广州地区室内灰尘中典型非邻苯增塑剂的污染特征与暴露风险

非邻-苯二甲酸酯增塑剂作为邻-苯二甲酸酯的替代物被广泛用于生产和生活用品中,但目前对其环境存在和人体暴露风险知之甚少.为研究室内环境的污染状况及人体暴露,分析了广州市83户住宅灰尘中12种典型非邻苯增塑剂.结果表明,对-苯二甲酸二辛酯（DEHT）、偏苯三酸三辛酯（TOTM）、乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯（ATBC）、己二酸庚基壬基酯、己二酸二（2-乙基己基）酯和偏苯三酸三辛烷基酯100%检出.非邻-苯二甲酸酯增塑剂总含量中值为101 μg·g^-1,含量范围为22.4~615 μg·g^-1.DEHT的含量最高（含量范围9~487 μg·g^-1）,其次是TOTM （含量范围0.3~87 μg·g^-1）和ATBC （含量范围1.7~50 μg·g^-1）.通过暴露模型评估了成人与儿童经灰尘摄食的日暴露量,其中儿童摄入的非邻苯增塑剂总日暴露量为367 ng·（kg·d）^-1,是成人日暴露量43 ng·（kg·d）^-1的8~9倍.进一步通过危险商对暴露量进行风险评价,结果表明成人和儿童经灰尘摄食对非邻苯增塑剂的暴露风险均处于可接受范围.     

西风区末次冰期以来昭苏黄土剖面微量元素分布特征及其环境意义

通过对新疆伊犁昭苏黄土剖面微量元素和粒度的测定分析,并与黄土高原黄土进行 对比,揭示了西风区末次冰期以来黄土微量元素地球化学变化特征,探讨了其古气候意义。 分析结果表明,伊犁黄土除Sr 和Cr 元素出现富集外,其他微量元素含量与黄土高原总体具 有较好的相似性,可能表明末次冰期以来伊犁黄土形成环境较黄土高原干旱;伊犁黄土除 Sr、Zn、Co 和Ni 元素含量分布变化比黄土高原稍大外,其他微量元素变化均比黄土高原小 的多,可能意味着末次冰期以来伊犁地区环境变化幅度总体较黄土高原小的多。此外,研究 结果还表明,伊犁黄土Zr 元素主要赋存在粒径>20 μm 的粗颗粒中,暗示着黄土中锆石组分 主要赋存于这种粗颗粒组分中;该剖面微量元素在风化成壤过程中,其迁移性由强至弱依次 为Zr > Y > Sr > Cr > V > Ga > Rb > Ni > Cu > Ba > Th > Zn > Co > U,均出现不同程度的富集,富 集率均较低且变化幅度较小,可能指示末次冰期以来伊犁黄土沉积环境较为干旱且波动变化 较小。     

黄河上中游沉积物理化特征及磷赋存形态研究

对黄河上中游10个沉积物样品进行了理化性质及磷赋存形态分析,在此基础上探讨了沉积物各理化性质与磷赋存形态间的相关关系.结果表明,黄河上中游表层沉积物的总磷含量为97.86～129.33 mg·kg^-1,有机质总量为0.11%～1.96%,沉积物中活性态Fe和Al的含量分别为2.02～7.40 mg·g^-1和0.29～0.90 mg·g^-1;颗粒组成以粉砂级为主,主要矿物组成为石英和长石,粘土矿物以伊利石/蒙混层矿物为主,其次是伊利石、绿泥石和高岭石;磷的形态以无机磷为主,钙结合态P的含量为37.61～64.04 mg·kg^-1,是沉积物中的主要赋存形态.沉积物理化性质中阳离子交换量与沉积物中粘粒和粉砂粒总量表现正相关（R²=0.76）;沉积物的有机质总量与沉积物中的无机磷存在一定的线性关系（R²=0.66）;氧化还原敏感态P和金属(水合)氧化物结合态P含量的总和与活性态Fe和Al的(水合)氧化物的含量总和之间有显著的线性关系（R²=0.80）.     

