电子废弃物的环境污染及防治对策

论述了电子废弃物产生污染的主要原因，分析了其来源及危害，并结合回收，处理和清洁生产，提出了预防和控制电子废弃物污染的具体办法。     

利用三种工业废弃物治理印染废水的探讨

用三种工业废弃物：烟道灰、瓦斯灰、铁屑为处理剂处理印染废水的新方法。三种废弃物可组成腐蚀原电池，以电化学作用 主，兼有还原降解脱色，物理吸附和化学吸附等机制处理印染废水，给出了适宜的处理条件。     

国内外对农药包装废弃物回收的主要做法与经验

全面介绍了国内外有关农药包装废弃物回收与处理的相关法律及政策制度,分析了国内外目前对农药包装废弃物回收处理的具体做法。探讨了国内在农药包装废弃物回收处理中存在的问题,最后对农药包装废弃物的安全处置提出政策建议。     

电子废弃物机械回收的研究现状与发展

分析了电子废弃物的主要特点及与机械处理相关的性质，详细介绍了机械处理的研究现状及工业应用。     

油泥废弃物的生物修复技术研究

本文利用正交试验，探讨了堆腐法处理油泥废弃物过程中调控因子（肥料，客土，水分和pH值）的影响，结果发现，投加一定量的客土是影响处理效果的重要因子，通过正交试验选择和确定的最佳处理条件为：在自然温度＞20℃的情况下，客土投加量20％，肥料10％，菌剂5％，控制水分30％（烘干基）和pH7。优化条件的建立为油泥废弃物的深度处理提供了理论依据。     

中国城市废弃物的处置和利用

本文分别依次评述适合于中国情况,并在一些地方采用的废弃物处理措施。包括废弃物材科的分类;应用有机废弃物制造混合肥料;有机材科的综合利用,例如利用蚯蚓处理废弃物;用树叶繁殖蘑菇;沼气发发酵;危险废弃物焚化等.     

南朝鲜的废弃物回收

1961年,南朝鲜发布《污物清扫法》,1986年制定废弃物管理法. 1983年,南朝鲜成立了《韩国废弃物学会》,会长是延世大学教授李承务. 南朝鲜环境部对废弃物处理制定的目标:①减少废物数量;②使其再度为资源加以利用;③进行无公害处理.南朝鲜现有垃圾焚烧炉两座,到2001年,预定建成35座焚烧炉,日处理垃圾量达到9230吨.还计划修建3处有害废弃物处理设施,目前其中的1处已经完工,设在南朝鲜京几道(金浦).     

家禽养殖场废弃物处理技术的研究进展

家禽养殖场的废弃物长期以来对环境构成了极大的污染并威胁着畜禽和人类的健康，因而对家禽废弃物进行资源化处理势在必行。综述了近10年来的3种主要的可供选择的家禽垃圾处理的技术路线的研究进展。介绍了最优化堆肥、厌氧发酵和直接焚烧的试验研究结果。     

湿热处理餐厨废弃物不饱和脂肪酸

为了研究湿热水解技术对餐厨废弃物中脂类物质的影响,促进餐厨废弃物的资源化处理利用,通过实验研究,分析了餐厨废弃物固相中油酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸和花生四烯酸4种不饱和脂肪酸在90～140℃湿热条件下处理随时间的变化规律。结果表明：实验所取餐厨废弃物经湿热处理后固相中油酸和亚油酸的含量相对较高,约为30％,花生四烯酸的含量较低,约为0．3％,随着加热时间延长,亚油酸在湿热环境下发生化学分解,其含量不断降低,而花生四烯酸的含量显著增加。当加热温度为100～120℃,加热时间为30-60min时,餐厨废弃物脂类含量比较稳定,作为适宜的湿热处理条件。值得注意的是,湿热处理后的餐厨废弃物中花生四烯酸的含量只约为0．3％,不能满足饲料标准中2％的要求。     

我国电子废弃物管理与资源化对策

电子废弃物对人类环境的影响,已成为全球化的问题.通过对发达国家关于电子废弃物管理以及资源化技术的进展回顾,针对我国目前的情况提出相应的对策：制定延伸生产者责任以及有害物质的停用限期的相应法规;建立电子废弃物回收网络体系;通过国家政策和经济的扶持,尽快建立专门处理电子废弃物的机构;加快我国电子废弃物处理技术的步伐,尽快提高现有工艺及设备.     

