含硫油品储罐腐蚀自燃理论及实验研究

含硫油品储罐腐蚀自燃事故是炼油企业安全生产的重大威胁.本文对含硫油品储罐腐蚀进行了实验模拟研究,并对实验结果进行了分析,利用扫描电子显微镜对试样腐蚀表面进行了特征分析,并利用X射线仪对腐蚀产物的组成和结构进行了分析.在实验结果分析的基础上,从理论上分析了含硫油品储罐腐蚀自燃机理,探讨了含硫油品储罐腐蚀的自燃影响因素.研究结果可作含硫油品储罐安全设计和含硫油品炼制工艺改进的重要参考.     

一起汽油净化装置爆炸事故

<正>2007年5月24日,挪威Vest Tank公司焦化汽油净化厂中的1台常压储罐发生爆炸,随后引爆其他多个储罐并形成池火,事故共导致2人受伤。该罐区的焦化汽油处理作业主要是用氢氧化钠溶液和水提取出汽油中的硫醇类物质。处理完几只油轮中的焦化汽油之后,脱硫效率就会下降,这是由于沉淀的废物会在储罐中堆积,导致碱液中的杂质慢慢饱和。为对沉积的废物进行处理,废碱液中必须加入盐酸进行中和。在向储罐中加酸后,发生了爆炸。调查     

甲醇汽油对网状多孔铝合金材料腐蚀的测定

研究的网状铝合金材料主要用于汽车加油(气)站、轻质燃油和液化石油气汽车罐车用储罐阻隔防爆。甲醇汽油对铝、铅、铸铁合金等金属材料都有腐蚀作用,应用于储存甲醇汽油的储罐时必须考虑甲醇汽油对材料的腐蚀性。参考GB/T 378和GB/T5096,测定了不同型号的甲醇汽油对网状多孔铝合金材料的腐蚀情况,得到了材料的腐蚀率及单位面积的腐蚀质量,结果表明甲醇汽油对材料的腐蚀率都在1%以下;甲醇汽油中加入防腐剂后,腐蚀率和单位面积的腐蚀质量大大降低,甚至不腐蚀,为材料的使用提供参考。     

含硫油品储罐中硫化铁自燃引发事故原因分析

通过分析含硫油品储罐中活性硫的主要组成及对油品储罐的腐蚀方式,总结了含硫油品储罐中硫化铁的生成方式、自燃性及其主要影响因素。分析认为,尽管活性硫对设备的腐蚀形式多样,但低温湿H2S腐蚀是活性硫对油品储罐的主要腐蚀方式,腐蚀产物极易自燃而引发油品储罐发生火灾和爆炸事故。建立了含硫油品储罐硫化铁自燃事故的故障树(FTA)图并对其最小割集的分析认为:储罐防腐涂层脱落、水的存在和原油含硫是引起顶事件发生的最重要基本事件。通过故障树分析,探讨了硫化铁自燃事故的主要原因并提出相应的预防措施。     

汽油储罐事故后果分析

汽油是目前人类使用的最主要的燃料之一,具有易燃易爆性,如果泄漏至空气中,可能产生火灾爆炸等事故.以某油库的汽油储罐为例,分析可能发生事故的原因,对其发生池火灾、喷射火2种事故后果进行模拟分析,计算发生2种事故人员伤亡和设备损坏的危害区域,并提出建议和对策.研究结果可为同类油库和石油储罐使用企业的安全管理提供科学依据和参考,有利于帮助企业制定防范措施以及事故应急救援预案,减少人员伤亡和财产损失.     

含硫油品储罐自燃事故的模糊综合评判

通过分析含硫油品储罐自燃事故发生的主要影响因素,建立含硫油品储罐自燃事故的事故树图,在此基础上构建了自燃事故的模糊综合评判模型,采用线性分布函数的隶属函数,对腐蚀产物引起的自燃事故进行分析与评价.     

储罐区火灾引发多米诺效应的概率分析方法

石化工业储罐区储存大量易燃物质,储罐发生火灾可能对邻近储罐造成影响,引发严重的多米诺事故。火灾发生后的应急响应会对事故发展造成影响,并影响多米诺效应的发生概率。结合Probit分析方法和我国火灾应急响应统计数据,建立了储罐区火灾引发多米诺效应的概率分析模型,并以汽油储罐火灾为例,分析了多米诺效应的概率。     

油气储罐腐蚀的安全监管建模及应用

本文分析了油气储罐及其附属管道的易腐蚀点,提出一种针对储罐腐蚀速率和剩余寿命的企业可自行实施的安全监管模型,便于企业准确掌握储罐腐蚀趋势,及时采取有效的预防措施,防止事故的发生。     

