市政污泥处理处置技术经济性分析与评价

针对由污泥处理处置成本核算复杂导致的技术路线抉择困难的问题,从经济性角度对市政污泥土地、建材2类资源化利用路径典型技术路线进行评估,以帮助决策者权衡污泥处理处置全工艺链条的选择。通过生命周期成本评价方法评价了市政污泥处理处置典型技术路线,并利用敏感性分析方法对产业布局、土地利用季节性、建材产业生产波动与污泥处理处置成本的动态响应机制进行了探究。生命周期成本评价结果表明,土地利用路径生命周期成本为310～523元·t^-1,经济效益为100～255元·t^-1;建材利用的生命周期成本为123～238元·t^-1,经济效益为24～78元·t^-1。综合生命周期成本、经济效益以及绿色低碳原则,市政污泥处理处置路线应以土地利用为主、建材利用为辅。敏感性分析结果表明,在保证污泥处置含水率达标的前提下,降低污泥脱水率、缩短污水处理厂到污泥处理处置中心的运输距离有利于减少成本;好氧发酵-土地利用路线的污泥处置成本对污泥产品临时储存量的敏感度最高,超过30%,故有必要设置储存仓库以稳定成本波动。本研究结果可为市政污泥资源化...     

硫酸钙对含电镀污泥渣料水泥基材料性能的影响

为了提高危险废物电镀污泥的高值化利用程度，研究了掺加CaSO₄对含磨细粉(由电镀污泥协同建筑渣土高温处理渣料磨细得到)水泥基材料力学性能、微观结构特征及重金属浸出的影响及机理。结果表明：CaSO₄掺量(基于其在胶凝材料的质量占比)为0.6%时，其长期力学性能较优，含磨细粉水泥基材料养护60 d后抗压强度和抗折强度比未掺加CaSO₄时分别提升20.1%和22.2%。适量的CaSO₄可以补充含磨细粉水泥基材料基体中Ca²⁺含量，促进水泥和磨细粉中具有潜在水化活性的组分充分进行水化，同时使基体中生成更多的钙矾石填充孔隙，从而增强了基体结构密实度。研究还发现多余钙矾石的形成对重金属离子的固结起到了正向作用，适量的CaSO₄掺加能明显降低含磨细粉水泥基材料基体中有害重金属离子的浸出浓度。当CaSO₄掺量为0.6%时，含磨细粉水泥基材料养护28 d后，Cu、Ni、Zn的浸出率比未掺加CaSO₄时分别降低了33.6、31.0、...     

电絮凝耦合DSA或过氧化氢强化污泥脱水性能的比较与机理分析

为解决电絮凝法调理污泥期间电场无法有效破解污泥絮体、改善污泥脱水问题,分别将电絮凝与尺寸稳定阳极(DSA,Dimensionally-stable anodes)电极、H₂O₂进行耦合,比较和分析2种耦合工艺对污泥过滤性能、絮体破解程度、胞外聚合物(EPS)组分改变和污泥脱水性能的差异。结果表明,电絮凝耦合H₂O₂形成的间接氧化体系中,由于电致·OH在非均相体系中能无选择性地破坏污泥絮体、破解污泥细胞并降解胞外聚合物(EPS),从而促使阳极释放的铁离子通过吸附架桥、网捕等作用与絮体碎片和EPS片段重聚并沉淀,使15 min内污泥毛细吸水时间(CST)和污泥含水率(MC)分别下降了73.9%和31.4%;然而电絮凝耦合DSA直接氧化法同期的污泥CST和MC仅分别下降了64.9%和26.4%。此外,间接氧化法可以同时降解松散结合层(LB-EPS)和紧密结合层(TB-EPS),破坏EPS蛋白质亲水基团与水的作用力,并改善传统电化学法主要降解LB-EPS的不足,实现了提高电化学方法在同步污泥破解与沉降脱水方...     

