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1.
Serena De Simone Francesco Boscutti 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2017,60(7):1173-1192
Design of landscape is the process of the arrangement of spatial features with the objective of sustaining ecosystem services, and maintaining ecological functionality to meet societal needs. Along a gradient of cultivation intensity, the functional quality of agricultural landscape was explored and the relationships between landscape metrics and functional quality were analyzed, in order to make effective recommendations for landscape design aimed at sustainable land use schemes. The functional quality of landscape was calculated using the InVest model for 20 farm landscapes (North-Eastern Italy) where biodiversity (plant taxa) and sensitivity to disturbance (hemeroby) were used as model inputs. Results highlighted the importance of specific habitat types such as meadows and woodlands rather than other habitats for improving the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes. A high proportion of these habitats enhanced the functional quality of the landscape when the habitats were organized in large and not isolated patches in heterogeneous landscapes. 相似文献
2.
Threshold-Based Resource Management: A Framework for Comprehensive Ecosystem Management 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The problems posed by adaptive management for improved ecosystem health are reviewed. Other kinds of science-informed ecosystem
management are needed for those regions of conflict between rapid human population growth, increased resource extraction,
and the rising demand for better environmental amenities, where large-scale experiments are not feasible. One new framework
is threshold-based resource management. Threshold-based resource management guides management choices among four major science
and engineering approaches to achieve healthier ecosystems: self-sustaining ecosystem management, adaptive management, case-by-case
resource management, and high-reliability management. As resource conflicts increase over a landscape (i.e., as the ecosystems
in the landscape move through different thresholds), management options change for the environmental decision-maker in terms
of what can and cannot be attained by way of ecosystem health. The major policy and management implication of the framework
is that the exclusive use or recommendation of any one management regime, be it self-sustaining, adaptive, case-by-case, or
high-reliability management, across all categories of ecosystems within a heterogeneous landscape that is variably populated
and extractively used is not only inappropriate, it is fatal to the goals of improved ecosystem health. The article concludes
with detailed proposals for environmental decision-makers to undertake “bandwidth management” in ways that blend the best
of adaptive management and high-reliability management for improved ecosystem health while at the same time maintaining highly
reliable flows of ecosystem services, such as water. 相似文献
3.
Rosa Manrique Davide Viaggi Meri Raggi 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(12):2137-2158
Linking landscapes to socio-economic benefits necessarily requires considering the usability of landscape structure. To do so, however, depends on the interaction between users and producers of landscape-related services. We illustrate this interaction with a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) in a case study analysing the connection between residents' perceptions of landscape structure and agritourism restaurants in the eastern lowlands of Ferrara (Italy). We use estimates of prior and conditional probabilities from a mix of different data: land use, survey data, regional statistics, and expert judgements to show the likely effects of the landscape structure on the local economy by using intermediate forms of services (i.e. second-order services). The second-order service is highly influenced by the agritourism density and by the frequency with which customers dine at agritourism restaurants and less by landscape attractiveness, confirming the importance of the supply and demand of second-order services in the provision of landscape-related services. 相似文献
4.
Ulrich Heink Robert Bartz Ingo Kowarik 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(1):3-17
In the discussion about consequences of the release of genetically modified (GM) crops, the meaning of the term “environmental
damage” is difficult to pin down. We discuss some established concepts and criteria for understanding and evaluating such
damages. Focusing on the concepts of familiarity, biological integrity, and ecosystem health, we argue that, for the most
part, these concepts are highly ambiguous. While environmental damage is mostly understood as significant adverse effects
on conservation resources, these concepts may not relate directly to effects on tangible natural resources but rather to parameters
of land use or ecological processes (e.g., the concept of biological integrity). We stress the importance of disclosing the
normative assumptions underlying damage concepts and procedures for the evaluation of damages by GM crops. A conceptualization
of environmental damage should precede its operationalization. We recommend an unambiguous definition for damage developed
earlier and recommend that evaluation criteria be based on this. However, a general damage definition cannot replace case-specific
operationalization of damage, which remains an important future challenge. 相似文献
5.
6.
