铁路汛期行车安全对策——雨量警戒制度研究

雨量警戒制度是铁路部门用于指导进行汛期警戒 ,确保线路汛期行车安全的一种安全保障制度 ,由警戒标准、防御标准和管理制度 3部分组成。它是一种分级、分段和各工种联控执行的警戒制度 ,其技术关键包括警戒标准和防御标准的制定。本文提出了雨量警戒制度警戒标准的指标体系 ,建立了警戒标准的制定方法与工作程式 ,并以成昆铁路雨量警戒制度的制定与实施说明了其应用。所提方法对铁路部门制定汛期行车安全对策具有普适意义。     

山区铁路灾害防御体系研究—以成昆铁路（北段）为例

安全是铁路运输工作及其改革和发展的前提。本文在总结成昆铁路有关方面多年防灾实践的基础上,提出了铁路灾害防御体系的基本框架,并将整个体系划分为日常管理、汛期警戒和抢险救灾3个不同运行状态,明确了各个运行状态的中心任务。本文的研究对已有铁路沿线灾害防御体系的完善和新建铁路及其它部门灾害防御体系的建立有一定的参考价值。     

西安市汛期降水变化特征及驱动机制研究

变化环境下城市内涝灾害事件频发,已严重威胁城市居民生命财产安全,汛期降水强度大、持续时间长、影响范围广,是城市内涝主要致灾因子,通过分析城市汛期降水变化特征并进一步揭示其驱动机制,可为城市防洪减灾与水资源管理提供参考。本文采用Mann-Kendall检验、累积距平和连续小波变化等方法分析西安市1951-2017年汛期降水变化特征,采用交叉小波和小波相干揭示太阳黑子、大气环流异常指数北极涛动(AO)、南方涛动指数(SOI)、厄尔尼诺(ENSO)、太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)、北大西洋振荡(NAO)对西安市汛期降水变化驱动机制。结果表明:西安市汛期降水量主要集中在中雨和大雨。汛期降水总量、小雨和暴雨降水量均呈减少趋势,日降水量、中雨和大雨降水量呈增加趋势。汛期降水总强度、日降水强度、月降水强度和不同等级降水的强度均呈增加趋势。汛期降水集中度Q指数呈增加趋势,降水日数减少,汛期降水有更为集中的趋势。汛期降水量存在1958和2002年两个突变点,并且有7-9年的显著周期。AO和太阳黑子对汛期降水的影响最为显著,其次为SOI、NAO和ENSO,PDO的影响相对较弱。AO、SOI、PDO和NAO对汛期降水主要存在正向驱动,ENSO对汛期降水主要为负向驱动。1975年之前太阳黑子对汛期降水有正向驱动,1975年之后则为负向驱动。     

塌陷土洞的地面安全警戒距离研究

土洞塌陷后如何确定地表的安全警戒距离是实践中亟待解决的问题,但现有研究成果很少。采用数值计算方法,考虑塌陷后土洞的空间效应,按轴对称模式进行建模,然后提出了分析塌陷土洞内壁临界稳定坡角和地表安全警戒距离的方法。通过对既有塌陷土洞案例的计算,初步验证了该方法的有效性。然后采用该方法研究了土洞内壁临界稳定坡角随土洞半径和洞深变化的规律。在此基础上,计算得到了典型塌陷土洞的地面安全警戒距离分布情况。分析表明,塌陷发生在一般路基压实土范围内时,地表安全警戒距离最大值可取2.5 m;对于一般正常固结土,地表安全警戒距离最大值可取5.0 m。该成果可供土洞抢险时参考。     

基于洪灾发生频率的辽宁省汛期分期研究

以辽宁省近55年(1956-2010年)历史洪涝灾害为研究对象,依据洪涝灾害在年内各时段的发生频率,进行汛期划分.从55年的洪灾资料中共摘录洪灾44次,其中一般灾害27次,严重灾害17次.根据各候一般灾害和严重灾害次数,确定辽宁省汛期为6月1日-9月5日,主汛期为7月11日-8月20日.55年的洪涝灾害统计表明,汛期一般洪灾和严重洪灾所占比例达到100％,主汛期严重灾害比例达到100％,一般洪灾比例达到70.4％.汛期降水和径流占全年60％以上,主汛期占全年30％～40％.与辽宁省主要流域代表性水文站点降水和径流汛期分期结果的对比分析表明,洪涝灾害的发生时间、频率、等级能够反映降水和径流的年内变化特征,重大灾害的出现与主汛期的出现具有同步性.     

浙江省梅汛期降水与洪涝灾害的长期变化

梅汛期降水是引发浙江省洪涝灾害的重要原因之一.首先,应用相关分析,对浙江省境内57个气象观测站29年来(1971-1999)梅汛期降水的空间分布特征进行了分析,论述了省内不同地区梅汛期降水的长期变化规律.分析发现,这一时期的梅汛期降水明显呈现缓慢增加的趋势,并有着6年和3-4年的显著周期,这说明梅汛期降水可能与ENSO存在着一定的联系.最后,探讨了梅汛期降水异常与洪涝灾害之间的关系.     

近50年中国汛期暴雨旱涝的分布特征及其成因

利用全国160个站点的汛期降水量资料，采用EOF展开并结合聚类相似方法分析了我国汛期旱涝的分布类型和暴雨雨量对每个雨型的多雨带位置和强度的贡献，还探讨了我国汛期主要雨型的500hPa大尺度环流背景。对暴雨和雨型的研究结果表明：主要多雨带中心区域与暴雨总量的显菩正距平区域有很好的一致性，这说明我国汛期8个主要多雨带类型的多雨中心主要是由频繁的暴雨造成的。     

基于前期有效雨量的山洪灾害临界雨量探讨

从山洪灾害形成的条件入手,分析了广东省瑶安小流域1958-2011年发生的10场山洪灾害雨量资料,认为降雨是该区山洪灾害的重要诱发因素,且灾害发生当日降雨量与前4d有效雨量之间关系最为密切。利用该两者之间关系分别作出了警戒雨量和转移雨量基准线,分析了该地区山洪灾害形成的警戒雨量和转移雨量,探讨该区山洪灾害形成的临界雨量条件。     

全国洪涝灾害警戒水域遥感数据库的研制

由于以往对发生的洪涝灾情没有形成统一的、客观的评价标准,而不同来源的各种数据往往大相径庭,使有关部门难以了解实际灾情。为此,提出了“警戒水域”的概念,利用TM和NOAA／AVHRR图像数据建立了我国七大江河地区洪涝灾害易发区的警戒水域遥感数据库,并用以指导洪涝灾情的监测与评估,为防洪救灾决策提供科学的、可靠的、时效性强的信息。该数据库的建立在我国的抗洪救灾中发挥了重要的作用。文章对其研究方法与其关键技术进行了介绍．     

宁夏连阴雨气候变化特征分析研究

选取宁夏20个气象站的气象观测资料,运用数理统计法、Lepage检验和小波分析等方法,分析了宁夏全年和汛期(5-9月)连阴雨发生次数的气候变化特征及其突变、周期变化。结果表明:自1990年以后,宁夏全年和汛期连阴雨发生了明显变化,连阴雨发生次数均呈减少的趋势,年际变化和年代际变化特征明显;南部山区连阴雨明显多于北部地区,高发中心位于南部六盘山东麓,六盘山东麓连阴雨多于西麓;连阴雨未发生突变;全年连阴雨存在3～5年的短周期和10年、16～18年左右的长周期;汛期连阴雨存在着4～6年的短周期和12年的长周期。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。