白洋淀清淤示范区沉积物中抗生素和多环芳烃的分布特征与风险评估

利用高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法（HPLC-MS/MS）以及气相质谱法（GC/MS）,以白洋淀典型区域（鱼塘、开阔水域）的清淤区和未清淤区作为采样点,探究清淤前后沉积物样品中22种抗生素和16种多环芳烃的分布特征,并评价其风险.结果表明,白洋淀沉积物中22种抗生素的含量范围为0~52.89 ng ·g^-1,其中喹诺酮类抗生素含量最高.南刘庄开阔水域的抗生素平均含量为46.25 ng ·g^-1,远高于采蒲台开阔水域的19.07 ng ·g^-1.南刘庄清淤后抗生素的平均含量为9 ng ·g^-1,比清淤前降低了80.54%,清淤效果明显,而采蒲台区域清淤前后沉积物中抗生素的含量没有明显差别.16种多环芳烃（PAHs）的总量范围在23.79~329.40 ng ·g^-1,其中萘的含量最高可达242.02 ng ·g^-1,荧蒽的含量最低;南刘庄区域开阔水域沉积物中PAHs的平均含量为117.45 ng ·g^-1,高于采蒲台区域的57.98 ng ·g^-1,南刘庄开阔水域清淤后PAHs的平均含量为50.49 ng ·g^-1,减少了57.01%.生态风险评估表明,南刘庄开阔水域S2区域的恩诺沙星和诺氟沙星为高风险,说明白洋淀未清淤区域沉积物中的喹诺酮类抗生素风险不容忽视;而多环芳烃的生态风险较低,仅府河S1区域的萘处于中风险,其它均为低风险.     

新疆塔城黄土的形成

中亚黄土是研究区域古气候和古环境变化的重要载体。但是对于受到广泛研究的黄土 高原黄土来说,对中亚东部塔城黄土的报道较少。基于对塔城黄土粒度的系统分析,与伊犁盆 地黄土、典型黄土高原的黄土对比,我们发现无论是粒度频率曲线、粒度结构散点图、还是三 角图,塔城黄土与伊犁盆地清水河黄土较相似,而与黄土高原黄土不同,塔城黄土粒度频率分 布曲线为三峰分布,粒度组成比较分散,分选较差,细、中颗粒含量较少,主要以粗颗粒物质 为主,属近源风成黄土。结合当地地形和现代环流分析,我们认为中亚萨雷耶西克阿特劳沙漠 为塔城黄土提供主要的物源,盛行西风为粉尘的搬运提供足够的动力,向西开口的山间盆地地 形为粉尘的沉积提供有利的沉积中心,这三个条件的共同作用导致了塔城盆地厚层黄土的沉积。     

新疆典型地区植物和土壤多环芳烃污染特征、来源解析及健康风险评价

利用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）测定新疆多段公路沿线和3个风景区植物和土壤中多环芳烃（PAHs）含量.结果表明,11个采样点的11个土壤样品Σ₁₆PAHs含量为18.82~2153.54 ng·g^-1,平均值为425.95 ng·g^-1,36个采样点的59个植物样品中Σ₁₆PAHs含量范围为9.93~748.30 ng·g^-1,平均值为154.11 ng·g^-1.植物样品中不同环数的PAHs平均含量高低次序为：低环（2~3环）>中环（4环）>高环（5~6环）,土壤样品不同环数的PAHs平均含量高低次序为：中环（4环）>高环（5~6环）>低环（2~3环）.特征比值法和主成分分析法分析得出,土壤中PAHs主要为燃烧和石油源,植物吸收的PAHs主要来源为木材燃烧和炼焦工业.健康风险评价结果表明,S323省道库尔勒段土壤PAHs对道路工作人员致癌风险值（CR）为1.26×10^-6,存在潜在健康风险.     