Landscape planning and restoration in mine closure areas is not only an inevitable choice to sustain mining areas but also
an important path to maximize landscape resources and to improve ecological function in mine closure areas. The analysis of
the present mine development shows that many mines are unavoidably facing closures in China. This paper analyzes the periodic
impact of mining activities on landscapes and then proposes planning concepts and principles. According to the landscape characteristics
in mine closure areas, this paper classifies available landscape resources in mine closure areas into the landscape for restoration,
for limited restoration and for protection, and then summarizes directions for their uses. This paper establishes the framework
of spatial control planning and design of landscape elements from “macro control, medium allocation and micro optimization”
for the purpose of managing and using this kind of special landscape resources. Finally, this paper applies the theories and
methods to a case study in Wu’an from two aspects: the construction of a sustainable land-use pattern on a large scale and
the optimized allocation of typical mine landscape resources on a small scale. 相似文献
7.
Disturbances by insects have considerable effect on the heterogeneity of forested landscapes in North America. Responding
to calls for bringing human dimensions of landscape disturbance and heterogeneity into ecological assessments and management
strategies, this paper explores linkages between biophysical, socioeconomic, and perceptual aspects of a mountain pine beetle
(MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak in north central Colorado. Findings are presented from surveys conducted with residents of nine Colorado communities
and variations in local perceptions of MPB risks and forest management attitudes are compared to indices of tree mortality
and amenity characteristics. Findings suggest respondents from lower amenity communities with more recent emphasis on resource
extraction and higher tree mortality had significantly higher risk perceptions of some MPB impacts, lower trust in federal
forest management, and higher faith in forest industry and specific industry options than those from higher amenity communities
with less tree mortality. While not implying these contextual influences fully explain such perceptual dimensions, this paper
explores possible implications of heterogeneity across human landscapes for improving the saliency and efficiency of regional
forest management and planning. 相似文献
8.
MacMynowski DP 《Environmental management》2007,39(6):831-842
The conceptual rubric of ecosystem management has been widely discussed and deliberated in conservation biology, environmental
policy, and land/resource management. In this paper, I argue that two critical aspects of the ecosystem management concept
require greater attention in policy and practice. First, although emphasis has been placed on the “space” of systems, the
“time”—or rates of change—associated with biophysical and social systems has received much less consideration. Second, discussions
of ecosystem management have often neglected the temporal disconnects between changes in biophysical systems and the response
of social systems to management issues and challenges. The empirical basis of these points is a case study of the “Crown of
the Continent Ecosystem,” an international transboundary area of the Rocky Mountains that surrounds Glacier National Park
(USA) and Waterton Lakes National Park (Canada). This project assessed the experiences and perspectives of 1) middle- and
upper-level government managers responsible for interjurisdictional cooperation, and 2) environmental nongovernment organizations
with an international focus. I identify and describe 10 key challenges to increasing the extent and intensity of transboundary
cooperation in land/resource management policy and practice. These issues are discussed in terms of their political, institutional,
cultural, information-based, and perceptual elements. Analytic techniques include a combination of environmental history,
semistructured interviews with 48 actors, and text analysis in a systematic qualitative framework. The central conclusion
of this work is that the rates of response of human social systems must be better integrated with the rates of ecological change. This challenge is equal
to or greater than the well-recognized need to adapt the spatial scale of human institutions to large-scale ecosystem processes and transboundary wildlife. 相似文献
9.
Agricultural expansion and deforestation are spatial processes of land transformation that impact on landscape pattern. In
peninsular Malaysia, the conversion of forested areas into two major cash crops—rubber and oil palm plantations—has been identified
as driving significant environmental change. To date, there has been insufficient literature studying the link between changes
in landscape patterns and land-related development policies. Therefore, this paper examines: (i) the links between development
policies and changes in land use/land cover and landscape pattern and (ii) the significance and implications of these links
for future development policies. The objective is to generate insights on the changing process of land use/land cover and
landscape pattern as a functional response to development policies and their consequences for environmental conditions. Over
the last century, the development of cash crops has changed the country from one dominated by natural landscapes to one dominated
by agricultural landscapes. But the last decade of the century saw urbanization beginning to impact significantly. This process
aligned with the establishment of various development policies, from land development for agriculture between the mid 1950s
and the 1970s to an emphasis on manufacturing from the 1980s onward. Based on a case study in Selangor, peninsular Malaysia,
a model of landscape pattern change is presented. It contains three stages according to the relative importance of rubber
(first stage: 1900–1950s), oil palm (second stage: 1960s–1970s), and urban (third stage: 1980s–1990s) development that influenced
landscape fragmentation and heterogeneity. The environmental consequences of this change have been depicted through loss of
biodiversity, geohazard incidences, and the spread of vector-borne diseases. The spatial ecological information can be useful
to development policy formulation, allowing diagnosis of the country’s “health” and sustainability. The final section outlines
the usefulness of landscape analysis in the policy-making process to prevent further fragmentation of the landscape and forest
loss in Malaysia in the face of rapid economic development.
