多氯联苯(PCBs)近期研究进展

对PCBs的理化特性、生产应用历史、污染现状以及近期的研究趋势作简要介绍.近期PCBs污染研究的趋势为1.由PCBs的总量测定到测定其同系物和异构体.2.迁移转化和行为研究受到充分的注意.3.PCBs降解的研究.4.广大区域内PCBs污染时空规律研究.     

稀土元素与辣根过氧化物酶相互作用机理的论述

叙述了稀土元素的化学结构及其在农业方面的应用,系统介绍了植物辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)的结构及其在植物体内的功能,并以重稀土元素Tb(Ⅲ)为例,通过探讨其对HRP的酶活和生态毒理效应等影响的研究,对两者相互作用的可能性机理进行了研究。     

焙烧层状氢氧化镁铝对水溶液中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ) 的吸附性能比较

通过静态吸附实验,对比研究了焙烧层状氢氧化镁铝(Mg-Al CLDH)对水溶液中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)阴离子的吸附特性,并用粉末X射线衍射对Mg-Al CLDH吸附前后的结构进行了表征.结果表明,Mg-Al CLDH对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附是通过“结构记忆"效应实现的.Mg-Al CLDH可有效脱除溶液中的含砷阴离子,其吸附量明显高于现有文献的报道.当As(Ⅲ) 和As(Ⅴ)初始浓度(以As计)分别高达10 mg·L^-1和40 mg·L^-1时,吸附后溶液中残余As浓度<10 μg·L^-1.在本研究的初始浓度4～500 mg·L^-1范围内,在298～323 K下, As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)在Mg-Al CLDH上的最大吸附量(以As计)分别为150.46～224.03 mg·g^-1和149.62～224.76 mg·g^-1,且吸附量仍呈直线上升趋势.吸附量随温度升高而增大,表现为吸热吸附.As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)阴离子在Mg-Al CLDH上的吸附等温线分别属于L型和H型.在低浓度区域,As(Ⅲ)在Mg-Al CLDH上的吸附可用Freundlich等温方程式来描述,As(Ⅴ)更符合Langmuir等温方程式;在高浓度范围内,均可用Freundlich等温方程式来描述.在相同初始浓度和温度下,Mg-Al CLDH对As(Ⅴ) 的吸附速率和脱除率远远大于As(Ⅲ),吸附速率和脱除率随溶液初始浓度的降低和温度的升高而增大,伪二级动力学方程可较好地描述二者在Mg-Al CLDH上的吸附动力学过程.吸附基本不受溶液初始pH值(3.0～10.0)和离子强度的影响.当溶液中As(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅲ) 同时存在时,Mg-Al CLDH优先吸附As(Ⅴ).     

Different survival of chromium-exposed Oxya chinensis among allozyme genotypes

The goal of the present study was to compare the different survival of Oxya chinensis exposed to chromium(Ⅵ) among allozyme genotypes to gain a better understanding of the relationship between the genetic variations and environmental disturbance. This study analyzed the occurrence of genotypes in O. chinensis population exposed to Cr(Ⅵ). O. chinensis samples were collected at Yuanping, Shanxi Province, China and used in acute toxicity tests. Specimens were assigned to Cr(Ⅵ) exposure (LD50: 291.0 mg/kg) for ...     

霉菌吸附水体中Cr(Ⅵ)Cd(Ⅱ)离子研究

采用从活性污泥中筛选的ZYL霉菌,进行吸附水体中Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)离子研究。研究结果表明:在Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)浓度分别为300mg/L时,菌种生长良好。吸附水体中[Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)]的最佳条件是pH=5.0,时间1h,温度为10℃。吸附规律符合Langm uir等温吸附模型,由回归方程得到Cr(Ⅵ)的表观最大吸附量为14m g/g;Cd(Ⅱ)的表观最大吸附量为52m g/g,说明该霉菌可以很好的去除低温水体(地下水)中Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)离子。     

Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr(Ⅲ)

Loofa sponge (LS) immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana (LSIBCS), isolated from industrial wastewater, was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) from aqueous solution. A comparison of the biosorption of Cr(Ⅲ) by LSIBCS and free biomass of C. sorokiniana (FBCS) from 10-300 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/L aqueous solutions showed an increase in uptake of 17.79% when the microalgal biomass was immobilized onto loofa sponge. Maximum biosorption capacity for LSIBCS and FBCS was found to be 69.26 and 58.80 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/g biosorbent, respectively, whereas the amount of Cr(Ⅲ) ions adsorbed onto naked LS was 4.97 mg/g. The kinetics of Cr(Ⅲ) biosorption was extremely rapid and equilibrium was established in about 15 and 20 min by LSIBCS and FBCS,respectively. The biosorption equilibrium was well defined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The biosorption was found to be pH dependent and the maximum sorption occurred at the solution pH 4.0. Desorption studies showed that 98% of the adsorbed Cr(Ⅲ) could be desorbed with 0.1 mol/L HNO3, while other desorbing agents were less effective in the order: EDTA ＞ H2SO4 ＞ CH3COOH ＞ HCl. The regenerated LSIBCS retained 92.68% of the initial Cr(Ⅲ) binding capacity up to five cycles of reuse in continuous flow-fixed bed columns. The study revealed that LSIBCS could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) from wastewater.     