Applying adult emergence as an endpoint in a post-exposure laboratory test using two midge species (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Several approaches have been used to evaluate biological impairment in aquatic ecosystems which can be categorized as either laboratory or field. In the recent years, the laboratory toxicity test approach has been extended to field exposures where ambient factors are allowed to influence the test response. Field exposures of laboratory test organisms require method modifications. In this paper, a novel in situ method is described which measures growth, survival and emergence of sediment inhabiting insects (Diptera: Chironomidae) that are used in standardized laboratory toxicity testing. Two standard chironomid species (Chironomus riparius and Chironomus tentans) were used to test the suitability of the approach and to compare the performance of the species. The larvae were transferred to the laboratory for emergence after 7 days in situ exposure which was compared to laboratory responses. Growth, survival and emergence were significantly lower in the in situ pre-exposure than in the laboratory. Also, emergence success was significantly lower in one reference sediment (LMR) than in the other test sediments in both in situ and the laboratory treatment. These lower response levels likely resulted from sediment characteristics and artifacts related to the exposure in the in situ chamber. Feeding and water quality within the exposure chamber appear to be factors that may differ markedly from the laboratory exposure and may affect organism responses. C. riparius developed (growth, emergence time) faster than C. tentans in all treatments, otherwise the species responded similarly. C. riparius may be a better alternative for the chronic in situ exposures because of shorter exposure times and reduced feeding requirements.     

环境监测实验室内质量控制体系的设想

环境监测实验室质量控制足环境监测质量保汪的蘑要组成部分。山于实验室内质量控制工作量大，质控工作往往流于形式。因此，有必要建立一套完整又便捷的实验室内质量控制体系，在质控质量上发挥重要作用。对体系建立前提条件和体系建立的，思路进行了阐述。对体系设计基础——计算机网络技术的运用。实验室内质量评价高效、便捷的数字化应用平台的建口进行了设想。     

环境监测实验室文化的发展与构建小议

“实验室文化”是在一定的社会经济条件下,通过实验室特有的社会实践形成的,并为全体成员遵循的共同意识、价值观念、职业道德、行为规范和准则的总和,包括实验室精神文化、制度文化和物质文化三个层次。通过对实验室的干部职工关于实验室文化的调查和分析,从环境监测分析实验室实际出发,以团队意识、人本意识、创新意识、市场意识和效率意识等五种意识的培养为主要思路,提出构建环境监测实验室文化的建设在三个层次上的具体措施。     

Predicting bioremediation of hydrocarbons: Laboratory to field scale

There are strong drivers to increasingly adopt bioremediation as an effective technique for risk reduction of hydrocarbon impacted soils. Researchers often rely solely on chemical data to assess bioremediation efficiently, without making use of the numerous biological techniques for assessing microbial performance. Where used, laboratory experiments must be effectively extrapolated to the field scale. The aim of this research was to test laboratory derived data and move to the field scale. In this research, the remediation of over thirty hydrocarbon sites was studied in the laboratory using a range of analytical techniques. At elevated concentrations, the rate of degradation was best described by respiration and the total hydrocarbon concentration in soil. The number of bacterial degraders and heterotrophs as well as quantification of the bioavailable fraction allowed an estimation of how bioremediation would progress. The response of microbial biosensors proved a useful predictor of bioremediation in the absence of other microbial data. Field-scale trials on average took three times as long to reach the same endpoint as the laboratory trial. It is essential that practitioners justify the nature and frequency of sampling when managing remediation projects and estimations can be made using laboratory derived data. The value of bioremediation will be realised when those that practice the technology can offer transparent lines of evidence to explain their decisions.     