相似文献
Adnan A. HezriEmail: |
10.
山岳型景观区是我国主要的旅游目的地类型之一。由于山岳型景观生态系统具有脆弱性、污染消解能力弱等特点,开发利用不当易引起生态环境破坏问题。因此,将生态系统健康理论与山岳型景观区的旅游可持续发展相结合,建立山岳型景观区生态系统健康评价指标体系,运用层次分析法对其健康状况进行分析评价,是景区旅游可持续发展由理论走向实践的又一条有效途径。运用该方法对世界自然遗产武陵源的生态系统健康状况进行了实证分析,及时发现面临的主要问题和潜在危险,进行健康预警,提出维护景区生态系统健康的对策与建议。 相似文献
11.
Assessing Landscape Functions with Broad-Scale Environmental Data: Insights Gained from a Prototype Development for Europe 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Felix Kienast Janine Bolliger Marion Potschin Rudolf S. de Groot Peter H. Verburg Iris Heller Dirk Wascher Roy Haines-Young 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1099-1120
We examine the advantages and disadvantages of a methodological framework designed to analyze the poorly understood relationships
between the ecosystem properties of large portions of land, and their capacities (stocks) to provide goods and services (flows).
These capacities (stocks) are referred to as landscape functions. The core of our assessment is a set of expert- and literature-driven
binary links, expressing whether specific land uses or other environmental properties have a supportive or neutral role for
given landscape functions. The binary links were applied to the environmental properties of 581 administrative units of Europe
with widely differing environmental conditions and this resulted in a spatially explicit landscape function assessment. To
check under what circumstances the binary links are able to replace complex interrelations, we compared the landscape function
maps with independently generated continent-wide assessments (maps of ecosystem services or environmental parameters/indicators).
This rigorous testing revealed that for 9 out of 15 functions the straightforward binary links work satisfactorily and generate
plausible geographical patterns. This conclusion holds primarily for production functions. The sensitivity of the nine landscape
functions to changes in land use was assessed with four land use scenarios (IPCC SRES). It was found that most European regions
maintain their capacity to provide the selected services under any of the four scenarios, although in some cases at other
locations within the region. At the proposed continental scale, the selected input parameters are thus valid proxies which
can be used to assess the mid-term potential of landscapes to provide goods and services. 相似文献
12.
Control of landscape diversity by catastrophic disturbance: A theory and a case study of fire in a Canadian boreal forest 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A landscape may be envisioned as a space partitioned by a number of ecosystem types, and so it conforms to a neo-Clementsian model of succession. A corollary is that intermediate disturbance rates should maximize landscape (beta) diversity. This was confirmed using eight boreal forest landscapes in northwestern Ontario, Canada, where intermediate rates of forest fire were associated with highest landscape diversity. Because current measures of evenness subsume a richness measure, it is not, as yet, feasible to assess the relative contributions of evenness and richness to biological diversity, and thus it was not possible to determine the roles of numbers of habitat types and relative amounts of habitat types in the above situation. Both theory and observations suggest that forest fire control in fire-prone landscapes increases landscape diversity, but that it is lowered by fire control in landscapes of intermediate to low diversity. 相似文献
13.
Major transitions in a multiple-use or mosaic landscape often lead to frictions among new and existing users. In this article,
we consider the problem of ecological restoration within a mosaic landscape in which restoration activities elicit feedbacks
from individuals and groups that are harmed by restoration outcomes. Using game theory, we identify three potential outcomes
ranked by the extent of restoration of ecosystem services and processes: nonstrategic, noncooperative strategic equilibrium,
and cooperative bargaining solution. We identify conditions under which additional restoration can decrease the overall flow
of ecosystem services and processes. A “strategic restorationist” will cease new restoration activities when the net effect
of defensive response moves by farmers offsets gains. Imperfect information regarding expected payoffs to farmers can lead
to inefficient overshooting or undershooting the optimal scale, geographical positioning, and form of restoration. Gains to
all parties from cooperation might exist. As a case study and to aid model design, we consider restoration activities on California’s
upper Sacramento River.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
14.
