然能够反映冰期-间冰期气候旋回,是东亚乃至全球气候变化的产物。     

武威黄羊河剖面始新世湖相沉积物粒度端元组分及其沉积机制

为了解武威地区晚始新世湖相沉积粒度分布特征并提取古气候环境演变信息,本文利用一般化的Weibull 分布函数的参数化端元分析方法（EMMA）,结合沉积相、谢帕德三角分类图以及中值粒径、标准偏差等粒度参数,对武威地区黄羊河剖面湖相沉积物粒度数据进行分析。结果表明：黄羊河剖面沉积物主要以细粉沙、极细沙和细沙为主。剖面沉积物各粒级组分垂向含量变化曲线分为三个阶段,沉积相依次对应氧化浅湖亚相 — 滨湖亚相 — 扩张湖亚相。结合各粒级组分含量垂向变化特征,剖面自下至上一定程度上指示气候由湿润转为干旱化的过程。剖面粒度数据反演得到3个端元（EM）,其中EM1可能指示风力高空远距离悬移搬运来的黏土以及区域风力搬运的粉沙组分;EM2可能指示地表径流作用下河流水动力搬运入湖的沉积物;EM3 可能代表洪水作用沉积的粗颗粒跃移组分或湖泊经二次扰动再沉积的粗颗粒组分。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.