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《自然灾害学报》2020,(2)
变化环境下城市内涝灾害事件频发,已严重威胁城市居民生命财产安全,汛期降水强度大、持续时间长、影响范围广,是城市内涝主要致灾因子,通过分析城市汛期降水变化特征并进一步揭示其驱动机制,可为城市防洪减灾与水资源管理提供参考。本文采用Mann-Kendall检验、累积距平和连续小波变化等方法分析西安市1951-2017年汛期降水变化特征,采用交叉小波和小波相干揭示太阳黑子、大气环流异常指数北极涛动(AO)、南方涛动指数(SOI)、厄尔尼诺(ENSO)、太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)、北大西洋振荡(NAO)对西安市汛期降水变化驱动机制。结果表明:西安市汛期降水量主要集中在中雨和大雨。汛期降水总量、小雨和暴雨降水量均呈减少趋势,日降水量、中雨和大雨降水量呈增加趋势。汛期降水总强度、日降水强度、月降水强度和不同等级降水的强度均呈增加趋势。汛期降水集中度Q指数呈增加趋势,降水日数减少,汛期降水有更为集中的趋势。汛期降水量存在1958和2002年两个突变点,并且有7-9年的显著周期。AO和太阳黑子对汛期降水的影响最为显著,其次为SOI、NAO和ENSO,PDO的影响相对较弱。AO、SOI、PDO和NAO对汛期降水主要存在正向驱动,ENSO对汛期降水主要为负向驱动。1975年之前太阳黑子对汛期降水有正向驱动,1975年之后则为负向驱动。 相似文献
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《自然灾害学报》2015,(1)
土洞塌陷后如何确定地表的安全警戒距离是实践中亟待解决的问题,但现有研究成果很少。采用数值计算方法,考虑塌陷后土洞的空间效应,按轴对称模式进行建模,然后提出了分析塌陷土洞内壁临界稳定坡角和地表安全警戒距离的方法。通过对既有塌陷土洞案例的计算,初步验证了该方法的有效性。然后采用该方法研究了土洞内壁临界稳定坡角随土洞半径和洞深变化的规律。在此基础上,计算得到了典型塌陷土洞的地面安全警戒距离分布情况。分析表明,塌陷发生在一般路基压实土范围内时,地表安全警戒距离最大值可取2.5 m;对于一般正常固结土,地表安全警戒距离最大值可取5.0 m。该成果可供土洞抢险时参考。 相似文献
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以辽宁省近55年(1956-2010年)历史洪涝灾害为研究对象,依据洪涝灾害在年内各时段的发生频率,进行汛期划分.从55年的洪灾资料中共摘录洪灾44次,其中一般灾害27次,严重灾害17次.根据各候一般灾害和严重灾害次数,确定辽宁省汛期为6月1日-9月5日,主汛期为7月11日-8月20日.55年的洪涝灾害统计表明,汛期一般洪灾和严重洪灾所占比例达到100%,主汛期严重灾害比例达到100%,一般洪灾比例达到70.4%.汛期降水和径流占全年60%以上,主汛期占全年30%~40%.与辽宁省主要流域代表性水文站点降水和径流汛期分期结果的对比分析表明,洪涝灾害的发生时间、频率、等级能够反映降水和径流的年内变化特征,重大灾害的出现与主汛期的出现具有同步性. 相似文献
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近50年中国汛期暴雨旱涝的分布特征及其成因 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11
利用全国160个站点的汛期降水量资料,采用EOF展开并结合聚类相似方法分析了我国汛期旱涝的分布类型和暴雨雨量对每个雨型的多雨带位置和强度的贡献,还探讨了我国汛期主要雨型的500hPa大尺度环流背景。对暴雨和雨型的研究结果表明:主要多雨带中心区域与暴雨总量的显菩正距平区域有很好的一致性,这说明我国汛期8个主要多雨带类型的多雨中心主要是由频繁的暴雨造成的。 相似文献
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从山洪灾害形成的条件入手,分析了广东省瑶安小流域1958-2011年发生的10场山洪灾害雨量资料,认为降雨是该区山洪灾害的重要诱发因素,且灾害发生当日降雨量与前4d有效雨量之间关系最为密切。利用该两者之间关系分别作出了警戒雨量和转移雨量基准线,分析了该地区山洪灾害形成的警戒雨量和转移雨量,探讨该区山洪灾害形成的临界雨量条件。 相似文献
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海安地区近1000年来的气候变化与洪灾 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
对海安地区史志资料作了搜集与整理,利用Mann-Kendall法对该区1951年以来汛期总量与夏季最高温作了突变检测分析,以对该区近1000年来洪旱灾害的发生规律做一探讨.结果表明,小冰期时期湿润与波动剧烈的气候条件是研究区频繁发生水灾的一个重要因素,同时研究区地势低平,极易遭受水灾、热带风暴及海潮涨溢的影响.MK突变检验表明,研究区汛期总量的突变发生时间大致在20世纪60年代中期,而历年夏季最高温序列在20世纪90年代中期发生突变,具体时间大致在1993年左右.汛期总量在20世纪90年代以前呈波动下降趋势,但在其后汛期径流量又呈上升趋势;夏季最高温在20世纪90年代以前呈波动下降趋势,而在其后呈波动上升趋势,夏季最高温与汛期总量变化趋势相一致.夏季极端高温事件发生概率的增大可能导致洪灾事件的增多,因而在未来气候持续变暖的情景下,研究区乃至长江下游防洪抗灾任重而道远. 相似文献
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Malholland K 《Disasters》1985,9(4):247-258
In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed. 相似文献
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed. 相似文献
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The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased. 相似文献
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Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations. 相似文献
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Ian Davis 《Disasters》2019,43(Z1):S61-S82
This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning. 相似文献
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Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence. 相似文献
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Joseph Chung 《Disasters》1987,11(1):40-48
Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems. 相似文献
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems. 相似文献
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This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts. 相似文献
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中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区509a旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Word97图形处理系统,证明在526a序列中目前处在11a、50a滑动的干旱期。近46a气温上升了0.3℃,年降水减少了80mm,径流量减少了0.78%,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。 相似文献