利用植物化感作用抑藻的研究进展

利用植物化感作用抑制藻类具有生态安全和灵敏高效等优点,对水体富营养化的生态控制具有极其重要的意义。本文研究了利用植物化感作用抑藻的进展,从化感物质对藻细胞光合作用、酶活性、细胞膜、细胞超微结构、基因表达的影响方面探究了植物化感抑藻作用的机理。并分别就水生植物和陆生植物中提取的各类化感抑藻物质的抑藻效果进行分析比较,尤其探讨了木本植物抑藻的潜在价值,为开发新的抑藻剂提供理论指导。本文还针对目前的研究现状,提出植物抑藻领域存在的问题及前景展望。     

水生植物化感作用应急处置海洋赤潮和淡水水华

近年来,植物化感作用逐渐成为控制藻类暴发的一种新技术。根据国内外的研究成果,着重从水生植物化感作用、化感抑藻物质、应急处置藻类方法、海洋赤潮和淡水水华的应急处置及机理进行评述,并对该技术今后的发展予以展望。     

紫苏水浸液对木香薷种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用CSSCI

以紫苏茎、叶、花序为供体,木香薷种子为受体,采用3×5二因素完全随机试验设计和室内生物测定法研究了紫苏水浸液对木香薷种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明:1供体类型和水浸液浓度对木香薷种子的发芽势、发芽指数、发芽率、成苗率、胚根长度和胚轴长度均有极显著影响。供体化感作用强弱顺序是:叶片>花序>茎,并有高抑制低促进的浓度效应。2紫苏茎、叶、花序的水浸液主要是通过抑制木香薷胚根的伸长来抑制种子萌发与幼苗生长。3叶片淋溶是紫苏释放化感物质的主要途径之一。     

紫苏水浸液对木香薷种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

以紫苏茎、叶、花序为供体,木香薷种子为受体,采用3×5二因素完全随机试验设计和室内生物测定法研究了紫苏水浸液对木香薷种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明:1供体类型和水浸液浓度对木香薷种子的发芽势、发芽指数、发芽率、成苗率、胚根长度和胚轴长度均有极显著影响。供体化感作用强弱顺序是:叶片花序茎,并有高抑制低促进的浓度效应。2紫苏茎、叶、花序的水浸液主要是通过抑制木香薷胚根的伸长来抑制种子萌发与幼苗生长。3叶片淋溶是紫苏释放化感物质的主要途径之一。     

龙舌兰科植物在室内装饰的应用

龙舌兰科植物形态化美、色彩丰富，是室内植物装饰的好材料。本文对进一步开展龙舌兰科植物在室内装饰的应用作了探讨。     

污泥堆肥项目中除臭技术的选择与设计

介绍了我国污泥堆肥(生物干化)项目臭气治理现状,指出除臭问题是制约污泥堆肥技术推广应用的关键。对比各种除臭技术,分析了污泥堆肥臭气成分和除臭机理,得出结论:化学生物组合除臭工艺与植物液除臭工艺相结合是适合污泥堆肥项目的选择。最后介绍了除臭系统设计选型的主要参数,指出在污泥处理工艺设计中考虑除臭系统可节省投资和运行成本。     

人工湿地中植物的修复作用原理与应用实例

植物修复在水污染防治中具有重要作用,有着广泛的应用前景。本文阐述了水生植物在湿地污水净化过程中的物理、化学、生物等方面的作用及原理,例举了植物修复在不同水质条件下的应用实例,提出应针对植物复氧能力、植物种类选择和收割植物后续处理等方面进行深入研究。     

蛇根草属植物资源与喜树碱及类似物的生产

随着市场需求的不断扩大,持续提取抗癌药物喜树碱及类似物已成为当务之急。在蛇根草属植物中发现喜树碱及其类似物,是获取该类物质重要的替代途径。对蛇根草属植物的主要用途、生物学特征以及主要活性次生代谢产物进行了介绍,论述了运用生物技术从蛇根草属植物中产生喜树碱及其类似物的研究,并对该类植物资源的开发利用进行了展望。     

人工湿地污水处理系统脱氮机理研究进展

本文介绍了近年来人工湿地污水处理系统脱氮机理的研究情况,阐述了人工湿地脱氮的三种途径：植物和其它生物的吸收作用、微生物的生物转化作用及氨气的挥发作用,其中微生物的生物转化作用是人工湿地主要的脱氮方式.同时对影响人工湿地脱氮效率的主要因素：温度、pH值、氧化还原电位、溶解氧、微生物可利用有机碳与硝态氮、停留时间等都作了比较详细的介绍,为进一步开展人工湿地脱氮机理的研究和优化人工湿地污水处理系统设计提供参考.     

