碳源类型对以NO_2~-为电子受体短程反硝化过程的长期和短期影响

短程生物脱氮是未来污水生物处理的主流技术,其反硝化过程是实现氮去除的关键步骤。碳源类型是NO-2还原过程的重要因素之一,为选择适于以NO-2为电子受体的反硝化碳源,采用序批式反应器(SBR),考察4种碳源(乙酸钠、甲醇、乙醇和生活污水)对NO-2为还原过程长期和短期影响。实验结果表明,微生物对不同碳源具有较强的适应性,经过一定时间的驯化,可明显提高微生物的反硝化能力,与未驯化时相比,还原速率分别提高3.1、2.1、1.7和2.4倍。培养初期,四种碳源条件下NO-2还原速率的大小关系为:r乙醇=1.3r乙酸钠=2.6r生活污水=3.8r甲醇。长期驯化稳定后,NO-2还原速率的大小关系为:r乙酸钠=1.4r乙醇=2.6r生活污水=4.3r甲醇。此外,经过驯化后,微生物可适应较高的p H值,增强抵抗p H波动的能力。当存在多种碳源时,微生物优先利用已驯化碳源。4种碳源中,乙酸钠最容易被微生物利用,还原速率为40.7 mg·(g·h)-1,而甲醇较难被微生物利用,其还原速率为26.2 mg·(g·h)-1。     

表面流人工湿地硝化和反硝化强度研究

通过对表面流人工湿地不同土壤层硝化反硝化强度的研究,探讨了表面流人工湿地脱氮过程中沿程硝化和反硝化作用的变化,以及不同C∶N对系统反硝化强度的影响.研究结果表明,系统可同时进行硝化和反硝化作用,硝化强度具有较明显的分层现象,表层土壤高于深层土壤.系统中沿程硝化强度呈递减趋势,硝化强度反映了氨氮去除率的大小,其去除率为68%.反硝化强度研究结果表明:深层土壤的反硝化强度略高于表层土壤;沿程1/3至1/2段最大;5倍碳源时反硝化强度最高,3倍碳源次之,不加碳源最低;但系统的反硝化强度普遍较高,保持了良好的脱氮效果.     

木屑-硫磺填充床反硝化生物滤池强化硝酸盐去除

针对污水处理厂二级出水深度脱氮的需求,设计了以木屑与硫磺颗粒为填料(质量比1:1)的反硝化生物滤池,对碳氮比失衡的污水处理厂二级出水进行深度脱氮处理。结果表明,木屑释放碳源速率在10 d之后趋于稳定,COD中(40.6±10.0)%是反硝化菌可直接利用的VFA。反硝化生物滤池运行的最佳HRT为10 h,在此条件下,进水硝酸盐(以N计)浓度为30 mg·L~(-1)时,出水硝酸盐浓度最低为11.5 mg·L~(-1),亚硝酸盐(以N计)浓度最低为1.4 mg·L~(-1),反硝化生物滤池内未发生硝酸盐异化还原(DNRA)作用,出水无氨氮积累。出水SO42-浓度最高为73.8 mg·L~(-1)。反硝化生物滤池运行稳定后,出水中COD未超过30 mg·L~(-1),木屑释放的碳源与异养反硝化过程消耗的碳源持平,经反硝化生物滤池深度处理的出水中无过量残留有机物。出水pH稳定在6.9～7.4范围内,反硝化生物滤池无需外加碱类物质。     

碳源对反硝化生物滤池运行及微生物种群的影响

以某城市污水厂二级出水为原水,以甲醇、乙酸钠为碳源,研究了不同碳源对反硝化生物滤池运行的影响,并借助16S rDNA测序技术对滤池生物膜的微生物群落组成和结构进行了解析。结果表明,采用逐渐增加滤速的方式进行挂膜,乙酸钠滤池在启动7 d后出水水质稳定,NO_3~--N去除率在96%以上,NO_2~--N积累消失;甲醇滤池则需要9 d。稳定运行期,甲醇和乙酸钠滤池达到最大反硝化效率所需碳氮比均为4.5~5.5,出水TN1.0 mg·L~(-1)。乙酸钠滤池沿过滤方向硝酸盐氮降解较快。与甲醇相比,乙酸钠微生物产量高、运行周期短、反冲洗时间长,且药剂投加量高。从滤池脱氮效率、运行稳定性和成本等方面综合考虑,甲醇可作为最佳碳源。微生物在属水平进行聚类分析结果表明,以甲醇、乙酸钠为碳源的反硝化生物滤池中的微生物种群存在差异。甲醇滤池中与反硝化有关的属占36.68%,其中优势菌属Methylophilus,属于嗜甲基型菌属。乙酸钠滤池中与反硝化有关的菌属占58.38%。其优势菌属为Arobacter,可利用有机酸还原硝酸盐。     

