斜发沸石对城市污水处理厂二级出水中氨氮的处理效果研究

通过静态实验,研究天然斜发沸石去除城市污水处理二级出水中氨氮的性能。研究结果表明,投加量越大,沸石对废水中氨氮的去除率越高,但是吸附容量越低;沸石对氨氮的去除具有短时间内快速吸附,然后缓慢平衡的特点;粉末状沸石对氨氮的去除效果明显好于颗粒状沸石;pH对氨氮去除率有显著影响,pH值为6时,沸石对氨氮的去除率最高。NaCl和NaOH溶液对沸石的改性具有明显的效果,HCl溶液对沸石的改性作用不明显。     

钙型天然斜发沸石去除猪场废水中营养物的实验研究

以钙型天然斜发沸石为实验材料,研究反应时间、沸石投加量、pH值、有机物浓度等因素对去除实际猪场废水中氨氮、磷和COD效果的影响。研究表明,钙型天然斜发沸石对实际猪场废水的处理效果良好,在沸石投加量为250 g/L、pH值为8.0～9.0、反应时间为24 h的条件下,钙型天然斜发沸石对氨氮、磷和COD的去除率分别达到96%、97%和84%。pH值对钙型天然斜发沸石氨氮去除效果影响不大,但对磷和COD的去除效果影响较显著;当pH值由6.0升高至7.0时,磷的去除率由63%迅速升高至93%,pH值为8.0以上时,去除率接近95%;随pH值的升高,COD的去除率先升高后降低,在pH值为8.0时,去除率达到最大,为84%。废水COD浓度对氨氮去除率的影响基本可忽略,但对磷的去除有轻微的抑制作用。采用固定滤柱过滤时,水力负荷控制在375 mL/h以下,氨氮、磷和COD的去除效果较好。     

沸石吸附去除城市污水厂初沉池出水中氨氮的研究

直接向城市污水初沉池出水中投加沸石 ,利用沸石对氨氮的选择性交换去除其中的氨氮 ,并辅以实验室配制液作为对比。研究结果表明 :( 1)沸石对初沉池出水中的氨氮具有很强的选择性 ;( 2 )与实验室配制液相比 ,在城市污水初沉池出水中沸石的交换容量受其他离子和有机物的影响而有所下降 ,但下降并不明显 ;( 3 )沸石对初沉池出水中的COD也有一定的去除效果     

沸石吸附去除城市污水厂初沉池出水中氨氮的研究

直接向城市污水初沉池出水中投加沸石，利用沸石对氨氮的选择性交换去除其中的氨氮，并辅以实验室配制液作为对比，研究结果表明：（1）沸石对初沉池出水中的氨氮具有很强的选择性；（2）与实验室配制液相比，在城市污水初沉池出水中沸石的交换容量受其他离子和有机物的影响而有所下降，但下降并不明显；（3）沸石对初沉池出水中的COD也有一定的去除效果。     

沸石联合微生物固定化去除微污染水体中氨氮的研究

将沸石联合经过驯化的活性污泥微生物固定化,通过静态实验.考察了不同粒径沸石及不同组分固定化方法对沸石联合微生物固定化去除氨氮的影响;通过动态实验,考察了沸石联合微生物固定化去除微污染水体中低浓度氨氮的机制.结果表明,活性污泥经过16 d的驯化,氨氮去除率为90%以上;沸石吸附氨氮为快速吸附,粒径<0.5 mm的沸石的吸附容量明显大于其他粒径的沸石;不同组分固定化小球对氨氮的去除效率不同,各组分均有贡献,吸附容量依次为:沸石固定化小球>沸石联合微生物固定化小球>微生物固定化小球;沸石联合微生物固定化去除微污染水体中低浓度氨氮可分为4个阶段,即沸石吸附阶段、吸附饱和及微生物适应阶段、硝化作用明显加强和沸石部分再生阶段、微生物作用良好和沸石进一步再生阶段,最终沸石吸附与生物再生处于良好的动态平衡中,氨氮去除率达到60%左右.     