聚合氯化铝中纳米Al13形态的混凝效应

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶柱层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al13形态,用透光率脉动检测技术并结合絮凝效能和Zeta电位测定结果,对纳米Al13形态以及PAC、AlCl3絮凝过程中絮集物形成和增长的变化差异作了对比性研究.结果表明,混凝剂的不同铝形态分布在混凝过程中起着十分重要的作用.Al13形态是在絮凝过程中起电中和作用的主要形态,可以大大增加颗粒间的有效碰撞率,其凝聚速度和所形成絮集物颗粒大小在实验条件下呈现最大值.而对于PAC,其Alc含量较高,可起到吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,所以在低投加量表现出较快的絮体增长速率.     

Fabrication of asymmetric poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) nanofiltration membrane for chromium(VI) removal

The feasibility of employing nanofiltration for the removal of chromium(VI) from wastewater was investigated. Poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) was used to fabricate asymmetric nanofiltration membrane through the phase-inversion technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the obtained membrane, and the both confirmed a much smoother surface which could reduce membrane fouling. The PMIA membrane showed di erent rejections to electrolytes in a sequence of Na2SO4 > MgSO4 > NaCl > MgCl2, which was similar to the sequence of the negatively charged nanofiltration membranes. Separation experiments on chromium(VI) solution were conducted at various operating conditions, such as feed concentration, applied pressure and pH. It is concluded that chromium(VI) could be e ectively removed from chromiumcontaining wastewater by the PMIA nanofiltration membranes while maintaining their pollution resistance under alkaline condition.     

中国几个地区土壤中239,240Pu、241Am和137Cs等放射性核素的测定

分别从北京、太原、石家庄和济南地区采集了深度为0-5和5-20cm的土壤样品,进行了~(239,240)Pu、~(241)Am、~(137)Cs、~(40)K以及天然铀、钍系放射性核素的测定.估计了样品中放射性核素的水平和分布.结果表明,~(239,240)Pu、~(241)Am和~(137)Cs 的平均累积沉降量分别为24+13、10±5和1230±700MBq/km~2.~(239,240)Pu/~(137)Cs活度比为0.016—0.026(平均值0.020±0.004),~(214)Am/~(239,240)Pu活度比为0.35—0.49(平均值0.43±0.05).还讨论了这些核素与土壤中“过剩”~(210)Pb之间的关系.     

β-环糊精壳聚糖改性生物炭固化稳定化土壤中镉和铬

镉(Cd)和铬(Cr)是在土壤中普遍存在的重金属污染物,固化稳定化作为一种处理土壤中金属污染的方法,具有快速、经济、有效等特点.该试验以稻壳生物炭(BC)为原材料,利用β-环糊精壳聚糖(β-CC)对其进行改性,制备得到一种环保廉价且能有效固化稳定化土壤中重金属离子的有机复合吸附材料β-环糊精壳聚糖生物炭(β-CC BC),其与硅酸盐水泥复配后可以固化稳定化土壤中的Cd、Cr.利用控制单因素变量对改性生物炭的处理效果进行探究,结果表明：(1)以β-CC BC添加量为变量时,添加量为10 g/(0.1 kg)左右时,Cr浸出浓度最低,为1.92 mg/L,添加量为12.5 g/(0.1 kg)时,Cd的浸出浓度最低,为0.61 mg/L;以养护时间为变量时,养护时间为28 d时,Cr浸出浓度最低,为2.13 mg/L,养护时间为21 d时,Cd浸出浓度最低,为0.55 mg/L.(2)通过对5种材料进行浸出试验,并对处理后土壤中Cd、Cr的浸出浓度进行测定,发现与磷酸钾(K₃PO₄)、碳酸钙(CaCO₃)、硅酸钠(Na     

活性污泥中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性测定影响因素

研究以污水生物处理中的活性污泥为对象,采用氮蓝四唑光还原法测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,从样品制备和保存方面探讨了是否添加溶菌酶液、细胞破碎时间、酶液保存时间与保存温度等因素对SOD活性测定的影响。研究表明,溶菌酶液的加入提高了细胞破碎效果;细胞破碎的条件为99次(工作3 s,停3 s),时间为40 min时破碎效果最好;酶液保存时间在4 h内最佳;-20℃保存比4℃保存对酶活性影响小。最佳检测条件为:取样量为1 mL时,反应温度为30℃,反应时间为20 min时,SOD酶活性最大。     

