稳定流场饱和均质土壤中农药淋溶动态预报模式的探讨

基于对流-弥散方程(CDE)的解和传递函数模型(TFM)中呈对数正态分布的溶质迁移时间的概率密度函数，构造了稳定流场饱和砂质壤土中仅考虑吸附作用时农药淋溶动态的预报模式。建立该模式的思路首先是利用示踪剂的穿透曲线，由CDE的解析解反求水动力弥散系数；再针对不同的阻滞因子通过求解CDE正问题的数学实验，生成农药穿透曲线的模拟值，接着应用对数正态概率密度函数拟合得到相应于不同阻滞因子的农药迁移时间的均值和方差，结果表明：均值与阻滞因子为乘幂函数的关系，而方差随阻滞因子的变化甚小，且不同流速下农药迁移时间的均值与方差随阻滞因子的变化亦呈现相同的规律，通过农药阿特拉津的淋溶实验对该模式的预报精度进行了检验。     

旱作农业土壤矿质态氮随地表径流迁移特征研究

为了了解旱作农业土壤中氮素随地表径流的流失水平及规律,于野外夏玉米试验田中进行了模拟降雨与自然降雨条件下的对比试验,并通过对水量和水质的同步监测,研究了不同施肥水平下氮素的流失效应.其中,模拟降雨采用的两个降雨强度分别为40和70mm.h-1,3个尿素施肥水平分别为287、431和575kg.hm-2(以N计),每次自然降雨的试验小区布置相同.试验期间,共有20次降雨事件(包括模拟降雨),其中,4次降雨过程中产生了地表径流并有氮素流失.结果表明,次降雨径流过程中硝态氮流失浓度先迅速增大后逐步降低,而铵态氮流失浓度变化平稳,且流失浓度较低.次降雨间氮素流失平均浓度相差较大,尤其体现在硝态氮浓度上更为明显.此外,研究发现,次降雨径流过程地表氮素流失初期效应明显,且受降雨强度影响显著.通过氮素流失水平的计算发现,研究区大于25mm的降雨类型会有明显的地表径流产生及氮素流失.     

厦门市氮素流动与水环境负荷演变特征

人类活动造成大量氮素在城市生态系统中聚集,从而对水环境质量造成不利影响.作为一个复合生态系统,城市各系统对水环境的影响呈现不同的变化特征及趋势.本研究以厦门市为例,构建了城市氮流动模型,计算了水环境氮负荷,并通过情景分析的方法探讨了减缓城市水环境氮污染的策略.结果表明,1995—2015年厦门市水环境总氮负荷呈现上升-下降-上升式波动变化,总量介于8800～11100 t之间,主要受地表水氮负荷影响显著,而地下水变化相对稳定.在城市化进程中,城市各系统对水环境产生了不同程度的影响,农作物生产系统、污水处理系统及大气氮沉降是水环境氮污染的主要排放源,年均贡献率达69.0%.农作物生产系统和污水处理系统变化较显著,前者对水环境氮负荷的贡献率从1995年的22.3%下降到2015年的7.0%,后者由1995年的9.7%逐渐上升到2015年的40.7%.情景分析可知,提高城市废物、废水的资源化和综合化利用效率是减少城市水环境氮污染的重要途径.     

水中痕量亚硝酸盐氮的反相流动注射-光度测定

建立了测定水中痕量亚硝酸盐氮的N－（1－萘基）乙二胺－反相流动注射－分光光度法．特N－（1－萘基）乙二胺二盐酸盐溶液注入到水样和对氨基苯磷酰胺溶液的混合流，在λmax540nm处对反应形成的红色染料进行分光光度检测．线性范围为0．004～0．18mg／L亚硝酸盐氮，检测限为0．0012mg／L，测定频率为50次／h．本法灵敏度高、选择性好、分析速度快．应用本法测定南京玄武湖湖水中痕量亚硝酸盐氮，测定结果的相对标准偏差为3．5％与N－（1－萘基）乙二胺分光光度法（国标法）测定结果相比较的平均相对误差为－4．2％，表明本法测定结果具有满意的精密度和准确度．     