反硝化碳源在人工湿地脱氮中的应用及其研究进展

碳源供给是制约人工湿地反硝化脱氮的重要因素,系统论述了反硝化碳源的类型及其在人工湿地反硝化过程中的作用,并对人工湿地中反硝化碳源的应用现状进行了讨论.反硝化菌与人工湿地脱氮有着密切关联,是人工湿地领域研究的焦点.此外,人工湿地中的环境条件、运行条件及湿地构建条件等都会对其反硝化效果产生重要影响,指出了通过改善上述条件提...     

碳源和COD/N对短程反硝化处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液产N_2O的影响与调控

采用短程硝化反硝化工艺处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液厌氧出水,研究反硝化过程中碳源种类(乙酸钠、甲醇、葡萄糖)和碳氮比(1.5、2.5、3.5、5.0)对N_2O产生的影响,以实现N_2O的高效产生。结果表明,反硝化系统中N_2O的产生受外加碳源种类和碳氮比影响较大。在反硝化所需碳氮比(COD/N=5.0)条件下,高效产N_2O的碳源种类为乙酸钠,N_2O转化率为6.9%。以乙酸钠为碳源,在碳氮比为3.5时N_2O产量最大,N_2O转化率可达15%。通过最佳产N_2O条件下微生物群落分析发现,一些有助于N_2O产生的反硝化菌得到富集。因此,通过碳源和COD/N等参数的调控,能够实现垃圾焚烧渗沥液反硝化段N_2O的高效产生。     

碳氮比对低温投加介体生物反硝化脱氮的影响

污水的生物脱氮效果受低温抑制,投加氧化还原介体有利于反硝化过程。采用规格相同的序批式反应器,使用人工配制硝酸盐废水和经过驯化的活性污泥,考察了不同碳源浓度(碳氮比)对低温(10℃)投加氧化还原介体1, 2-萘醌-4-磺酸(NQS)污水生物反硝化脱氮过程的影响。结果表明:当碳源浓度(以COD计)为150～400mg·L~(-1) (碳氮比为1.8～4.7)时,脱氮效率随碳氮比的升高而升高;当碳源浓度为400～550 mg·L~(-1) (碳氮比为4.7～6.5)时,脱氮效率随着碳氮比的升高而降低;当碳源浓度为400 mg·L~(-1) (碳氮比为4.7)左右时效果最好,总氮去除率最高为64.7%。对于脱氮速率,介体强化脱氮速率随着碳氮比的升高而升高。同时,探讨了投加介体污水生物反硝化脱氮的机理,发现投加介体降低了体系的氧化还原电位(ORP),有利于反硝化脱氮反应的进行。     

厨余发酵液与乙酸钠、葡萄糖脱氮性能的比较

通过与乙酸钠、葡萄糖对比,利用批式实验方法对厨余发酵液作为反硝化碳源的脱氮性能进行了研究.在不同COD/N条件下,对3种碳源的反硝化NOx--N去除率进行了比较,研究发现,当COD/N =6.5时,厨余发酵液可以满足反硝化对电子供体的要求,其反硝化潜能PD=0.146 g NOx--N /g COD.然后,在COD/N =5.0条件下,利用动力学方程对反硝化过程进行分段模拟,发现厨余发酵液组在Ss降解阶段的比反硝化速率为7.44 mg NOx--N/(g VSS·h),其整个反硝化阶段的比反硝化速率是乙酸钠组的0.77倍,是葡萄糖组的2.1倍,结果表明,厨余发酵液可以作为快速降解碳源用于反硝化脱氮.     

碳源对含盐废水短程硝化反硝化的影响

分别采用醋酸钠、甘油、乙醇和葡萄糖作为外加碳源,研究不同碳源对含盐废水短程硝化反硝化的影响.结果表明:(1)利用醋酸钠作为碳源,逐步增加NaCl盐度可以实现短程硝化反硝化,TN平均去除率高于95％.当NaCl盐度为14.2 g/L时,采用醋酸钠、甘油、乙醇和葡萄糖作为碳源时,NO2- -N的累积率分别为98.7％、86...     