基于VR技术的大型储罐火灾爆炸仿真软件设计

为了研究大型储罐事故后果的严重性，针对大型储罐火灾爆炸试验难以实施的情况，以虚拟现实技术为研究手段，重现大型储罐火灾和爆炸事故过程；通过对储罐火灾和爆炸事故进行理论分析，优选出大型储罐火灾爆炸事故后果数学模型；基于某商业原油储备库布置，利用3Ds Max软件对库区进行建模，结合Qt界面编写技术和OSG粒子效果技术进行交互式设计，划分火灾和爆炸2大仿真模块，设计各模块下属基本功能，形成1套基于真实场景的大型储罐火灾爆炸事故后果三维仿真模拟软件。研究结果表明:基于VR技术的大型储罐火灾爆炸仿真软件具有较强的沉浸感和交互性等特点，能够实时仿真大型储罐火灾爆炸事故动态演变过程，降低大型储罐火灾爆炸试验成本，同时为制定事故应急预案和应急处置措施提供科学参考。     

基于超声检测的储罐底板腐蚀等级评价方法研究

本文针对常压储罐底板无损检测发展了一种基于水浸式超声检测的储罐底板腐蚀评价方法,开发了水浸式超声检测用储罐底板腐蚀评价实验系统;利用标准缺陷试件对开发的储罐底板腐蚀评价实验系统进行了性能测试,并将该系统应用于板结构腐蚀试件的等级评价。     

加油站埋地汽油储罐爆炸定量分析

针对加油站的埋地汽油储罐爆炸进行了定量分析。简要叙述了加油站埋地储罐的埋地方式以及埋地深度等基本情况,运用岩土中的爆炸理论描述分析了埋地储罐爆炸的过程。在计算爆炸冲击波超压时,提出一个计算埋地汽油储罐爆炸冲击波超压的准则:对于埋地汽油储罐爆炸,应当结合汽油储罐的埋地深度以及储罐周围覆土的性质等因素来确定冲击波超压的计算方法。     

Estimation of displacement losses from storage containers using a simple method

Filling losses in tanks due to the expansion of the liquid into the tank and the vapors that are forced out of the tank are generally called displacement losses. Restrictions on vaporization loss of petroleum products give added emphasis to the accurate prediction of vapor pressure and hydrocarbon losses for petroleum products. In this work, firstly, a simple-to-use correlation is developed to estimate the true vapor pressure of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and natural gasoline as a function of Reid Vapor pressure (RVP) and temperature as well as the vapor pressure of different mixtures of propane and butane are correlated as a function of ambient air temperature and propane volume percent. Secondly, the filling losses from storage containers are estimated in percentage of liquid pumped in tanks as a function of working pressure and vapor pressure at liquid temperature. The study showed the proposed method to be in good agreement with the available reliable data in the literature. The average absolute deviation between reported data and the proposed correlation is less than 2%. The proposed simple-to-use approach can be of significant practical value for the process engineers and scientists to have a quick check on the prediction of the displacement losses from storage containers as well as for rapid estimation of vapor pressure of LPG and natural gasoline.     

Evaluation of the spontaneous combustion tendency of corrosion products in oil tanks based on TOPSIS methodologies

Spontaneous ignition of the corrosion products of an oil tank may lead to an explosion. To evaluate the spontaneous combustion tendency of corrosion products in oil tanks, the thermodynamic characteristic parameters of the corrosion products of oil tanks were obtained by thermogravimetry as evaluation indexes. Then, the objective weights of these indexes were calculated via the CRITIC method, and TOPSIS theory was used to comprehensively evaluate the spontaneous combustion tendency of corrosion product samples from oil tanks. The results show that the weight of the mass loss rate at the ignition point is the highest, and the apparent activation energy of the corrosion products is not the decisive factor affecting their spontaneous combustion tendency. As such, the spontaneous combustion tendency of the corrosion products of oil tanks cannot be based on only the apparent activation energy. The spontaneous combustion tendency of the corrosion products of a gasoline tank is lower than that of a diesel tank. The higher the heating rate is, the stronger the tendency of spontaneous combustion will be.     

大型浮顶油罐的危险性分析及安全对策

随着我国经济的飞速发展,国内储油罐趋向大型化发展。大型储罐具有节约钢材、占地少、投资低、便于操作管理等优点。油罐内储存的各种油品一般都具有易挥发、易流失、易燃烧、易爆炸等性质,一旦发生火灾,就会造成重大的经济损失。而且油罐火灾损失巨大,难以扑救,所以说油罐的安全已成为石油化工行业的焦点。针对大型浮顶油罐的危险性,对大量的事故案例进行了分析。在此基础上,提出了强调使用二次密封技术,设计、施工和管理上加强浮船与罐壁之间的密封,安装火灾报警和自动泡沫灭火系统,重视中央排水叠管的密封性及油罐基础的稳定性等安全对策措施。     

Insight into the safety distance of ground and underground installations in typical petrochemical plants