再生水中阴离子表面活性剂对土壤结构与水流运动的影响

为揭示再生水回灌农田所引入的阴离子表面活性剂对土壤结构性质与水流运动特征的影响,通过室内灌水入渗试验研究了再生水中阴离子表面活性剂浓度（0、0.001、0.01和0.1倍临界胶束浓度）、灌水频率（1d1次、2d1次、3d1次）、再生水-清水交替灌溉模式（纯再生水灌溉、再生水-清水交替灌溉）条件下受灌土壤容重、非毛管孔隙比、团聚体稳定性、土壤斥水性、地表入渗性能和入渗水流运动非均匀特征的变化规律.结果表明,随着再生水中的阴离子表面活性剂浓度的增大和灌溉频率的增大,受灌土壤容重减小、非毛管孔隙比和土壤团聚体稳定性增大、土壤斥水性增强、地表入渗能力降低、优先流运动非均匀程度增大,从而也增大了农田灌水管理难度;当再生水-清水交替灌溉中的清水淋洗频率增大时,受灌土壤容重增大、非毛管孔隙比和土壤团聚体稳定性降低,但却降低了土壤的斥水性、增大了地表入渗能力并降低了土壤优先流运动的非均匀程度,有利于节省灌水时间、提高灌水效率.     

再生水中阴离子表面活性剂对土壤结构与水流运动的影响

为揭示再生水回灌农田所引入的阴离子表面活性剂对土壤结构性质与水流运动特征的影响,通过室内灌水入渗试验研究了再生水中阴离子表面活性剂浓度（0、0.001、0.01和0.1倍临界胶束浓度）、灌水频率（1d1次、2d1次、3d1次）、再生水-清水交替灌溉模式（纯再生水灌溉、再生水-清水交替灌溉）条件下受灌土壤容重、非毛管孔隙比、团聚体稳定性、土壤斥水性、地表入渗性能和入渗水流运动非均匀特征的变化规律.结果表明,随着再生水中的阴离子表面活性剂浓度的增大和灌溉频率的增大,受灌土壤容重减小、非毛管孔隙比和土壤团聚体稳定性增大、土壤斥水性增强、地表入渗能力降低、优先流运动非均匀程度增大,从而也增大了农田灌水管理难度;当再生水-清水交替灌溉中的清水淋洗频率增大时,受灌土壤容重增大、非毛管孔隙比和土壤团聚体稳定性降低,但却降低了土壤的斥水性、增大了地表入渗能力并降低了土壤优先流运动的非均匀程度,有利于节省灌水时间、提高灌水效率.     

油脂对红壤结构性质与水流运动特征的影响

本文通过室内灌水入渗试验,研究了灌溉水油脂浓度（0,1.0,3.0和10.0g/L）、灌水频率（1d1次,2d1次,4d1次）和灌溉模式（纯清水灌溉,纯含油脂灌溉水灌溉,含油脂灌溉水-清水交替灌溉）对受灌土壤结构性质与水流运动特征的影响.结果显示,随灌水进入到受灌土壤中的油脂主要集中在优先流通道中快速运动,优先流湿润锋处的土壤油脂浓度较高且不受灌溉水中油脂浓度的影响,表明即便是采用较低油脂浓度的灌溉水灌溉,依然对地下水系统存在较高的污染风险;高频率、低定额的含油脂灌溉水灌溉有利于进入到受灌土壤中的油脂向深层土壤运动,使得斥水性土层厚度增大,从而导致入渗水流运动的不确定性及地下水系统的污染风险均增大;油脂对受灌土壤团聚体的再团聚作用只有在其浓度较高时才能形成,含油脂灌溉水-清水交替灌溉因降低了受灌土壤的油脂浓度反而导致土壤团聚体分散和破碎.研究成果对再生水和原污水农田灌溉制度设计具有参考价值.     

全国土壤侵蚀量估算及其在吸附态氮磷流失量匡算中的应用

应用土壤流失方程(USLE),根据我国土壤水力侵蚀分类分级标准,建立了大尺度区域土壤侵蚀量的估算模型;基于GIS技术平台,利用土壤普查数据,构建了全国表层土壤氮磷含量数据库,完成了2000年全国境内水土流失影响下吸附态氮磷的流失量估算.经数据合理性分析验证后得出以下结论:(1)全国因水土流失引发的吸附态氮素和磷素的流失总量分别达到104.22×104t和34.65×104t;(2)长江、珠江和黄河三大流域的吸附态氮、磷流失量之和分别占全国总量的83%和89%,单位面积(1km2)吸附态氮、磷的流失量分别介于6.0×10-4～0.53t和2.1×10-4～0.13t之间;(3)吸附态氮的重点流失区主要分布在长江中上游水土易蚀区、黄河中游沟壑区、西辽河上游区、珠江流域红水河、西江等上游区以及怒江、澜沧江下游区.     

