南通市人为源大气氨排放清单及特征

根据收集的南通市各类人为氨排放源的活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,估算了2009年南通市的人为源大气氨排放量。结果表明,2009年南通市人为源大气氨排放量为60.02 kt,其中,畜禽源和氮肥使用是两个最大排放源,氨排放量分别为31.54 kt和23.43 kt,分别占南通市大气氨排放总量的52.5%和39.0%。畜禽源中生猪是NH3排放最大贡献源,占畜禽源排放总量的46.4%,其次是家禽,其贡献率为36.4%。南通市氨平均排放强度为6.59 t.km-2.a-1。     

珠江三角洲人为氨源排放清单及特征

根据收集的珠江三角洲(珠三角)人为氨源的活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了该地区2006年人为氨源分类别和分城市的排放清单.结果表明:①2006年珠三角地区人为氨源NH3排放总量约为194.8kt;②农业源是珠江三角洲地区人为氨源的主要排放贡献源,其中畜禽源排放的NH3占总排放量的62.1%,其次是氮肥施用源,其贡献率为21.7%;③畜禽源中肉鸡是NH3排放最大贡献源,占畜禽源NH3排放总量的43.4%,其次是肉猪,其贡献率为32.1%;④广州是珠三角地区2006年人为氨源排放量最大的城市,其次是江门,分别占NH3总排放量的23.4%和19.1%,主要的排放源均为畜禽和氮肥施用源.     

西安市人为源大气氨排放清单及特征

根据西安市各类氨排放源活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了2013年西安市人为源大气氨排放清单.结果表明,2013年西安市人为源大气氨排放量为47.17×10~3t,排放强度为4.57 t·km~(-2);畜禽养殖和氮肥施用是排放贡献最大的两个人为源,氨排放量分别为20.55×10~3t和17.51×10~3t,占排放总量的80.68%;畜禽养殖中,牛和猪是最大的排放源,占畜禽养殖排放总量的75.03%;临潼区是排放量最大行政区,排放量为10.73×10~3t,分担率为23.22%;阎良区的排放强度最大,达到14.75 t·km~(-2).     

长江三角洲地区人为源氨排放清单及分布特征

根据各类氨排放源的活动水平和排放因子,估算了2004年长江三角洲地区16个城市的氨排放量.结果表明,2004年长三角地区氨排放量为460.68kt,其中,氮肥使用和畜牧源是两个最大排放源,氨排放量分别为227.33kt和203.28kt,分别占长江三角洲地区氨排放总量的49.3%和44.1%,氨排放在长三角地区各城市间有较大差异,排放量超过40kt·a-1的城市为南通市、上海市、嘉兴市和泰州市,这4个城市的氨排放总量约占长三角地区氨排放量的42.5%.长江三角洲地区氨平均排放强度为4.20t·km-2·a-1,排放强度超过6t·km-2·a-1的城市为嘉兴市、南通市、泰州市和上海市,其中,嘉兴市的排放强度最大,为10.83 t·km-2·a-1.     

2013～2017年江苏省人为源氨排放清单的建立及特征

根据江苏省各类氨排放源活动水平数据,采用合理的清单测算方法和排放因子,建立了2013～2017年江苏省人为源氨排放清单,对其历年来人为源氨排放量的变化趋势进行分析.利用Arc GIS软件对江苏省人为源氨排放量及排放强度的分布特征进行分析.结果表明,江苏省的氨排放量由2013年的624. 84 kt减少至2017年的562. 47 kt,年均下降率约为2. 6%.农业源一直是江苏省最主要的氨排放源,2017年时占江苏省氨排放总量的82. 4%;蛋鸡是畜禽养殖源中最大的氨排放源,占畜禽源氨排放量的49. 3%. 2017年江苏省氨平均排放强度为5. 3 t·km~(-2),其中盐城市和徐州市是江苏省人为源氨排放量和排放强度最大的两个城市,镇江市的氨排放量和排放强度最小.     

