德国垃圾处理的现状及政策

垃圾在德国可主要分成以下几大类：（1）家庭生活垃圾及与之相类似的其它垃圾；（2）有毒有害废弃物．又称特殊垃圾（如有毒有害的化学品．化工厂废弃物，固体沥青、焦油废渣，废酸、碱等）；（3）建筑工地垃圾。一、家庭生活垃圾的处理和综合利用1990年西德共有垃圾约3亿吨。其中生活垃圾及与生活垃圾相似的其它垃圾约占总量的11％。根据联邦环保局调查，西德1979到198O年间，纯粹的家庭生活垃圾中约含金属4％、玻璃12％、塑料制品6％、纸张19％以及含绿色植物26％。这充分表明在家庭生活垃圾中有相当一部分是可以回收、利用的物质。由于…     

成都市主城区生活垃圾组分及理化性分析

论文分析了成都市主城区不同区域生活垃圾的物理组分和理化特性,丰富了成都市的垃圾成分资料。结果表明:成都市各区域垃圾成分相差较大,居民区及商业区垃圾主要成分为厨类、植物类,分别约为76%、53%,而文教事业区主要成分为纸类。成都市垃圾含水率较高,同时易降解物质及有机物含量高达87%。成都市生活垃圾不宜采用单一处理方式,应加强开展分类收集工作,进一步促进生活垃圾的资源化利用和减量化、无害化处置。     

我国农村生活垃圾的产生现状及处理模式

推进农村生活垃圾分类、收集与处理是建设整洁美丽新农村的迫切要求。我国典型农村地区生活垃圾产生量目前大多数在0.4kg/(人·d)左右,约是城市的1/3。垃圾中可堆肥的易腐垃圾约占60%,可回收的废品类约占20%。经过垃圾分拣分流后,最终需要处置的垃圾量不足垃圾收集总量的20%。"组保洁、村收集、镇转运、县(市)集中处置"的农村生活垃圾处理模式对许多农村地区仍有较大局限性,在农村生活垃圾分拣分流的基础上发展与有机农业或高效农业相结合的农村生活垃圾就地处理或资源化技术(如堆肥、沼气发酵、蚯蚓或昆虫幼虫处理)有较大推广应用价值。针对我国农村生活垃圾的产生特征与处理现状,提出了适应于农村地区的垃圾处理模式和管理政策。     

干湿垃圾协同处理对焚烧厂发电量影响的研究

垃圾分类实施后，湿垃圾(厨余垃圾)从生活垃圾中分出，对后端处理工艺带来许多新的变化与挑战，也使得垃圾分类后生活垃圾焚烧厂发电量的变化难以确定。研究以750t/d的焚烧线为例，采用流程模拟的方式，探讨了不同的分类率对焚烧厂发电量的影响。模拟结果显示，分类后入炉垃圾的热值最大提高22.17%,入炉垃圾量最大减少21.54%,发电量略有变化，最大减少3.77%。同时，研究还对易腐组分占比、易腐组分含水率等变化因素进行了分析，发现生活垃圾中易腐组分的变化不改变垃圾分类后焚烧厂发电量下降的趋势，但会影响发电量的下降幅度。因而，仅从发电量的角度来看，垃圾分类对生活垃圾焚烧厂的影响有限。     

东江源沿江村镇生活垃圾物理特性分析

东江系广东及香港的饮用水源地,其源区包括江西省赣州市的寻乌、安远和定南3县。本研究在东江源区选取了3个典型村庄,调查农村生活垃圾的产生量及物理特性。调查发现：东江源区农村生活垃圾主要以厨余类垃圾为主,可达60％以上;其次是灰土类垃圾,可达12％以上,其他组分一般在10％以下。县级村人均垃圾产生量一般在0.2~0.47 kg·d^-1,平均0.36 kg·d^-1;镇级村人均垃圾产生量在0.18~0.35 kg·d^-1,平均0.29 kg·d^-1;普通村人均垃圾产生量在0.07~0.33 kg·d^-1,平均0.17 kg·d^-1。混合生活垃圾含水率与厨余类垃圾所占的比例呈显著线性相关（R^2=0.626,P=0.019）。混合垃圾平均热值在2329 kJ·kg-1,不适合直接进行焚烧处理。     

