回转窑式纯氧熔融焚烧垃圾技术研究

生活垃圾安全无害化处理是目前迫切需要解决的问题,直接气化熔融焚烧垃圾技术以降低二恶英排放方面巨大优势得到广泛关注,在此基础上提出纯氧熔融焚烧垃圾技术,几乎可以实现所有二次污染物近零排放。以350 t/d回转窑垃圾焚烧炉为例,对纯氧代替空气应用在回转窑上熔融焚烧垃圾系统进行了详细热力计算及分析。结果表明,纯氧熔融焚烧垃圾系统的锅炉效率可达90.56%,回转窑熔融焚烧系统还可以在垃圾焚烧后灰渣达到熔融温度的条件下,保持该系统热量平衡,稳定燃烧。并参考回转窑设计标准对该纯氧熔融焚烧城市生活垃圾的回转窑参数进行确定。     

不同城市生活垃圾焚烧技术的综合评价

通过工程的经济性分析、工艺过程的能流分析以及工程的环境影响分析,综合分析了流化床、炉排炉、气化熔融和等离子体气化等不同城市生活垃圾焚烧技术。结果表明:(1)在零补贴的情况下,流化床焚烧技术的工程效益最佳,但从项目投产年算起,其投资回收期也需9年;炉排炉、气化熔融与等离子体气化焚烧技术要达到流化床焚烧技术零补贴情况下的经济效益,分别需补贴约70、140、500元/t。(2)各城市生活垃圾焚烧技术下区域的水体富营养化和全球变暖影响最显著,而人体毒性影响最小。气化熔融焚烧技术和等离子体气化焚烧技术的环境影响比其他两种焚烧技术小一个数量级。(3)考虑污染物排放的环境效益,在现行中国排放标准下,流化床、炉排炉与气化熔融焚烧技术的工程效益都将得到较大提升。随着排放标准的更加严格,流化床焚烧技术的年收益率下降最显著;气化熔融焚烧技术的工程效益相较最优。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融制备微晶玻璃技术现状分析及其研究进展

焚烧是城市生活垃圾减量化的重要处置方式,随之产生的焚烧飞灰问题也日益严重.高温熔融技术可以有效固化焚烧飞灰中的重金属,并深度分解二噁英.介绍了国内外焚烧飞灰高温熔融制备微晶玻璃技术的现状和研究进展,着重探讨了添加剂、预处理、热处理和后处理工艺对微晶玻璃品质的影响.     

湿解焚烧综合处理垃圾技术的原理及应用

详细介绍了湿解焚烧处理生活垃圾技术的原理和其在武汉经济技术开发区的具体应用,并简述了其在一段时间的调试和运行后表现出的优点.为国内未来垃圾气化熔融焚烧技术的推广提供了参考.     

采用循环流化床技术焚烧城市生活垃圾

根据目前我国城市生活垃圾热值偏低的实际情况 ,提出以煤为辅助燃料 ,采用循环流化床焚烧技术处理生活垃圾 ,可大幅度降低运行成本 ,符合国情。阐述了循环流化床焚烧技术在降低NOx、SO2 和二噁等方面的优越性。尾气处理建议采用喷活性碳 +布袋除尘组合工艺 ,飞灰处理建议采用高温熔融处理     

湿解焚烧综合处理垃圾技术的原理及应用

详细介绍了湿解焚烧处理生活垃圾技术的原理和其在武汉经济技术开发区的具体应用，并简述了其在一段时间的调试和运行后表现出的优点。为国内未来垃圾气化熔融焚烧技术的推广提供了参考。     

采用循环流化床技术焚烧城市生活垃圾

根据目前我国城市生活垃圾热值偏低的实际情况，提出以煤为辅助燃料，采用循环流化床焚烧技术处理生活垃圾，可大幅度降低运行成本，符合国情。阐述了循环流化床焚烧技术在降低NOx、SO2和二噁英等方面的优越性。尾气处理建议采用喷活性碳 布袋除尘组合工艺，飞灰处理建议采用高温熔融处理。     

老港生活垃圾填埋场垃圾组成和资源化价值研究

在上海老港生活垃圾填埋场,对1991～2004年间填埋垃圾进行了小规模开采和手工分选,考察了填埋垃圾组成随填埋年份的变化规律.分选结果表明:在缺氧和避光的封场环境中,填埋垃圾中塑料、橡胶和化纤织物组分在未发生明显老化,经简单预处理后即可再生利用;以塑料为主的有机组分随填埋年份呈对数上升趋势,2010年将占填埋垃圾的50%以上.因此,焚烧和气化热处理工艺将是填埋垃圾资源化的理想选择之一.     