红河州人为源氨排放清单及分布特征

根据收集的红河州各类人为源氨排放活动水平数据和排放因子,建立了2017年红河州人为源氨分类别和县市排放清单。结果表明,2017年红河州人为氨源排放总量为93. 21kt,其中农田生态系统、畜牧养殖业和其它源排放量分别为10. 43kt、71. 18kt和11. 6kt,畜牧养殖业是红河州氨排放的主要来源,占排放总量的73. 37%。弥勒市、建水县和泸西县是红河州氨排放量最大的3个县市,排放量为36. 57kt,排放份额占红河州总排放量的39. 23%,排放量最小的是河口县为0. 85kt,仅占全州的0. 91%。红河州的氨排放强度为3. 0t/km2·a-1,泸西县是氨排放强度最大县市,高达6. 8t/km2·a-1。     

浙江省人为源氨排放清单建立及分布特征

通过收集各类氨排放源的活动水平数据,选取合适的排放因子以及估算方法,建立了2017年浙江省人为源氨排放清单,分析各排放源的排放分摊率以及浙江省各市的排放情况,并利用ArcGIS对浙江省氨排放量和排放强度的空间分布进行分析.结果表明, 2017年浙江省人为源氨排放量为122.00 kt,以农业源排放为主,其中农田生态系统氨排放量最高,达到36.06 kt,并以氮肥施用贡献最大(87.12%);其次是禽畜养殖,占到人为源氨排放总量的29.44%.非农业源中废物处理和人体排放源贡献最大,分别占到非农业源氨排放量的44.07%和28.49%. 2017年杭州市氨排放量最高,占浙江省氨排放总量的17.83%;但嘉兴市的氨排放强度最大,达到3.82 t·km~(-2).从空间分布来看,氨排放量主要集中在浙江省北部和东南部,而浙江省北部和东北部的氨排放强度相对较高.     

四川省2012年人为源氨排放清单及分布特征

根据收集到的各类人为氨源的活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了四川省2012年人为源氨排放清单,并分析了氨排放的空间分布特征.结果表明:四川省2012年人为源氨排放总量为994.8×103t,排放强度为2.12 t·km-2;畜禽养殖为最主要的排放源,分担率达62.31%,其次为氮肥施用,分担率为23.14%;生猪和牛是畜禽养殖中主要贡献者,共占畜禽排放总量的64%;成都市和达州市为氨排放量较大的城市,均占四川省排放总量的10%;空间分布特征显示排放量较大的网格主要集中在四川省东部,且多来自于城市周边区县.     

广东省人为源氨排放清单及减排潜力研究

根据各类氨排放源活动水平数据,采用排放因子法,建立了2010年广东省人为源氨排放清单,在分析其排放特征的基础上探讨了氨的减排潜力.结果表明:2010年广东省人为源氨排放量为582.9 kt,畜禽和氮肥施用是排放贡献最大的人为源,分别占总排放量的44.2%和40.4%;茂名、湛江和肇庆依次是排放量最大的3个城市,共占广东省总排放量33.0%;在畜禽源中,肉猪排放量最大,占畜禽源排放总量44.4%,其次是肉鸡、母猪和黄牛,分别占16.0%、15.2%和6.5%;畜禽在畜舍、储存管理、农田施肥和放牧4个养殖阶段的氨排放量不同;控制农业源对NH3的减排起关键性作用,茂名、湛江和肇庆是广东省重点控制的3个城市,肉猪、母猪、肉鸡、黄牛和氮肥施用则为重点控制源,主要控制措施包括低氮饲料喂养、畜舍改造、粪便密封、粪肥注施、延长放牧时间和使用尿素替代物.     

贵阳地区氨排放量估算

根据氨的不同排放源和排放因子,对贵阳地区2006年氨排放总量进行了估算。结果表明:贵阳地区氨排放总量为72.6kt,其中99.85%来自人为源排放,仅0.15%为自然源排放;在人为源中主要以家畜排放为主,排放量为27.8kt,占总排放量的38.30%;其次为燃煤排放,排放量为23.4kt,占32.26%。贵阳地区氨的排放强度达9.04t/km2,比中国和国外其他地区高,人均排放量达20.57kg/人,虽然与欧洲人均排放量接近,但比其他地区高很多;贵阳地区氨的排放与日本相似,都是以能源和动物排放为主,与中国和国外其他地区均不同,这可能跟贵阳特殊的地理条件和能源结构有关。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.