根际促生菌对植物生长的调控作用研究进展

根际促生菌广泛存在于土壤中,对植物生长具有重要的调控作用。从对植物生长的直接和间接调控作用两方面综述了根际促生菌在植物生长中的作用,阐述了根际促生菌在调控植物生长中的作用机理,并对根际促生菌在土壤及环境中的潜在应用进行了综合分析。     

Need for a wind of change? Use of offshore wind messages by stakeholders and the media in Germany and their effects on public acceptance

This study investigates German news media coverage and PR material of offshore wind stakeholders from industry, politics, science and civil society thoroughly to provide insights about offshore wind benefits and risks communicated frequently and rarely to the public. By comparative analyses, differences between stakeholder and media messages are revealed: while stakeholders strongly focused on the supportive argument relevance of offshore wind for the energy turnaround, the media often discussed the negative impacts higher costs and delays in grid connection. Furthermore, the influence of offshore wind arguments on acceptance is measured within a survey representative of the German population. With these results, it can be assessed how far influential arguments were presented and which messages have been used frequently despite their low impact. Disruptions to viewscapes, limitation of commercial fishing areas, and hazards to shipping proved to be effective arguments to influence offshore wind acceptance – however, they were seldom used.     

中缅边境地区稀有魔芋品种资源研究初探

生长在中缅边境地区的稀有魔芋品种具有与国内外已报道过的品种迥然不同的繁殖特点。该品种除具有魔芋多糖含量高、分子量大和粘度值高的特点外,还具有地下部分的肉质根（球）;不同的是各枝叶交叉点上生长着可供繁殖的小球茎。这一稀有品种至今尚未见报道。     

Allelopathic Potential of Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) on Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

This study investigated allelopathy and its chemical basis in nine switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) accessions. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were used as test species. Undiluted aqueous extracts (5 g plant tissue in 50 ml water) from the shoots and roots of most of the switchgrass accessions inhibited the germination and growth of the test species. However, the allelopathic effect of switchgrass declined when extracts were diluted 5- or 50-fold. Seedling growth was more sensitive than seed germination as an indicator of allelopathic effect. Allelopathic effect was related to switchgrass ecotype but not related to ploidy level. Upland accessions displayed stronger allelopathic potential than lowland accessions. The aqueous extract from one switchgrass accession was separated into phenols, organic acids, neutral chemicals, and alkaloids, and then these fractions were bioassayed to test for allelopathic potential. Alkaloids had the strongest allelopathic effect among the four chemical fractions. In summary, the results indicated that switchgrass has allelopathic potential; however, there is not enough evidence to conclude that allelopathic advantage is the main factor that has contributed to the successful establishment of switchgrass on China’s Loess Plateau.     

Oxidation of phenolic acid derivatives by soil and its relevance to allelopathic activity

Previous studies have suggested that phenolic acids from legume green manures may contribute to weed control through allelopathy. The objectives of this study were to investigate the oxidation reactions of phenolic acids in soil and to determine the subsequent effects of oxidation upon phytotoxicity. Soils were reacted for 18 h with 0.25 mmol L(-1) benzoic and cinnamic acid derivative solutions and Mn release from the suspension was used as a marker for phenolic acid oxidation. The extent of oxidation in soil suspensions was in the order of 3,4dihydroxy- > 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy- > 4-hydroxy-approximately 2-hydroxy-substituted benzoic and cinnamic acids. The same ranking was observed for cyclic voltammetry peak currents of the cinnamic acid derivatives. This suggests that the oxidation of phenolic acids is controlled by the electron transfer step from the sorbed phenolic acid to the metal oxide. A bioassay experiment showed that the 4-hydroxy-, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-, and 3,4-dihydroxy-substituted cinnamic acids were bioactive at 0.25 mmol L(-1) concentration. Reaction with soil for 18 h resulted in the elimination of bioactivity of these three cinnamic acids at the 5% significance level. The oxidative reactivity of phenolic acids may limit the potential of allelopathy as a component of an integrated weed management system. However, the initial phytotoxicity after soil incorporation may coincide with the early, critical stage of weed emergence and establishment, so that allelopathic phenolic acids may still play a role in weed management despite their reactivity in soil systems.     