钒磷氧催化剂表面酸性位特性及低温脱硝性能研究

以钒磷氧化物(VPO)为活性组分,TiO₂为载体,通过改变制备条件,制备具有不同表面酸性位特性的钒磷氧催化剂VPO/TiO₂,并对其低温脱硝活性和表面酸性进行了研究。结果表明,当HCl/V摩尔比为3、V/P摩尔比为5、VPO煅烧温度为450℃时,制得的VPO/TiO₂催化剂表现出优异的脱硝活性,200℃时脱硝效率接近100%。VPO/TiO₂催化剂主要活性晶相为(VO)₂P₂O₇、V₂O₅和VOPO₄。催化剂表面具有大量的酸性位点,通过数据拟合建立了脱硝活性与表面酸量间的相关性,结果表明所有VPO/TiO₂催化剂的低温脱硝活性均与弱Lewis酸含量呈正相关(相关系数>0.9)。此外,对脱硝机理进行研究表明,NH₃以配位态NH₃或NH⁺₄吸附于VPO/TiO...     

印染污泥与铁尾矿磁化焙烧回收铁资源

我国铁尾矿累计堆存量超1×10¹⁰ t,主要为难选的赤铁矿、褐铁矿、菱铁矿等,由于脉石矿物组成复杂,重金属等有害杂质含量高,难以直接资源化利用。利用铁尾矿与印染污泥共同磁化焙烧,回收铁尾矿和印染污泥中铁资源,研究了焙烧温度、焙烧时间和印染污泥掺烧量对铁品位和铁回收率的影响及作用机制。最佳焙烧条件为,800°C、30 min、印染污泥掺烧量15%,对焙烧产物进行120 mT的湿法磁选,得到铁品位63.78%,回收率92.58%的铁精矿。铁尾矿中的针铁矿失水留下孔隙转化为赤铁矿,进而被还原为磁铁矿,其还原路径为FeO(OH)→Fe₂O₃→Fe₃O₄。SEM+MAPPING分析结果表明,磁化焙烧后赤铁矿和铝化合物的连生体被破坏,通过磁选可提升铁精矿品位及回收率。本研究可为印染污泥和铁尾矿的协同处理及资源化利用提供参考。     

热改性净水污泥对水体底泥磷的控释机制

本研究以净水污泥为原料,通过400℃、4 h煅烧制备了热改性净水污泥。探讨了其对水体中磷酸盐的吸附特性,以及在不同投加量(2.5%、5%、10%)下热改性净水污泥对底泥中磷的控释及形态影响。同时结合SEM、BET等表征手段,探究了WTS_400-4对底泥中磷的稳定机理。结果表明,WTS_400-4相比WTS具有更发达的孔隙结构及比表面积,增强了对磷酸盐的吸附能力。吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,Freundlich模型更适用于描述WTS_400-4吸附磷酸盐的过程,其中参数n>1,说明WTS_400-4对磷酸盐的吸附容易进行。WTS_400-4的添加会使底泥中弱吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P)、氧化还原敏感态磷(BD-P)和有机磷(Org-P)等不稳定态磷向稳定的金属氧化物结合态磷(NaOH-rP)转变,且其转化量会随着WTS_400-4投加量的增加而增加,有助于抑制底泥磷向上覆水释放。此外,WTS_400-4的添加可降低底泥中WSP(水溶性磷)和O...     