脉冲式SBR法深度脱氮及在线控制的中试实验研究

通过考察脉冲式SBR法处理城镇生活污水时有机物降解、硝化和反硝化反应中DO、氧化还原电位(ORP)及pH的变化规律,建立了这些控制参数与有机物去除、硝化与反硝化反应过程中主要污染物指标间的相关关系.在此基础上,建立脉冲式SBR法深度脱氮的模糊控制系统,更加有效地控制脉冲式SBR法多段进水的运行方式,达到深度脱氮的目的,并尽可能降低运行成本.当进水COD在130.0～243.6 mg/L、NH 4-N在55.98～76.40 mg/L时,在原水中反硝化碳源充足情况下,脉冲式SBR法反硝化结束时最终出水COD低于40 mg/L,NH 4-N低于1.0 mg/L,TN低于3·0 mg/L.     

Sensitivity of carbon sequestration costs to soil carbon rates

Modifying current agricultural management practices as a means of sequestering carbon has been shown to be a relatively low cost way to offset greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper we examine the sensitivity of the estimates of the amount of soil carbon sequestered and the implied costs of sequestering a tonne of carbon to changes in the rates of soil carbon sequestered for alternative production practices. An application is made to the dryland grain production systems of the US Northern Plains where the marginal costs of soil C range from $20 to $100 per MT. We show that the resulting changes in the marginal costs quantities of C sequestered are not a monotonic transformation of the changes in the soil carbon rates. These results underscore the importance of using a linked economic and biophysical simulation model to assess the economic potential for sequestering carbon in agricultural soils.     

活性炭纤维脱除二氧化碳的实验研究

采用活性炭纤维(ACF)作为吸附材料,研究了ACF对CO_2和N_2的吸、脱分离特性。结果表明,粘胶基活性炭纤维(V-ACF)和聚丙烯腈基活性炭纤维(PAN-ACF)对CO_2和N_2都表现出较好的吸附效果,其中V-ACF对CO_2和N_2的吸附系数高达9,说明ACF是很好的吸附分离材料。ACF对不同烟气浓度和温度下对CO_2吸附的结果说明,ACF对于高浓度CO_2更易于脱除;讨论了ACF在不同解析温度或时间对吸附的影响和ACF的热稳定性,结果表明,在较高解析温度或者较长解析时间下更加容易脱除CO_2,且再生时间短,最佳的解析时间为15 min。经过相同的多次实验,ACF的性能稳定,再生效率稳定在86%。     

含碳气溶胶研究进展：有机碳和元素碳

含碳气溶胶是我国大气区域性复合型污染的重要物种,对全球气候变化、辐射强迫、能见度、环境质量、人类健康等会产生重要影响.主要从含碳气溶胶来源及成因、环境影响、样品采集及测试等方面对国内外相关研究进行了评述,讨论了有机碳和元素碳研究中存在的关键和难点问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

Hydrodehalogenation of chlorobenzene on activated carbon and activated carbon supported catalysts

Chlorinated aromatic compounds in (waste) gases can be removed and/or dehalogenated by passing over a bed of activated carbon (AC) in a hydrogen containing atmosphere. Dehalogenation of the model compound chlorobenzene (PhCl) to HCl is complete at 490 degrees C--rather than the approximately 900 degrees C needed for the mere gas-phase reaction--but part of the benzene moieties is retained on the AC, resulting in its rather rapid deactivation, apparently due to a large decrease in surface area. Therefore, <1 mmol PhCl per gram of 'catalyst' could be processed. At 600 degrees C chlorobenzene yields 100% of both HCl and benzene, but still the AC lost most of its activity in time. Performances are compared of three different commercial ACs. As a HCl-washed AC is just as active, metals are not involved. This acid-washed AC was used as a support for 10 wt% Ni or Fe catalysts. While Fe did not show appreciable activity, results with Ni are promising. The yields of HCl and benzene from PhCl are approximately 100% already at T<400 degrees C, and T(50%) congruent with 260 degrees C, over 200 degrees C lower than with AC alone. There is no appreciable decrease of activity after having injected >20 mmol PhCl per gram of catalyst at partial conversion.     