Numerical model of compressible gas flow in soil pollution control

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水氮控制对荒漠草原中小型土壤动物的影响

为了解模拟氮沉降和降雨变化对短花针茅荒漠草原中小型土壤动物的影响,本试验设计主区为自然降雨（CK）、增雨30%（W）和减雨30%（R）3个水分处理,副区为0（N0）,30（N30）,50（N50）和100（N100） kg/（hm²·a）4个氮素处理共12个处理.研究表明：在相同的水分处理中随着氮浓度的不断增高,表层土壤中中小型土壤动物的个体密度呈先上升后下降趋势.W-N30处理下中小型土壤动物个体密度高于其他处理（P<0.05）,类群数随着氮浓度升高呈下降趋势,减雨与过量施氮对表层土壤中中小型土壤动物个体密度具有抑制作用.短花针茅荒漠草原中小型土壤动物在土层中具有明显的表聚特性.另外,冗余分析（RDA）表明,研究区内中小型土壤动物的优势类群与常见类群受环境因子影响较显著,土壤pH值、温度、含水量、有机质和植物全C、全N、C/N对中小型土壤动物个体密度影响均较大,但短期内对类群数的影响不显著.当短花针茅荒漠草原面临全球变化时,随着氮沉降量逐渐增加,表层土壤中中小型土壤动物个体密度先逐渐增加,当达到不同水分条件下氮浓度阈值时,则对表层土壤中中小型土壤动物产生抑制作用.     

不同施氮水平下再生水灌溉对土壤细菌群落结构影响研究

微生物是土壤环境变化的敏感因子,为探明再生水灌溉和氮素减量施用对土壤环境的影响,以温室棚栽番茄为研究对象,借助Miseq高通量技术,比较研究了再生水灌溉下氮素常规施肥和氮肥减量施用对土壤细菌群落结构所产生的影响,并采用冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis,RDA)方法分析导致土壤细菌群落结构差异的因素.结果表明:再生水灌溉对土壤硝化螺菌门(Nitrospirae)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)群落结构的影响明显;再生水灌溉土壤细菌共53个属,其中41个属是再生水灌溉和清水灌溉土壤的共有菌属,其余12个属是再生水灌溉土壤的特有菌属.随氮素施用水平的降低,土壤细菌种群优势度呈先增加后降低然后再增加的趋势,减少氮肥施用有利于土壤细菌种群丰富度和多样性的增加.土壤微生物群落结构受土壤化学特性的影响.再生水灌溉能够促进与土壤碳、氮转化相关的微生物的增长,改变土壤微生物的群落结构.     

Biochar: A review of its impact on pesticide behavior in soil environments and its potential applications

Biochar is produced from the pyrolysis of carbon-rich plant- and animal-residues under low oxygen and high temperature conditions and has been increasingly used for its positive role in soil compartmentalization through activities such as carbon sequestration and improving soil quality. Biochar is also considered a unique adsorbent due to its high specific surface area and highly carbonaceous nature. Therefore, soil amendments with small amounts of biochar could result in higher adsorption and, consequently, decrease the bioavailability of contaminants to microbial communities, plants, earthworms, and other organisms in the soil. However, the mechanisms affecting the environmental fate and behavior of organic contaminants, especially pesticides in biochar-amended soil, are not well understood. The purpose of this work is to review the role of biochar in primary processes, such as adsorption–desorption and leaching of pesticides. Biochar has demonstrable effects on the fate and effects of pesticides and has been shown to affect the degradation and bioavailability of pesticides for living organisms. Moreover, some key aspects of agricultural and environmental applications of biochar are highlighted.     

Effects of soil water and nitrogen availability on photosynthesis and water use efficiency of Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings

The efficient use of water and nitrogen (N) to promote growth and increase yield of fruit trees and crops is well studied.However,little is known about their effects on woody plants growing in arid and semiarid areas with limited water and N availability.To examine the effects of water and N supply on early growth and water use efficiency (WUE) of trees on dry soils,one-year-old seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia were exposed to three soil water contents (non-limiting,medium drought,and severe drought) as well as to low and high N levels,for four months.Photosynthetic parameters,leaf instantaneous WUE (WUEi) and whole tree WUE (WUEb) were determined.Results showed that,independent of N levels,increasing soil water content enhanced the tree transpiration rate (Tr),stomatal conductance (Gs),intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci),maximum net assimilation rate (Amax),apparent quantum yield (AQY),the range of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) due to both reduced light compensation point and enhanced light saturation point,and dark respiration rate (Rd),resulting in a higher net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and a significantly increased whole tree biomass.Consequently,WUEi and WUEb were reduced at low N,whereas WUE i was enhanced at high N levels.Irrespective of soil water availability,N supply enhanced Pn in association with an increase of Gs and Ci and a decrease of the stomatal limitation value (Ls),while Tr remained unchanged.Biomass and WUEi increased under non-limiting water conditions and medium drought,as well as WUEb under all water conditions;but under severe drought,WUEi and biomass were not affected by N application.In conclusion,increasing soil water availability improves photosynthetic capacity and biomass accumulation under low and high N levels,but its effects on WUE vary with soil N levels.N supply increased Pn and WUE,but under severe drought,N supply did not enhance WUEi and biomass.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