Petrochemical plants are continuously turning into large-size corporations, the installations of facilities show a developing trend from ground to underground because of the difference in land using rate. In this regard, the safety distance of petrochemical equipment buried in both ground and underground cases were investigated based on risk assessment. As a case study, gasoline tank and LPG tank set on the ground and underground are singled out to compare the risks involved. The research showed that the setting case of installation had a great influence on safety distance. Two cases have 80% reduction of equivalent safety distance compared with the rest of the cases. It was found that when the gasoline storage tank was placed underground alone, the PLL value decreased by 36.7%. Only LPG tank was placed underground, and the PLL decreased by 6.33%, and the gasoline and LPG storage tanks were placed underground simultaneously, the PLL value declined by 42.3%. Thus, the layout of plants could be further optimized, which can greatly improve the performances of land use efficiency and safety. In addition, this paper, the selection of embedding methods and the sensitivity of underground case to overpressure was resumed from two aspects: soil properties and burial depth. For the soil properties, it was found that the water saturated sandy soil with high air content and the low density unsaturated sandy soil had better effects on weakening overpressure. Such properties are particularly beneficial to reducing the occurrence rate of accidents. In terms of burial depth, it can be observed that as the burial depth was changed from 0.5m to 1.1m, the value of overpressure has dropped dramatically. When the burial depth was 2m, the damage to personnel and buildings has been greatly reduced beyond 2m from the explosion center.     

液化气球罐应力腐蚀开裂试验研究

由于炼制进口高硫原油,在炼油球罐检验中发现越来越多的内表面应力腐蚀裂纹。对球罐应力腐蚀开裂的原因和主要影响因素进行分析。从液化石油气球罐的安全性出发,采用线弹性断裂力学方法,针对16MnR和SPV50Q球罐所用钢材,在分析湿硫化氢环境下应力腐蚀开裂形式的基础上,通过改进的WOL预裂纹试样的应力腐蚀开裂试验,对不同球罐所用钢材、不同硫化氢浓度、不同焊接状态条件下的应力腐蚀开裂进行研究,并对设备所采用的材料、所处的介质浓度、材料的热处理状况等进行分析,并提出了防止对策。该方法也适用于液化石油气球罐应力腐蚀开裂,以预测事故的发生。     

含缺陷连续管冲蚀规律研究

针对内壁含缺陷的连续管冲蚀磨损严重、易失效的问题,基于冲蚀理论和液-固两相流,建立了含缺陷连续管内 壁冲蚀模型。利用Grant和Tabakoff模型求解砂砾冲蚀速率,借助实验数据验证了CFD数值模型。利用该模型研究了连续 管内壁周向均布缺陷数量及缺陷形状参数（深度、长度和宽度）对连续管内壁含缺陷时的冲蚀影响。研究表明:完整连 续管与含1个缺陷时对比,最大冲蚀率增加了4.5倍。对于深度或宽度较小的缺陷,冲蚀更为严重,缺陷会在冲蚀作用下 迅速加深或变宽,增速下降较快。含大长度缺陷连续管在压裂中会被加速损坏。     

压缩空气泡沫灭火系统扑救浮顶储罐密封圈火灾的应用研究

分析了密封圈火灾过程及特点,建立了压缩空气泡沫灭火试验装置,参照10×10~4m~3浮顶储罐建立了20 m长的密封圈试验装置,以汽油为介质开展了多次泡沫灭火试验。试验结果表明:该压缩空气泡沫灭火试验装置可在30 s内完成灭火,泡沫混合液供给强度约14~19 L/(min·m~2),具有在大型浮顶储罐上应用的可能性。针对单台10×10~4m~3浮顶储罐浮盘密封圈灭火提出了工程应用方案,该储罐共需泡沫液量1200 L,分为4套压缩空气泡沫灭火装置均匀分布在浮盘边缘,浮盘密封圈火灾报警系统与该泡沫灭火装置联锁启动自动灭火,各套灭火装置的持续喷射时间约1 min。     

基于多米诺效应的定量风险评价研究

多米诺效应是引发化工重大事故的主要原因之一.本文综合国内外的研究成果,对火灾热辐射、冲击波超压等造成的多米诺效应进行了深入分析,建立基于多米诺效应的定量风险评价模型,其中包括了评价流程、传播概率、阈值距离计算、多米诺效应对事故频率的影响及后果分析的内容.最后利用Matlab7.1计算平台,以汽油储罐进行实例分析,结果表明该方法是一种适用于多米诺效应定量评价的良好方法,能够比较科学、有效的对危险单元进行风险评价,使重大事故风险评价更切合实际,为政府监管部门和化工企业进行事故的控制和预防提供决策技术.     

含硫油品储罐自燃机理及事故原因分析

通过企业现场调研并结合若干事故案例的剖析分析了含S油品储罐自燃事故的发生原因,总结了事故的主要影响因素。在建立含S油品储罐自燃的事故树（FTA）图的基础上,通过最小割集的计算与分析,探讨了事故的主要原因及发生条件,并提出了相应的预防控制措施。