上海市地表灰尘中PAHs季节变化与功能区差异

研究了上海市中心城区地表灰尘中多环芳烃（PAHs）的季节变化与功能区差异,并探讨了这种变化特征的原因.结果表明,上海市中心城区地表灰尘中PAHs累积水平具有显著的季节变化,PAHs总量和组分均表现出冬季含量高于夏季的特征.冬季样品中PAHs含量为9 176～32?573 ng·g^-1,平均值为20 648 ng·g^-1;而夏季PAHs含量为6?875～27?766 ng·g^-1,平均值仅为14?098 ng·g^-1.PAHs组分也表现出相似特征,冬季含量为50(二氢苊)～3 162 ng·g^-1 (茚并［1,2,3-c,d ］芘),夏季含量为3(苊)～1 485 ng·g^-1 (茚并［1,2,3-c,d ］芘).各个功能区地表灰尘PAHs含量的差异明显.冬季最高值出现在工业区（31 163 ng·g^-1）、商业区（24 932 ng·g^-1）和交通要道（18 815 ng·g^-1）,最低值出现在公园（7 885 ng·g^-1）和绿地（8 036 ng·g^-1）;夏季最低值出现在公园（7 942 ng·g^-1）,最高值出现在交通要道（14 528 ng·g^-1）、工业区（14 247 ng·g^-1）和商业区（11 523 ng·g^-1）.所有功能区样品中PAHs组分含量呈现出按环数或分子量的增加而逐渐升高的趋势.大城市地表灰尘中PAHs的季节变化与功能区差异与其来源密切相关,也受到各组分理化性质的影响.     

伊犁尼勒克黄土石英颗粒微形态特征及其成因与物源意义

石英颗粒表面微形态分析是判断沉积物成因和来源的重要方法之一。对伊犁盆地尼勒克黄土石英颗粒表面微形态特征进行了研究,并将其与冰川、河流、沙漠样品进行比较,结果表明尼勒克黄土石英颗粒磨圆较差,冰川和水流作用的微形态特征明显,系近源风力搬运沉积。通过对比分析讨论了石英粉砂的可能产生机制,认为流水和寒冻风化作用为伊犁黄土的形成提供了重要动力来源。尼勒克黄土的物质来源和匈牙利黄土类似,而与黄土高原黄土有较大差别,这主要表现在经受风力搬运-沉积的次数上或者风力搬运的距离上。该研究为解译伊犁地区黄土的古气候环境意义提供了重要基础。     

Mg2+离子对深海碳酸盐中硼的掺入和B/Ca指标的影响

对母液中Mg²⁺离子对硼掺入无机碳酸盐沉积的影响进行了研究。通过扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射确定在Mg存在时生成的无机碳酸盐是低镁方解石。实验发现：溶液的pH值是硼进入碳酸盐的主要控制因素,低Mg²⁺方解石中硼的浓度从63.91 μg?g?1（pH?=?7.40??±??0.03）增加到582.41 μg?g^?1（pH?=?8.80??±??0.03）。Mg²⁺离子严重影响硼进入碳酸盐中的量,在相同实验条件下,硼在低镁方解石中的含量高于无Mg²⁺方解石中的含量,平均为2.57倍（1.83?—?3.56倍）。这一结果表明：有Mg²⁺离子时,硼掺入无机碳酸盐的机制和无Mg²⁺离子的是不同的。Mg²⁺离子的存在改变了晶体的形貌。这对利用B/Ca指标恢复深海碳酸盐系统研究有重要影响。     

新疆伊犁地区近地表黄土的磁化率研究

伊犁盆地位于亚洲中纬度内陆,其特殊的构造和地理位置,使得该区具有特殊的气候 环境。分布在盆地内的黄土记录了该区气候环境的变化过程,但是由于受到区域气候、海拔及 近地物源的影响,使得磁化率在该区的表现和环境意义与黄土高原黄土中的会有差异。为了较 准确的应用磁化率指标表征气候环境意义,就必须理解磁化率变化所受到的制约因素。本文通 过伊犁盆地近地表采取的38 个黄土样品（相当于黄土高原马兰黄土顶层）,应用粒度,磁化率, 元素分析的方法,结合地形和气候因素,初步探讨了近地表黄土的磁性特征、地域分异和受控 因素,指出了磁化率在伊犁古环境研究中需考虑的问题。结果表明,近地表黄土样品的磁化率 与<2 μm 的粘粒含量、Fe2O3 含量成负相关,与>63 μm 的粗粒级含量呈正相关关系;样品的频 率磁化率与<2 μm 含量、Fe2O3 含量呈正相关;成壤作用形成的超顺磁颗粒对磁化率的贡献有限, 粗颗粒组分对磁化率贡献较大。近地表黄土磁化率与降水、海拔高度、局地物源等多种因子有关, 在黄土古气候解译中需要综合考虑这些因子对磁化率变化的可能影响。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.