Basic principles and ecological consequences of changing water regimes: riparian plant communities

Recent research has emphasized the importance of riparian ecosystems as centers of biodiversity and links between terrestrial and aquatic systems. Riparian ecosystems also belong among the environments that are most disturbed by humans and are in need of restoration to maintain biodiversity and ecological integrity. To facilitate the completion of this task, researchers have an important function to communicate their knowledge to policy-makers and managers. This article presents some fundamental qualities of riparian systems, articulated as three basic principles. The basic principles proposed are: (1) The flow regime determines the successional evolution of riparian plant communities and ecological processes. (2) The riparian corridor serves as a pathway for redistribution of organic and inorganic material that influences plant communities along rivers. (3) The riparian system is a transition zone between land and water ecosystems and is disproportionately plant species-rich when compared to surrounding ecosystems. Translating these principles into management directives requires more information about how much water a river needs and when and how, i.e., flow variables described by magnitude, frequency, timing, duration, and rate of change. It also requires information about how various groups of organisms are affected by habitat fragmentation, especially in terms of their dispersal. Finally, it requires information about how effects of hydrologic alterations vary between different types of riparian systems and with the location within the watershed.     

A regional-scale study on the crop uptake of cadmium from sandy soils: measurement and modeling

Plant uptake is one of the major pathways by which cadmium (Cd) in soils enters the human food chain. This study was conducted to investigate the uptake of Cd by crops from soils within the wastewater irrigation area (WIA) of Braunschweig (Germany) and to develop a simple process-oriented model that is suited to predict Cd uptake at the regional scale. The sandy soils within the WIA (4300 ha) have received considerable loads of heavy metals by irrigation using municipal wastewater for up to 40 years. In 1998 and 1999, we sampled soil and plant material at 40 potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), 40 sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), and 32 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields. In both years and for all three crops, we found close linear relationships between the Cd content of plant material and the Cd concentration in soil solution. For all three crops, we observed a trend of relatively increased Cd uptake in the year with the higher saturation deficit of the atmosphere. We interpret this to indicate that transpiration plays an important role in the Cd uptake of crops under the conditions of the WIA. In modeling the uptake of Cd by crops, we assume that uptake is proportional to mass flow, that is, the product of water transpired, Cd concentration in soil solution, and a plant-specific empirical parameter. The simulations agreed well with the observed Cd contents in crops. Our model explained between 66 and 87% of the observed variance.     

Factors Influencing Allelopathy and Toxicity in Prymnesium parvum1

Granéli, Edna and Paulo S. Salomon, 2010. Factors Influencing Allelopathy and Toxicity in Prymnesium parvum. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):108-120. Abstract: Some microalgae are able to kill or inhibit nutrient-competing microalgae, a process called allelopathy. Inhibiting or killing competitors enable these species to monopolize limiting resources, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Prymnesium parvum is known to produce such allelopathic compounds, substances that seem identical to the ichthyotoxins identified from this species. Biotic and abiotic environmental factors influence not only growth rates but also toxin/allelopathic compounds production by P. parvum cells. Toxin production, as well as allelopathy, including grazer deterrence, increases dramatically in light, temperature, or nutrient stressed P. parvum cells. Correspondingly, toxicity and allelopathy may decrease, or cease completely, if cells are grown with high amounts of N and P in balanced proportions. However, even under nutrient (N and P) sufficient conditions, P. parvum is able to produce toxins/allelopathic compounds, with negative effects on other phytoplankton species or grazers, if cells densities of P. parvum are high relative to other species. This negative effect might shift the plankton community to more toxin resistant species. Filtrates from nutrient-deficient P. parvum cultures have almost the same strong negative effect on grazers and other phytoplankton species as when Prymnesium cells are grown together with the target organisms. Eutrophication, the increased input of N and P to aquatic ecosystems, besides increasing nutrient concentrations, is usually provoking unbalanced N:P condition for the optimal growth of phytoplankton, deviating from the Redfield ratio, i.e., the phytoplankton cellular nitrogen to phosphorus ratio, N:P = 16:1 (by atoms) or 7.2:1 (by weight). Eutrophication thus both enhances P. parvum growth and increases production of toxins and allelopathic compounds. Supplying N-deficient or P-deficient P. parvum cells with the deficient nutrient reduces toxicity to less than half within 24 h after additions. As P. parvum is mixotrophic, uptake of dissolved or particulate organic N (DON or PON) can also reduce toxicity and allelopathy in the same manner as addition of inorganic N to N-starved cells. In conclusion, P. parvum, by increasing its toxicity and allelopathic ability under poor environmental conditions, outcompetes the co-occurring phytoplankton species.