上吸式固定床生活垃圾气化炉气化特性研究

以福建某地区上吸式固定床生活垃圾气化炉(简称气化炉)为对象,分析垃圾在不同气化段温度(T)、空气当量比(ER)和料层高径比(H/D)条件下气化气成分和气化效率的影响。利用气相色谱分析垃圾气化产气特性,并设计正交试验分析气化炉最高气化效率的条件。结果表明:升高气化段温度可提高垃圾气化效率,但有一定局限;ER0.36后,风量超过气化炉自平衡能力,气化效率会迅速下降;H/D在3.0时气化效果最好。对于处理量为50t/d的气化炉(Φ3.0m×16.0m),在T为750℃、ER为0.36、H/D为3.0时,气化效率最高(79.3%);各影响因素中,ER的影响最大,T影响次之,H/D影响最小。气化气含焦油量为9.2~22.5g/m3,碳转化率为74.5%~85.9%。     

两种典型垃圾焚烧灰渣特性的试验研究

针对垃圾的炉排型和流化床型两种典型焚烧工艺,取焚烧底渣和焚烧飞灰样品若干,进行了样品的能谱分析(EDX)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析,并进行对比.研究结果表明,两种焚烧工艺产生的焚烧底渣元素组成均以C、O、Ca为主,而焚烧飞灰相对于焚烧底渣具有结构复杂和性质多变的特性.炉排型焚烧飞灰比流化床型焚烧飞灰含有更多的重金属,更具危险性.     

城市生活垃圾在机械炉排炉内焚烧过程研究及数值模拟

研究城市生活垃圾在机械炉排炉内焚烧过程,建立了垃圾在炉排炉移动床内燃烧过程中垃圾体积变化、水分蒸发、挥发分析出及燃烧、垃圾颗粒的移动、气-固两相热传递、焦炭燃烧等各个反应阶段的热化学模型,采用一维非稳态模型分别建立了床层内气固两相介质控制方程。通过对炉排上垃圾焚烧过程的数值模拟研究,获得料层中温度分布、料层高度、炉床机械负荷、气相中反应物组分和污染物浓度分布。利用建立的模型对某大型垃圾焚烧炉的燃烧过程进行数值仿真,对燃烧过程、烟气成分进行预测,为垃圾焚烧炉排炉的设计和燃烧控制提供理论依据。     

垃圾焚烧炉炉膛温度的影响因素

垃圾焚烧过程的不稳定会导致大量有害物质的生成,为确保垃圾的清洁燃烧需要将炉膛温度控制在850℃以上,为此测试了焚烧炉运行的主要可控参数对炉膛温度的影响。结果表明,垃圾堆放位置在垃圾池深3～8 m处,并经过6 d以上发酵脱水后适合焚烧;炉膛温度随给料量、一次风率和一次风温增加而增大,随过量空气系数增加而降低,其中给料量宜控制在95%～110%之间;当过量空气系数为1.6、一次风率为90%、一次风温为260℃、给料量为100%时炉膛温度达901℃。     

生活垃圾焚烧烟气排放中二噁英对人体健康的风险评价

随着垃圾焚烧的广泛应用,由此产生的二次污染问题也日益显现出来,特别是二嗯英污染已引起世界的关注。这也是垃圾焚烧设施在环评阶段遭到周围公众反对的原因之一。文中介绍了二嗯英的危害、垃圾焚烧烟气中的二嗯英来源以及二嗯英的相关标准。以某垃圾焚烧发电厂为例,对垃圾焚烧烟气中的二嗯英类物质对人体健康的风险进行了评价,并提出了如何最大限度地减少垃圾焚烧处理过程中的二唔英排放量。     

Life cycle assessment of environmental impact on municipal solid waste incineration power generation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration power generation is an important treatment technology, which has been widely concerned in recent years. It is...     

Thermodynamic behavior of rare metals in the melting process of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration residues

This study aims to identify the thermodynamic behavior of rare metal elements during the melting process of municipal solid waste incineration residues. The fate of several selected rare metal elements was investigated using two approaches: experimental and thermodynamic equilibrium calculation at two actual melting plants. The results revealed that Ag, Bi, Ga, Ge, In, Pd, Sb, Te, and Tl are readily volatilized as chloride and/or gaseous forms and then condensed in melting furnace fly ash. On the other hand, Cr, Ni, Ta, V, and Zr tend to mostly remain in molten slag. Sn is volatilized as SnS (g) under reducing conditions while volatilization is suppressed under oxidizing conditions. Thermodynamically, total volatilization of Mn as MnCl2 (g) occurred with highly available chlorine under oxidizing conditions. However, at the actual plants, only a small proportion was volatilized. As for Co, Mo, and W, no volatilization occurred at the actual plants although the calculations suggest that these elements can form volatile metal chloride and volatilize. Non-equilibrium and heterogeneity of the actual plant melting furnace could explain the discrepancy. This study provided a good qualitative view of the behavior of rare metals in the melting process, but further investigation is required to produce a more accurate simulation and to resolve the discrepancy.     