Indicators of visual scale as predictors of landscape preference; a comparison between groups 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tveit MS 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(9):2882-2888
Landscape change alters the visual scale of agricultural landscapes, as production units get larger and strips of taller vegetation are removed between smaller units. Visual scale, defined as the perceptual units reflecting the experience of landscape rooms, visibility and openness, is considered a key factor shaping landscape preference. The visual expression of landscapes affects people in many ways; aesthetic appreciation, health and well being. In order to understand how landscape changes alter the visual scale of landscapes, and hence its effect on human beings, it is important to establish efficient and practical ways of measuring visual scale and its relation to landscape preferences. This paper presents an empirical test of the ability to predict landscape preference of two photo-based indicators of visual scale; percentage open land in the view and size of landscape rooms. A preference survey was conducted with two groups of respondents; a student group from the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB) and a public group. The student group was chosen to represent future landscape professionals. Photos of landscapes varying in the expression of visual scale were shown to survey respondents, who were asked to give scores according to how much they liked the landscapes. Both indicators were found to be predictors of preference for the student group, but not for the public group. The results demonstrate that student preferences do not reflect the landscape preferences of the wider public. The different appreciation of visual scale in the landscape of future landscape professionals and the public implies that experts wanting to reflect preferences of the wider public should be cautious when evaluating the visual impact of landscape change. 相似文献
15.
Brabyn L 《Journal of environmental management》2005,76(1):23-34
This paper explores solutions for characterising naturalness in relation to visual landscapes using Geographical Information System (GIS). It is argued that planners need to identify natural landscapes and monitor changes in their extent. Just like the indices that have been developed to describe the state of the economy, indices need to be developed that monitor the state of natural landscapes. The complications in characterising natural landscapes are outlined but it is argued that there is a need to develop definitions of natural landscapes that can be operationalised with a GIS. This will have the advantages of the efficiency of the technology and that the definition will be explicit and the implementation will be independent of the operator. Several GIS solutions are provided and these are an analysis of landcover, a density analysis of roads and utilities, and an analysis of property sizes. The analysis of property sizes is sensitive to many human modifications of the landscape because many developments begin with the subdivision of properties. However, it is argued in this paper that no one definition will suffice and that all three methods provide different, yet important, insights into natural landscape character. An aggregate classification of naturalness based on the majority value of the indices is demonstrated as well as a range of techniques for expressing the uncertainty of the aggregate classification. 相似文献
16.
Roadless and Low-Traffic Areas as Conservation Targets in Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Selva N Kreft S Kati V Schluck M Jonsson BG Mihok B Okarma H Ibisch PL 《Environmental management》2011,48(5):865-877
With increasing road encroachment, habitat fragmentation by transport infrastructures has been a serious threat for European
biodiversity. Areas with no roads or little traffic (“roadless and low-traffic areas”) represent relatively undisturbed natural
habitats and functioning ecosystems. They provide many benefits for biodiversity and human societies (e.g., landscape connectivity,
barrier against pests and invasions, ecosystem services). Roadless and low-traffic areas, with a lower level of anthropogenic
disturbances, are of special relevance in Europe because of their rarity and, in the context of climate change, because of
their contribution to higher resilience and buffering capacity within landscape ecosystems. An analysis of European legal
instruments illustrates that, although most laws aimed at protecting targets which are inherent to fragmentation, like connectivity,
ecosystem processes or integrity, roadless areas are widely neglected as a legal target. A case study in Germany underlines
this finding. Although the Natura 2000 network covers a significant proportion of the country (16%), Natura 2000 sites are
highly fragmented and most low-traffic areas (75%) lie unprotected outside this network. This proportion is even higher for
the old Federal States (western Germany), where only 20% of the low-traffic areas are protected. We propose that the few remaining
roadless and low-traffic areas in Europe should be an important focus of conservation efforts; they should be urgently inventoried,
included more explicitly in the law and accounted for in transport and urban planning. Considering them as complementary conservation
targets would represent a concrete step towards the strengthening and adaptation of the Natura 2000 network to climate change. 相似文献
17.