The impact of agroforestry combined with water harvesting on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in central Chile evaluated using the ICBM/N model

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) stocks in an agroforestry system with water harvesting were analysed in a field experiment and the results compared with those of other crop management systems in the Mediterranean zone of central Chile. Agroforestry with water harvesting showed higher positive effects on N stocks, mainly in the upper soil layer, than the other crop management systems. However, soil analysis revealed a lack of differences between treatments, a fact that might be related mainly to the short study time (12 years) and the high spatial variability in these soil properties at the experimental site. In addition, the Introductory Carbon Balance Model that simulates N processes (ICBM/N) was evaluated for simulating trends in SOC and N stocks in the field experiment. Soil data collected between 1996 and 2008 in the field experiment and primarily literature data sets were used to test ICBM/N and its performance was evaluated by considering uncertainty in model inputs using Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology. The GLUE estimates (5% and 95%) and measured SOC and N stocks were in satisfactory agreement. The observed SOC and N stocks were bracketed by the uncertainty bands in 70% and 80% of the simulations, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed the model to be most sensitive to C parameters, such as the humification coefficient (h). The results of this study show that ICBM/N can be an effective tool for estimating SOC and N stocks from agroforestry combined with water harvesting systems in the Mediterranean zone of central Chile over the medium term. However, they also indicate that additional data sets are needed to redefine the parameter distributions in the model and thus to predict trends in SOC and N stocks in the future.     

与碳氮循环相关的土壤酶活性对施用氮磷肥的响应

通过测定土壤酶活性和微生物量来评估施化肥对冬小麦土壤中参与碳(C)、氮(N)循环酶活性的影响.实验设氮(N)、磷(P)两个影响因子,4个处理分别是仅施P(SP)、仅施N(SN)、施N和P(P+N)、对照(CK,无施肥),测定冬小麦开花期和成熟期土壤纤维素酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和蛋白酶活性和开花期土壤微生物量.结果表明:纤维素酶活性在冬小麦两个生育期都是P+N处理中最高,分别为0.056μg·g-1·h-1(以葡萄糖计)和0.041μg·g-1·h-1(以葡萄糖计),显著高于CK.脱氢酶活性在冬小麦两个生育期都是P+N处理中最高,分别为0.46μg·g-1·h-1(以TPF计)和0.31μg·g-1·h-1(以TPF计),显著高于CK,SP和SN处理与CK有显著差异.脲酶活性在冬小麦两个生育期都是SN处理中最高,分别为54.2μg·g-1·h-1(以NH3-N计)和63.9μg·g-1·h-1(以NH3-N计),显著高于CK.蛋白酶活性在开花期SP处理中最大,成熟期CK处理中最大,分别为0.61μg·g-1·h-1(以酪氨酸计)和0.31μg·g-1·h-1(以酪氨酸计).除脲酶外,成熟期酶活性低于开花期.N和P交互作用通过增加土壤放线菌、菌根真菌生物量和作物地下生物量显著增加了纤维素酶和脱氢酶活性,通过降低土壤pH和增加铵态氮量显著降低了土壤蛋白酶活性,通过提高N利用率,降低了脲酶活性.     

库滨带土壤释氮负荷模型的构建与田间尺度模拟分析

岸边带生态系统对氮元素的去除机理主要包括化学释放含氮气体过程.植物吸收过程和泥沙截留3方面.其中,土壤反硝化释氮是岸边带系统最为重要的生态功能之一.因此,建立适当的岸边带土壤释氮模型(包括土壤反硝化、硝化和氨挥发过程),对准确评估岸边带生态功能和构建合理的岸边带生态系统具有重要意义.本研究依据岸边带去氮机埋,参照已有的土壤释氮模型研究成果,构建了适用于水库库滨带土壤特性的土壤释氮速率估算模型(简称土壤释氮模型),并以官厅水库库滨带小区为研究对象,对水库库滨带土壤释氮特性进行模拟分析与验证.模型模拟结果表明,在监测期间(6～9月)土壤水分平均含量分别为16.6%、37.3%、43.9%和55.2%的情况下,土壤反硝化释氮速率分别为0、(102.1±59.3)、(169.3±87.6)和(203.2±119.6)mg·m-2·d-1(以N计);硝化速率分别为(233.3±121.4)、(177.9 ±69.3)、(187.7±75.0)和(166.7 ±121.9)mg·m-2· d-1(以N计);氨挥发速率分别为(3.00±1.13)、(2.64±1.01)、(2.76 ±1.04)和(2.51±1.89)mg·m-2·d-1(以N计);总释氮量分别为1.18、33.64、92.50和65.74g(以N计).同时,结合同步监测的实验数据,应用总量平衡法对模拟结果进行了验证.验证结果表明,实验小区土壤释氮量模拟值与实验值的决定系数(R2)为0.83,证明了该模型可有效地应用于水库库滨带区域.     