PCDD/PCDF reduction by the co-combustion process

A novel process, termed the co-combustion process, has been developed and designed to utilise the thermal treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) in cement clinker production and reduce PCDD/PCDF emissions. To test the conceptual design; detailed engineering design of the process and equipment was performed and a pilot plant was constructed to treat up to 40 tonnes MSW per day. The novel process features included several units external to the main traditional cement rotary kiln: an external calcinations unit in which the hot gas calcined the limestone thus making significant energy savings for this chemical reaction; the lime generated was used in a second chamber to act as a giant acid gas scrubber to remove SOx and particularly HCl (a source of chloride); an external rotary kiln and secondary combustion unit capable of producing a hot gas at 1200 degrees C; a gas cooler to simulate a boiler turbogenerator set for electricity generation; the incorporation of some of the bottom ash, calcined lime and dust collector solids into the cement clinker. A PCDD/PCDF inventory has been completed for the entire process and measured PCDD/PCDF emissions were 0.001 ng I-TEQ/Nm(3) on average which is 1% of the best practical means [Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, 2001. A guidance note on the best practicable means for incinerators (municipal waste incineration), BPM12/1] MSW incineration emission limit values.     

城市垃圾预处理改善焚烧特性的探讨

针对目前我国城市垃圾的高水分、低热值的特性,提出了2种改善城市垃圾焚烧特性的有效措施:生物质垃圾源分类和生物干燥.在我国建立生物质垃圾源分类体系,将生物质垃圾源头分类后,剩余垃圾的热值可以提高约50%～120%,已适合直接入炉焚烧,同时分离出来的生物质垃圾也更易于好氧堆肥或厌氧消化.另外一项技术措施是在焚烧前利用生物干燥技术,降低城市垃圾的水分含量,提高入炉垃圾的热值,这种方法主要是利用生物反应热来干燥城市生活垃圾,只需要在垃圾投入焚烧炉前增加一个预处理步骤,不必改变目前的垃圾收运体系,而且进行生物干燥后的垃圾更易于分选其中的可回收物质.     

Experimental study on the removal of PAHs using in-duct activated carbon injection

This paper presents the incineration tests of municipal solid waste (MSW) in a fluidized bed and the adsorption of activated carbon (AC) on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). An extraction and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique was used to analyze the concentrations of the 16 US EPA specified PAHs contained in raw MSW, flue gas, fly ash, and bottom ash. The aim of this work was to decide the influence of AC on the distribution of PAHs during the incineration of MSW. Experimental researches show that there were a few PAHs in MSW and bottom ash. With the increase of AC feeding rate, the concentrations of three- to six-ring PAHs in fly ash increased, and the concentration of two-ring PAH decreased. The total-PAHs in flue gas were dominated by three-, and four-ring PAHs, but a few two-, five-ring PAHs and no six-ring PAHs were found. PAHs could be removed effectively from flue gas by using in-duct AC injection and the removal efficiencies of PAHs were about 76-91%. In addition, the total toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of PAH in raw MSW, bottom ash, fly ash, and flue gas were 1.24 mg TEQ kg-1, 0.25 mg TEQ kg-1, 6.89-9.67 mg TEQ kg-1, and 0.36-1.50 microg TEQ Nm-3, respectively.     

Study of the SRF-derived ashes melting behavior and the effects generated by the optimization of their composition on the furnaces energy efficiency in the incineration plants

As regards the incineration process of the urban solid waste, the composition correct management allows not only the valorization of precise civil and industrial groups of waste as alternative fuels but also a considerable increase of the furnace work temperature leading to a remarkable improvement of the related energy efficiency. In this sense, the study of the melting behavior of ashes deriving from several kinds of fuels that have to be processed to heat treatment is really important. This approach, indeed, ensures to know in depth the features defining the melting behavior of these analyzed samples, and as a consequence, gives us the necessary data in order to identify the best mixture of components to be incinerated as a function of the specific working temperatures of the power plant. Firstly, this study aims to find a way to establish the softening and melting temperatures of the ashes because they are those parameters that strongly influence the use of fuels. For this reason, in this work, the fusibility of waste-derived ashes with different composition has been investigated by means of the heating microscope. This instrument is fundamental to prove the strict dependence of the ashes fusion temperature on the heating rate that the samples experienced during the thermal cycle. In addition, in this work, another technological feature of the instrument has been used allowing to set an instantaneous heating directly on the sample in order to accurately reproduce the industrial conditions which characterize the incineration plants. The comparison between the final results shows that, in effect, the achievement of the best performances of the furnace is due to the a priori study of the melting behavior of the single available components.