电子受体对深层土壤中石油烃缺氧降解的影响

微生物降解是处理土壤中石油烃(PHC)污染的有效技术,目前对PHC微生物降解的研究多集中在好氧条件下,对PHC缺氧微生物降解的研究较少,PHC缺氧降解规律尚不清楚。以PHC污染的深层土壤为对象,探究不同质量分数(500、1 500、5 000 mg·kg^-1)的硫酸盐、硝酸盐或混合电子受体对土壤中土著微生物丰度、群落结构以及PHC缺氧降解的影响规律。结果表明,150 d缺氧培养后,添加相同种类电子受体的土壤处理中细菌丰度、潜在PHC降解菌(变形菌门和厚壁菌门)丰度随电子受体的质量分数增加而增加;添加相同质量分数的不同种类电子受体土壤处理中细菌丰度、潜在PHC降解菌丰度从高到低分别为硝酸盐、混合电子受体、硫酸盐。添加相同种类电子受体的土壤处理中ΣPHC (C₁₀～C₃₀)和C1 (C₁₀～C₁₆)、C2 (C₁₇～C₂₃)、C3 (C₂₄～C₃₀)组分的降解率随着加入电子受体质量分数增加而增加...     

丁酸胁迫对产氢污泥以厨余为底物的产氢影响

采用丁酸对产氢污泥进行胁迫处理,经胁迫后的污泥接种厨余垃圾进行产氢实验,考察丁酸胁迫对提高产氢性能的影响。结果表明,低浓度胁迫能提高产氢污泥的耐丁酸性,从而提高产氢量,而胁迫浓度过高则抑制产氢污泥活性,胁迫浓度呈"horm esis"效应。实验采用的4 g/L胁迫浓度为最佳,反应结束后,丁酸浓度和产氢量分别为8 417.1 mg/L和63.72 mL/g VS,比空白提高了31.3%和114%。产氢过程中SCOD的主要来源是有机酸。对产氢污泥胞外多聚物(EPS)的测定表明,厨余垃圾酸化速率、氢气产生速率和EPS总量成正相关。     

污泥接种策略与联氨促进垃圾渗滤液厌氧氨氧化工艺快速启动及其运行效果

针对厌氧氨氧化工艺启动速度慢及在垃圾渗滤液中脱氮效率低的问题,探究了厌氧氨氧化工艺在处理高氨氮、低C/N比垃圾渗滤液中的快速启动及稳定运行策略。结果表明,厌氧氨氧化工艺接种反硝化污泥:anammox颗粒污泥=9:1的启动效果最佳,100 d时TN去除率可达75.1%。但由于垃圾渗滤液中COD较高,异养反硝化菌生长迅速且严重影响厌氧氨氧化菌活性。通过投加6 mg·L^-1的N₂H₄之后,异养反硝化菌活性受到抑制,反应器内厌氧氨氧菌占据主导地位,Candidatus Kuenenia菌相对丰度由0.2%提升到10.6%,TN去除率及氮去除速率分别达90.6%和0.143 kg·(kg·d)^-1以上。在厌氧氨氧化工艺中投加适量N₂H₄可实现垃圾渗滤液的稳定高效自养脱氮。     

外源MnO2和儿茶酚对猪粪好氧堆肥氨挥发与氮素形态转化的影响

为探究儿茶酚与MnO₂的添加对强化堆肥腐殖化及氮素保留效果的影响,以猪粪与木屑为堆肥原材料,分别设置对照组(CK,儿茶酚与MnO₂质量分数均为0%),实验组(T1,儿茶酚0%与MnO₂ 1%;T2,儿茶酚3%与MnO₂0%;T3,儿茶酚3%与MnO₂ 1%)4个处理,借助冗余分析、UV-vis、3D-EEM光谱技术,探究不同处理对堆肥基本理化性质、氮素转化过程及氮素保留机理的影响。结果表明,1%MnO₂和3%儿茶酚的混合处理(T3)堆肥过程中类氨基酸组分荧光强度显著增强,氨挥发受到明显抑制,堆肥结束时,混合处理氨累积挥发量为1.39 g,仅为CK的16.61%;有机氮组分中酸解氨态氮占比为17%,高于CK的14%;总凯氏氮相较于CK提升了9.00%,温度、pH值、EC值和GI值等基础指标均满足安全利用标准。三维荧光平行因子分析表明MnO₂和儿茶酚的混合添加可有效削减堆肥初期含氮有机质的矿化分解,从而明显降低堆体升温阶段和高温阶段的氨挥...     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.