城市生活垃圾资源化存在的问题与对策探讨

对我国城市生活垃圾的构成及资源利用现状进行了介绍,分析了生活垃圾资源化存在的问题,探讨了资源化利用途径以及提高资源化利用水平的措施,提出了垃圾治理可持续发展的思路,为生活垃圾走资源化之路指明方向。     

城市生活垃圾资源化存在的问题与对策探讨

对我国城市生活垃圾的构成及资源利用现状进行了介绍,分析了生活垃圾资源化存在的问题,探讨了资源化利用途径以及提高资源化利用水平的措施,提出了垃圾治理可持续发展的思路,为生活垃圾走资源化之路指明方向。     

成都市市区固体生活垃圾现状分析和对策初探

本文介绍了成都市生活垃圾的现状与对策,包括近几年生活垃圾的产生量、组成和热值。根据生活垃圾的组成和热值,认为处理垃圾要逐步达到堆肥而实现资源化为主,适当发展焚烧发电处理,尽量减少填埋处理。     

六安市城区生活垃圾现状调查与探讨

正随着六安市绿色城市的发展,对生活垃圾资源化、无害化、循环化的处理提出了更高的要求,因此,如何减少垃圾排放量,将垃圾变废为宝,实现垃圾的资源化循环利用,已成为六安市垃圾处理和现代化城市管理中的一个重要课题。六安市城区生活垃圾现状生活垃圾的主要来源六安市民日常生活消费用品中有许多是塑料制品,如塑料袋、一次性餐具、饮料瓶、饮水杯等,这些塑料制品的     

上海市食品废弃物处理处置现状综述

对上海市生活垃圾中食品废弃物和餐厨垃圾近年来的产生状况进行了综述,讨论了上海市对生活垃圾中食品废弃物和餐厨垃圾的管理和处理处置现状,并分别进行了总结。最后对上海市食品废弃物的资源化利用进行了展望。     

Optimizing the treatment and disposal of municipal solid wastes using mathematical programming—A case study in a Greek region

Goal of the work is to present a simplified methodology to optimize an integrated solid waste management system. The methodology performs two optimizations, namely: (i) minimization of the total cost of the MSW system and (ii) minimization of the equivalent carbon dioxide emissions (CO_2e) generated by the whole system. The methodology is modeled via non-linear mathematical equations, uses 32 decision variables and does not require complex LCA databases. The proposed model optimally allocates eight MSW components (paper, cardboard, plastics, metals, glass, food wastes, yard wastes and other wastes) to four MSW management technologies (incineration, composting, anaerobic digestion, and landfilling) after source separation of recyclables has taken place. The Region of East-Macedonia and Thrace in Greece was selected as a case study. Results showed that there is a trade off between cost and CO_2e emissions. Incineration and composting were favored as the principal treatment technologies, while landfilling was always the least desirable management technology under both objective functions. The recycling participation rate significantly affected all optimum scenarios.     

Municipal solid waste generation in Kathmandu, Nepal

Waste stream characteristics must be understood to tackle waste management problems in Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), Nepal. Three-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to evaluate solid waste data collected from 336 households in KMC. This information was combined with data collected regarding waste from restaurants, hotels, schools and streets. The study found that 497.3 g capita(-1) day(-1) of solid waste was generated from households and 48.5, 113.3 and 26.1 kg facility(-1) day(-1) of waste was generated from restaurants, hotels and schools, respectively. Street litter measured 69.3 metric tons day(-1). The average municipal solid waste generation rate was 523.8 metric tons day(-1) or 0.66 kg capita(-1) day(-1) as compared to the 320 metric tons day(-1) reported by the city. The coefficient of correlation between the number of people and the amount of waste produced was 0.94. Key household waste constituents included 71% organic wastes, 12% plastics, 7.5% paper and paper products, 5% dirt and construction debris and 1% hazardous wastes. Although the waste composition varied depending on the source, the composition analysis of waste from restaurants, hotels, schools and streets showed a high percentage of organic wastes. These numbers suggest a greater potential for recovery of organic wastes via composting and there is an opportunity for recycling. Because there is no previous inquiry of this scale in reporting comprehensive municipal solid waste generation in Nepal, this study can be treated as a baseline for other Nepalese municipalities.     