Effect of Fe(Ⅲ) on the bromate reduction by humic substances in aqueous solution

Humic substances are ubiquitous redox-active organic compounds of environment.In this study,experiments were conducted to determine the reduction capacity of humic acid in the matrix of bromate and Fe(Ⅲ) solutions and the role of Fe(Ⅲ) in this redox process.The results showed that the humic acid regenerated Fe(Ⅱ) and reduced bromate abiotically.The addition of Fe(Ⅲ) could accelerate the bromate reduction rate by forming humic acid-Fe(Ⅲ) complexes.Iron species acts as electron mediator and catalyst for the bromate reduction by humic acid,in which humic acid transfers electrons to the complexed Fe(Ⅲ) to form Fe(Ⅱ),and the regenerated Fe(Ⅱ) donate the electrons to bromate.The kinetics study on bromate reduction further indicated that bromate reduction by humic acid-Fe(Ⅲ) complexes is pH dependent.The rate decreased by 2-fold with the increase in solution pH by one unit.The reduction capacity of Aldrich humic acid was observed to be lower than that of humic acid or natural organic matter of Suwanne River,indicating that such redox process is expected to occur in the environment.     

生态环境需水量的概念框架

生态环境用水在上世纪八十年代末九十年代初引起国家和学术界的重视,经过十几年的发展,随着研究的深入,有关的概念逐步清晰明确。本文从生态环境需水量研究的发展历程探究了有关概念的发展过程及内涵,构建了有关的概念框架,以便于在研究生态环境需水时使用统一的概念标准,使研究结果便于分析和可比较性。     

微波密封消解法测定化学耗氧量(COD_(cr))

采用微波密封加热、硫酸—重铬酸钾消解体系测定CODcr，水样经微波加热消解后．过量的重铬酸钾以试亚铁灵为指示剂，用硫酸亚铁按进行滴定，计算出CODcr值。它与回流法相比，具有省时、省试剂、提高CODcr值小于50mg／L时的测量精确度的优点。     

铁锈及Fe(OH)3处理硫酸盐废水厌氧方法试验

投加铁锈或Fe(OH)     

湖泊现代沉积作用核素示踪研究新进展

宇宙线成因的短寿命核素7Be在土粒中与有机质及铁-锰氧化物相结合；在表土层中随深度呈对数递降，显示出7Be具土壤季节性侵蚀与湖泊沉积作用耦合关系的良好示踪价值。红枫湖沉积物中绝大部分137Cs处于固定态，揭示了其计年时标的可靠性；沉积物中1975年137Cs次级蓄积峰的存在，增加了其计年价值。沉积物中210Pb－210Po的再迁移性受铁-锰界面循环的控制，并可能影响210Pbex计年。     

环境振动的灰色预测模型研究

利用 GIM( 1 )的非时序直接建模法来预测研究建筑施工的环境振动 ,并将 GIM( 1 )模型与 GM( 1 ,1 )模型进行比较分析。结果表明 GIM( 1 )模型的拟合精度优良 ,对原始资料中白化信息的利用更加丰富 ,拓宽了 GIM( 1 )模型在环境科学领域中的应用范围     

活性炭吸附法处理冶金废水的工程设计模型

以博哈特(Bohart)和亚当斯(Adams)方程为推导依据,结合连续进水活性炭模型实验,证明了活性炭吸附法处理冶金废水的可行性,且得出了活性炭吸附高度、工作周期、污染物去除率等重要设计参数之间的关系,为活性炭的工程设计提出了一套有效的参考计算方法和设计程序。     

Isolation of Cr(VI) reducing bacteria from industrial e uents and their potential use in bioremediation of chromium containing wastewater

The present study is aimed at assessing the ability of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and Staphylococcus capitis to reduce hexavalent chromium into its trivalent form.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (4800 μg/mL) and S.capitis could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (2800 μg/mL).Both organisms were able to resist Cd2+ (50 μg/mL),Cu2+ (200 μg/mL),Pb2+ (800 μg/mL),Hg2+ (50 μg/mL) and Ni2+ (4000 μg/mL).S.capitis resisted Zn2+ at 700 μg/mL while Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 only showed resistance up to 50 μg/mL.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed optimum growth at pH 6 and 7,respectively,while both bacteria showed optimum growth at 37℃.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis could reduce 85% and 81% of hexavalent chromium from the medium after 96 h and were also capable of reducing hexavalent chromium 86% and 89%,respectively,from the industrial effluents after 144 h.Cell free extracts of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed reduction of 83% and 70% at concentration of 10 μg Cr(Ⅵ)/mL,respectively.The presence of an induced protein having molecular weight around 25 kDa in the presence of chromium points out a possible role of this protein in chromium reduction.The bacterial isolates can be exploited for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium containing wastes,since they seem to have the potential to reduce the toxic hexavalent form to its nontoxic trivalent form.