沸石法工业污水氨氮治理技术研究

本文研究了斜发沸石法去除工业污水中氨氮的方法 ,通过沸石对NH+4 的全交换容量、吸附和洗脱工艺条件对去除氨氮效果影响的试验 ,确定了处理氨氮废水的工艺流程和适宜参数。结果表明 ,在废水浓度pH =7的条件下 ,沸石对铵的平均全交换容量达到 12 .96mg/g沸石 ,且交换容量随PH值的增大而降低 ;高速低温有利于吸附 ,低速高温有利于洗脱 ;处理后污水氨氮含量低于 5 0mg/L ,达到了国家排放标准。本研究可为治理氨氮废水技术开发提供了一定的技术依据     

沸石改性及其去除水中氨氮的实验研究

通过实验研究了沸石改性条件及其对水中氨氮吸附去除的影响。结果表明,加热改性与无机酸改性不能显著提高沸石对氨氮的吸附量。利用NaOH改性的最佳浓度为1 mol/L,此条件下对氨氮吸附量可提高到650.68 mg/kg,为天然沸石的2.82倍。利用无机盐改性时,对氨氮吸附效果最好的是NaCl改性沸石,其次为KCl改性沸石与CaCl₂改性沸石。随着NaCl溶液浓度和改性时间的增加,改性沸石对氨氮的吸附量显著增加,可达天然沸石的3～4倍;在NaCl浓度为150 g/L与改性时间为18 h条件下,改性沸石对氨氮吸附量可达887.35 mg/kg,为天然沸石的3.84倍。     

天然沸石同步去除水中氨氮和磷酸盐

通过静态吸附实验考察了浙江缙云产天然沸石对溶液中氨氮和磷酸盐的同步去除能力及机制,结果表明,天然沸石对溶液中氨氮的吸附过程较好地满足拟二级动力学模型、Langmuir和Dubinin-Radushkevich等温吸附模型。天然沸石对磷酸盐的去除能力随溶液中初始氨氮浓度的增加而增加。当溶液pH由7.0增加到9.0时,天然沸石对氨氮的吸附能力随之增加,而当pH由9.0增加到10时,天然沸石对氨氮的吸附能力则下降。当溶液pH低于7.5时,天然沸石对溶液中的磷酸盐无去除能力,当溶液pH位于7.5～9.0时,天然沸石对磷酸盐的去除能力随pH的增加急剧增加,当溶液pH大于9.0时,天然沸石对磷酸盐的去除能力随pH的增加则呈下降趋势。天然沸石对溶液中氨氮和磷酸盐的同步去除过程是自发进行、吸热及熵增加的过程。天然沸石对溶液中氨氮的吸附机制为离子交换,对磷酸盐的去除机制则为化学沉淀作用。     

沸石法工业污水氨氮治理技术研究

本文研究了斜发沸石法去除工业污水中氨氮的方法，通过沸石对NH4^ 的全交换容量、吸附和洗脱工艺条件对去除氨氮效果影响的试验，确定了处理氨氮废水的工艺流程和适宜参数。结果表明，在废水浓度pH＝7的条件下，沸石对铵的平均全交换容量达到12.96mg/g沸石，且交换容量随pH值的增大而降低；高速低温有利于吸附，低速高温有利于洗脱；处理后污水氨氮含量低于50mg/L，达到了国家排放标准。本研究可为治理氨氮废水技术开发提供了一定的技术依据。     

粉煤灰合成沸石去除城市暴雨径流中氨氮

采用粉煤灰为原料,通过耦合碱熔-两步合成法制得3种合成沸石产品,并以合成沸石制备大粒径的功能填料。通过氨氮吸附速率实验和等温吸附实验探讨了合成沸石及功能填料的氨氮吸附速率和最大吸附容量(Qm),以功能填料构建模拟人工快速渗滤系统,研究其对城市暴雨径流中氨氮的去除效果。结果表明,合成沸石对氨氮的吸附速率极快,5min去除率约达到75%,氨氮最大吸附容量为11.36～16.13 mg/g;功能填料对氨氮的最大吸附容量有所下降,但氨氮吸附速率仍较快,应用于模拟人工快速渗滤系统时能在较高的水力负荷下快速去除城市暴雨径流中的氨氮。碱处理再生法更适于进行合成沸石功能填料原位再生,氨氮吸附容量一次再生率达到67%～87%。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.