南京市生活垃圾现状及综合处理对策研究

根据采样结果与统计分析,文章总结了南京市生活垃圾的现状,以及其产量和组成特性的变化趋势。城市生活垃圾处理是一个复杂的系统工程,任何单一的处置措施都无法满足。针对现实处理,过程中存在的问题,作者提出了生活垃圾的综合方案,即以设施为依托,以技术为核心,以市场为动力的设施－技术－市场三位一体综合方案。     

我国城市生活垃圾回收利用率测算及其统计数据收集对策

我国将生活垃圾分类收集定位为重要民生工程和生态文明建设的工作内容,并对实施生活垃圾强制分类的示范城市明确提出了"生活垃圾回收利用率"的绩效考核目标。由于城市生活垃圾处理和再生资源回收利用由不同职能部门负责管理,不同来源的生活垃圾回收利用统计数据未有效整合,目前还缺乏我国城市生活垃圾回收利用率指标测算的相关研究。本文界定了"生活垃圾回收利用率"的科学内涵,并以城市建设、再生资源利用等统计资料和物质流分析文献为基础,初步测算了全国尺度的城市生活垃圾回收利用率。研究表明,我国2006—2015年的城市生活垃圾回收利用率从12.1%上升至17.0%,然后又缓慢下降至15.6%,由于数据缺乏,该数值可能在-28%~+32%波动。生活垃圾中回收利用量较大的可再生资源分别为废纸、废塑料、废钢铁、废玻璃等。本文还分析了目前测算生活垃圾回收利用率的数据不确定性和局限性,提出了面向生活垃圾分类管理实际评价的统计数据收集对策。     

Sound management of brominated flame retarded (BFR) plastics from electronic wastes: State of the art and options in Nigeria

Management of flame retarded plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has been posing a major challenge to waste management experts because of the potential environmental contamination issues especially the formation of polybrominated-dioxins and -furans (PBDD/F) during processing. In Nigeria, large quantities of electronic waste (e-waste) are currently being managed—a significant quantity of which is imported illegally as secondhand electronics. As much as 75% of these illegal imports are never reused but are rather discarded. These waste electronic devices are mostly older equipment that contains brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as penta-brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) which are presently banned in Europe under the EU WEEE and RoHS Directives. Risk assessment studies found both to be persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic. The present management practices for waste plastics from WEEE in Nigeria, such as open burning and disposal at open dumps, creates potential for serious environmental pollution. This paper reviews the options in the environmentally sound management of waste plastics from electronic wastes. Options available include mechanical recycling, reprocessing into chemicals (chemical feedstock recycling) and energy recovery. The Creasolv^® and Centrevap^® processes, which are the outcome of the extensive research at achieving sound management of waste plastics from WEEE in Europe, are also reviewed. These are solvent-based methods of removing BFRs and they presently offer the best commercial and environmental option in the sound management of waste BFR-containing plastics. Because these developments have not been commercialized, WEEE and WEEE plastics are still being exported to developing countries. The industrial application of these processes and the development of eco-friendlier alternative flame retardants will help assure sound management of WEEE plastics.     

Waste electric and electronic toys: Management practices and characterisation

The main objective of this paper is to characterise, both physically and chemically, waste electric and electronic toys, belonging to the category 7 of the Directive, 2012/19/UE, in order to obtain information about the generation and composition of this waste which is not widely found in the literature. For this, a campaign was designed with the aim of collecting a representative sample of waste toys in different schools in a Spanish town. Altogether 1014.25 kg of waste toys were collected, of which 31.83% corresponded to the electric and electronic fraction, which is the object of study. The collected wastes were divided into subcategories and a representative sample of each was one used to characterise them physically and chemically. Physical characterisation provided information about the materials they were made of, the electrical and electronic parts, fixing and assembly systems, and so forth. The results showed that the weight of a toy is comprised of 72.30% of plastics, 12.07% of electrical and electronic components, 4.47% of metals, and 11.15% other materials. In general, the most common types of polymers were PS, PP and ABS. Chemical characterisation made it possible to analyse the composition of the plastic components, which is information that is essential to be able to determine the feasibility of recovering the resulting fractions. The results showed that the content of hazardous substances in these plastics is far below the limits stipulated in Directive 2002/95/EC (RoSH Directive). The findings of this study show a need for a specific management system for this fraction of domestic wastes and a wide range of potential reusability of the discarded toys since 65% of the toys from the collected sample worked in perfect condition. We also found that the end-of-life is one of the aspects that have not been considered during their design as both materials and disassembly sequence do not facilitate the end-of-life of this type of wastes. This information could be used to improve the ecodesign of electrical and electronic equipment toys regarding their end-of-life.     