Soil carbon dynamics and potential carbon sequestration by rangelands

The USA has about 336 Mha of grazing lands of which rangelands account for 48%. Changes in rangeland soil C can occur in response to a wide range of management and environmental factors. Grazing, fire, and fertilization have been shown to affect soil C storage in rangelands, as has converting marginal croplands into grasslands. Carbon losses due to soil erosion can influence soil C storage on rangelands both by reducing soil productivity in source areas and potentially increasing it in depositional areas, and by redistributing the C to areas where soil organic matter mineralization rates are different. Proper grazing management has been estimated to increase soil C storage on US rangelands from 0.1 to 0.3 Mg C ha(-1)year(-1) and new grasslands have been shown to store as much as 0.6 Mg C ha(-1)year(-1). Grazing lands are estimated to contain 10-30% of the world's soil organic carbon. Given the size of the C pool in grazing lands we need to better understand the current and potential effects of management on soil C storage.     

The impacts of carbon emissions and voluntary carbon disclosure on firm value

Investors and other stakeholders are starting to pay attention to firms’ carbon emissions and carbon disclosure. This study investigated the effects of voluntary carbon disclosure information and carbon emissions on firm value from listed companies in the Shanghai and Shenzhen 300 (CSI 300) Index. We also apply the Probit model to predict the probability of voluntary carbon disclosure information. The results indicate that the increase in carbon emissions has a negative impact on firm value. The action that companies select to disclose carbon emissions has a positive impact on firm value. The effect of leverage ratio on VCDI is increasing year by year. What is more, the probability of the average size firm carbon disclosure was 30.73% in 2020. Company management needs to pay attention to the risks caused by carbon emissions and ensure the quality of carbon disclosure information, especially the authenticity and reliability of the information.

     

Early atmospheric detection of carbon dioxide from carbon capture and storage sites

The early atmospheric detection of carbon dioxide (CO₂) leaks from carbon capture and storage (CCS) sites is important both to inform remediation efforts and to build and maintain public support for CCS in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. A gas analysis system was developed to assess the origin of plumes of air enriched in CO₂, as to whether CO₂ is from a CCS site or from the oxidation of carbon compounds. The system measured CO₂ and O₂ concentrations for different plume samples relative to background air and calculated the gas differential concentration ratio (GDCR = ?ΔO₂/ΔCO₂). The experimental results were in good agreement with theoretical calculations that placed GDCR values for a CO₂ leak at 0.21, compared with GDCR values of 1–1.8 for the combustion of carbon compounds. Although some combustion plume samples deviated in GDCR from theoretical, the very low GDCR values associated with plumes from CO₂ leaks provided confidence that this technology holds promise in providing a tool for the early detection of CO₂ leaks from CCS sites. Implications: This work contributes to the development of a cost-effective technology for the early detection of leaks from sites where CO₂ has been injected into the subsurface to enhance oil recovery or to permanently store the gas as a strategy for mitigating climate change. Such technology will be important in building public confidence regarding the safety and security of carbon capture and storage sites.     

The impact of the establishment of carbon emission trade exchange on carbon emission efficiency

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The China government focuses on changes in carbon emission efficiency with establishing carbon emission trade exchange (CETE). It is meaningful to...     

Fate of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon produced by ozonation on biological activated carbon

The adsorption and desorption characteristics of BDOC produced by ozonation and the replacement of BDOC by non-BDOC on BAC was studied. The fate of BDOC produced by ozonation in the BAC column was also evaluated by comparative experiment between the BAC supplied with the mixture of BDOC and non-BDOC and the BAC supplied only with non-BDOC. Fulvic acids extracted from two river sediments and one forest soil were used. BDOC produced by ozonation showed the same or lower adsorption capacity than non-BDOC after biodegradation. The adsorption rate of BDOC on GAC was lower than that of non-BDOC. BDOC produced by ozonation had low desorbability and majority of BDOC produced were not replaced by non-BDOC. BDOC in the ozonated fulvic acid did not affect the breakthrough of the ozonated fulvic acid on GAC in the early stage of adsorption, suggesting that most of BDOC were biodegraded on the surface of GAC before adsorption. Therefore, the production of BDOC by ozonation before the GAC treatment is very effective for the extension of GAC service life and the reduction of DOC loading to GAC.