Shaun McKiernan 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2018,61(8):1419-1437
Rural-amenity migration is changing the social and ecological compositions of landscapes globally. The in-migration of new landholders is contributing to significant biophysical changes to rural landscapes, as well as the weakening of collective awareness, knowledge and skills needed to manage natural resources. This is leading to the proliferation of environmental harm. This paper focuses on invasive plants as one such harm, detailing how collective action is developed and challenged in a rural landscape undergoing increasing property turnover and diversifying management priorities. Focusing on the role of a Landcare group, located in southern New South Wales, Australia, I explore how social capital – with a particular focus on trust and social norms – is mobilised to recruit newly arrived residents and maintain commitment among landholders to manage invasive plants. This research provides insights into how policy can better steer management interventions, particularly how to develop and maintain collective action in diversifying rural landscapes. 相似文献
18.
Protected areas (PAs) are cornerstones of biodiversity conservation, but small parks alone cannot support wide-ranging species,
such as the tiger. Hence, forest dynamics in the surrounding landscapes of PAs are also important to tiger conservation. Tiger
landscapes often support considerable human population in proximity of the PA, sometimes within the core itself, and thus
are subject to various land use activities (such as agricultural expansion and road development) driving habitat loss and
fragmentation. We synthesize information from 27 journal articles in 24 tiger landscapes to assess forest-cover dynamics in
tiger-range countries. Although 29% of the PAs considered in this study have negligible change in overall forest cover, approximately
71% are undergoing deforestation and fragmentation. Approximately 58% of the total case studies have human settlements within
the core area. Most changes—including agricultural expansion, plantation, and farming (52%), fuelwood and fodder collection
(43%), logging (38%), grazing (38%), and tourism and development (10%)—can be attributed to human impacts largely linked to
the nature of the management regime. This study highlights the need for incorporating new perspectives, ideas, and lessons
learned locally and across borders into management plans to ensure tiger conservation in landscapes dominated by human activities.
Given the increasing isolation of most parks due to agricultural, infrastructural, and commercial developments at the periphery,
it is imperative to conduct planning and evaluation at the landscape level, as well as incorporate multiple actors and institutions
in planning, instead of focusing solely on conservation within the PAs as is currently the case in most tiger parks. 相似文献
19.
Rocío Pérez-Campaña Luis Miguel Valenzuela-Montes 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2018,61(3):406-429
The ecological value of some fine-scale landscape elements tends to be overlooked when they are found in highly human-influenced landscapes, such as peri-urban agricultural ones. These landscapes usually fall beyond the scope of the defined categories of landscape protection, and are thus mapped as areas of little or no ecological interest in the context of extensive analysis. In this paper, we present a method for assessing and visualizing the existing nodes in the field pattern of a peri-urban agricultural landscape. Nodes are identified from the field pattern and characterized according to the presence of relevant features and land uses from the viewpoint of their ecological functions. The method is applied in the Vega del Guadalfeo (south of Spain). Our results show an innovative map of the Vega which may be interpreted as its eco-structure; a model based on nodes to represent the ecological value of the peri-urban agricultural landscape. 相似文献
20.
Millard E 《Environmental management》2011,48(2):365-377
The productivity of tropical agricultural commodities is affected by the health of the ecosystem. Shade tolerant crops such as coffee and cocoa benefit from environmental services provided by forested landscapes, enabling landscape design that meets biodiversity conservation and economic needs. What can motivate farmers to apply and maintain such landscape approaches? Rather than rely on a proliferation of externally funded projects new opportunities are emerging through the international market that buys these commodities. As part of their growing commitment to sustainable supply chains, major companies are supporting agroforestry approaches and requiring producers and traders to demonstrate that the source of their commodities complies with a set of principles that conserves forested landscapes and improves local livelihoods. The paper presents examples of international companies that are moving in this direction, analyzes why and how they are doing it and discusses the impact that has been measured in coffee and cocoa communities in Latin America and Africa. It particularly considers the role of standards and certification systems as a driver of this commitment to promote profitable operations, environmental conservation and social responsibility throughout the coffee and cocoa value chains. Such approaches are already being taken to scale and are no longer operating only in small niches of the market but the paper also considers the limitations to growth in this market-based approach. 相似文献