Municipal solid waste management in China: Status,problems and challenges

This paper presents an examination of MSW generation and composition in China, providing an overview of the current state of MSW management, an analysis of existing problems in MSW collection, separation, recycling and disposal, and some suggestions for improving MSW systems in the future. In China, along with urbanization, population growth and industrialization, the quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation has been increasing rapidly. The total MSW amount increased from 31.3 million tonnes in 1980 to 212 million tonnes in 2006, and the waste generation rate increased from 0.50 kg/capita/day in 1980 to 0.98 kg/capita/year in 2006. Currently, waste composition in China is dominated by a high organic and moisture content, since the concentration of kitchen waste in urban solid waste makes up the highest proportion (at approximately 60%) of the waste stream. The total amount of MSW collected and transported was 148 million tonnes in 2006, of which 91.4% was landfilled, 6.4% was incinerated and 2.2% was composted. The overall MSW treatment rate in China was approximately 62% in 2007. In 2007, there were 460 facilities, including 366 landfill sites, 17 composing plants, and 66 incineration plants. This paper also considers the challenges faced and opportunities for MSW management in China, and a number of recommendations are made aimed at improving the MSW management system.     

Mechanical performance of woodfibre–waste plastic composite materials

Plastic products used for packaging are often discarded after a single use resulting in an inexhaustible supply of waste polymeric materials. The stiffness and strength of polymeric materials have been known to improve with the addition of lignocellulosic fibres available in abundance in nature. Hence, composite materials containing natural fibres and waste plastics would result in the reduction of solid wastes and the use of cheap, renewable resources. Composite specimens, consisting of waste plastics obtained from a Kerbside collection (high density polyethylene (HDPE) waste, Janitorial waste, Kerbside waste I and Kerbside waste II) and Pinus radiata woodfibres (medium density fibres (MDF)), have been produced through melt blending and injection moulding. The effects of fibre content, matrix type and interfacial bonding on the tensile and flexural properties of these composite materials have been determined through extensive testing at various conditions. The mechanical properties of these composites at room temperature and humidity depend on the amount of woodfibres, the mechanical properties of the waste plastics used and the presence of a suitable coupling agent. The tensile strengths of MDF/waste plastic composites do not generally change with fibre content except for 40% MDF/HDPE waste and 40% MDF/Kerbside waste II (plus 1% Epolene™) composites, where the tensile strengths increase by about 25% compared to those of the corresponding waste plastics. Flexural strengths of MDF/waste plastic composites increase with the addition of medium density fibres with the exception of MDF/Kerbside waste I composites. The tensile and flexural moduli of MDF/waste plastic composites mostly increase with increasing fibre content.     

Health-care waste management in India.

Health-care waste management in India is receiving greater attention due to recent regulations (the Biomedical Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998). The prevailing situation is analysed covering various issues like quantities and proportion of different constituents of wastes, handling, treatment and disposal methods in various health-care units (HCUs). The waste generation rate ranges between 0.5 and 2.0 kg bed-1 day-1. It is estimated that annually about 0.33 million tonnes of waste are generated in India. The solid waste from the hospitals consists of bandages, linen and other infectious waste (30-35%), plastics (7-10%), disposable syringes (0.3-0.5%), glass (3-5%) and other general wastes including food (40-45%). In general, the wastes are collected in a mixed form, transported and disposed of along with municipal solid wastes. At many places, authorities are failing to install appropriate systems for a variety of reasons, such as non-availability of appropriate technologies, inadequate financial resources and absence of professional training on waste management. Hazards associated with health-care waste management and shortcomings in the existing system are identified. The rules for management and handling of biomedical wastes are summarised, giving the categories of different wastes, suggested storage containers including colour-coding and treatment options. Existing and proposed systems of health-care waste management are described. A waste-management plan for health-care establishments is also proposed, which includes institutional arrangements, appropriate technologies, operational plans, financial management and the drawing up of appropriate staff training programmes.