氮磷添加下黄土丘陵区退耕草地土壤呼吸速率日变化特征

为探究黄土丘陵区退耕草地土壤呼吸及其组分日变化对氮磷添加的响应,采用裂区试验设计,主区施氮[0,50和100kg N/（hm²·a）]和副区施磷[0,40和80kg P₂O₅/（hm²·a）],于2019年5~8月每月测定各处理下土壤呼吸速率、异养呼吸速率及土壤温度和含水量日变化.结果表明,土壤呼吸速率及其组分日变化均呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在12：00~14：00.与不施肥相比,土壤呼吸、异养呼吸和自养呼吸速率在单施氮下分别增加7.31%~13.13%,1.12%~12.43%和7.64%~46.26%,单施磷下分别增加16.84%~18.42%,11.48%~14.22%和17.15%~29.59%,氮磷配施下分别增加24.17%~27.30%,21.94%~32.43%和34.05%~41.26%.不同氮磷添加下土壤呼吸、异养呼吸和自养呼吸碳排放量昼占比分别为52.68%~61.37%,50.92%~58.70%和51.39%~76.35%.50kg N/（hm²·a）和80kg P₂O₅/（hm²·a）配施处理的土壤累积CO₂排放量（2012g/m²）最高,不施肥处理的土壤累积CO₂排放量（1531g/m²）最低.各处理的土壤呼吸,异养呼吸和自养呼吸均与土壤温度呈显著指数正相关关系,其温度敏感性（Q₁₀）变化范围分别为1.19~1.86,1.08~1.81和1.11~3.67,氮磷添加降低异养呼吸的Q₁₀值,但提高自养呼吸的Q₁₀值.总体表明,氮磷添加增加土壤呼吸及其组分速率,降低异养呼吸的温度敏感性,氮磷添加对土壤呼吸及其组分速率的促进效果与氮磷添加量及其配比有关.     

Potential nitrogen enrichment of soil and surface water by atmospheric ammonia sorption in intensive livestock production areas

Elevated atmospheric NH₃ levels near intensive livestock operations can add significant N to local agroecosystems. In this study, the potential atmospheric NH₃ sorbed by soil and water was assessed over a 2-year period starting October 2000 in an intensive livestock production area in southern Alberta, Canada. Fifty-two uneven grid sampling sites were selected in the 53,905 ha study area. The sorption rate of atmospheric NH₃ was estimated weekly by exposing distilled water and air-dried soil samples to the atmosphere at the sampling sites. The increases in NH₄–N content in the samples after 1-week exposure was regarded as an index of the atmospheric NH₃ sorbed for that week. The NH₃ sorption rates were highly variable across the 52 sites, with water ranging from 4 to 125 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ with a mean of 22 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and soil from 5 to 84 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ with a mean of 20 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Considerable variation in NH₃–N sorption across the study area reflects the effects of size, direction (upwind or downwind) and proximity of nearby livestock operations or other NH₃ sources and operators’ activities around the sampling sites. The NH₃ sorption rate at each site also varied considerably in response to weather conditions. The high rate of NH₃ input poses a direct risk of surface water eutrophication in intensive livestock operation areas. If fertilizer recommendations are not reduced to account for NH₃ sorption by soil, excess N may also contribute to eutrophication through runoff and leaching.     

单扫描极谱法同时测定环境水样中微量硝酸根和亚硝酸根

在浓硫酸介质中 ,8-羟基喹啉与硝酸根的硝化产物在 p H9.0左右的 NH3-NH4Cl的缓冲溶液中 ,于 -0 .6 3V处产生灵敏的导数波 ,波高与硝酸根浓度在 0 .0 1～ 2 .5μg· m l- 1 范围呈线性关系 ,检测限为 0 .0 0 4μg· ml- 1 。测定相对标准偏差小于 2 .7% ,样品加标回收率为 96 .0 %～ 10 4.2 % ,亚硝酸根经 H2 O2 氧化处理亦可进行测定。本法可用于地表水、雨水中微量硝酸根、亚硝酸根的同时测定