可拆卸式矿化垃圾生物反应床处理电厂柠檬酸酸洗废水研究

在实验室和现场对电厂柠檬酸酸洗废水进行生石灰前处理和后续可拆卸式三级矿化垃圾生物反应床的生物处理,主要研究了以往采用矿化垃圾反应床处理废水未涉及的反应床级数对废水处理效果的影响,比较了现场试验和实验室试验中的废水处理效果,并探讨了其原因。试验结果表明,本研究中的矿化垃圾反应床的适宜级数为3,第一级反应床的贡献最大,无论是实验室试验还是现场试验,采用本法处理电厂柠檬酸酸洗废水,均可使废水COD达到一级排放标准。     

The effect of environmental remediation on the cesium-137 levels in white-tailed deer

Due to activities involving nuclear energy research during the latter half of the 1900s, environmental contamination in the form of elevated cesium-137 levels was observed within the Brookhaven National Laboratory, a US Department of Energy facility. Between the years 2000 and 2005, the laboratory carried out a major soil cleanup effort to remove cesium-137 from contaminated sites. In this study, we examine the effectiveness of the cleanup effort by comparing the levels of cesium-137 in the meat of white-tailed deer found within and around the laboratory. Results suggest that the cleanup was effective, with mean concentration of cesium-137 in the meat from within the laboratory decreasing from 2.04 Bq/g prior to 1.22 Bq/g after cleanup. At the current level, the consumption of deer would not pose any human health hazard. Nevertheless, statistically higher levels of cesium-137 were detected in the deer within the laboratory as opposed to levels found in deer 1 mi beyond the laboratory site.     

The loss (in field and under laboratory conditions) of 65Zn by the postlarval rudd, Scardiniuserythrophthalmus L.

The loss of ⁶⁵Zn by postlarval rudd was followed in the laboratory and in the field experiments. It is concluded that the results obtained in the field and the laboratory cannot be comparable in the postlarval stage of the rudd fish.     

Transport and acclimation conditions for the use of an estuarine fish (Pomatoschistus microps) in ecotoxicity bioassays: effects on enzymatic biomarkers

Acclimation of organisms for ecotoxicity testing is in general processed according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and/or Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines, under controlled conditions. However, when organisms are collected in the field, their capture, transport and adaptation to laboratory conditions are factors of stress. In their natural habitat, estuarine fish are exposed to considerable fluctuations of environmental variables, while in laboratory they are acclimated to constant conditions and this can be per se a factor of stress that may influence biomarker responses. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effects of these procedures on estuarine fish performance before using them as test organisms in ecotoxicity bioassays. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of transporting the common goby, Pomatoschistus microps from the field (natural populations) to the laboratory and of its acclimation to laboratory conditions on the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Fish were collected in a reference site of the Minho River estuary (NW of Portugal) and the activities of the biomarkers were monitored before and after the transport of organisms to the laboratory and during the acclimation period (at 5, 10 and 15 days). The activities of all the enzymes indicated that capture and transport conditions had no effects on enzymatic activities. Furthermore, AChE, LDH and GST presented higher activities at the end of the acclimation period than at beginning, suggesting a physiological adaptation to laboratory conditions. This adaptation should be taken into consideration in the experimental design to avoid bias in the interpretation of effects of xenobiotics on biomarkers.     

Testing sediment biological effects with the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca: the gap between laboratory and nature

The freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca, is widely used in laboratory sediment toxicity and bioaccumulation tests. However, its responses in the laboratory are probably very different from those in the field. A review of the literature indicates that in its natural habitat this species complex is primarily epibenthic, derives little nutrition from the sediments, and responds primarily to contaminants in the overlying water column (including water and food), not sediment or porewater. In laboratory sediment toxicity tests H. azteca is deprived of natural food sources such as algal communities on or above the sediments, and is subjected to constant light without any cover except that afforded by burial into the sediments. Under these constraining laboratory conditions, H. azteca has been reported to respond to sediment or porewater contamination. In nature, contamination of overlying water from sediment is less likely than in the laboratory because of the large, generally non-static sink of natural surface water. H. azteca does not appear to be the most appropriate test species for direct assessments of the bioavailability and toxicity of sediment contaminants, though it is probably appropriate for testing the toxicity of surface waters. Toxic and non-toxic responses will be highly conservative, though the latter are probably the most persuasive given the exposure constraints. Thus H. azteca is probably a suitable surrogate species for determining sediments that are likely not toxic to field populations; however, it is not suitable for determining sediments that are likely toxic to field populations.