苏州市人为源氨排放清单及其分布特征

通过调研分析苏州大市范围内的农业、工业、生活及交通等相关活动水平数据,采用排放因子法建立了2013年苏州市人为源氨排放清单. 结果表明:2013年苏州市人为源氨排放总量为22 020.18 t,排放强度为3.06 t/km2;畜禽养殖、工业源、氮肥施用是苏州市氨排放的主要来源,排放量分别为8 080.99、7 103.50、4 841.23 t,共占氨排放总量的90.94%. 其中,工业源的氨排放分担率为32.25%,高于全国平均值,火电行业和化肥制造行业的氨排放占工业源排放总量的90.14%,烟气脱硝过程的氨逃逸值得关注;在畜禽源中,肉鸡和生猪是最大的氨排放源,二者排放量分别占畜禽养殖氨排放总量的42.59%和37.14%. 太仓、张家港、常熟依次为苏州市氨排放量和排放强度最大的3个地区,共占氨排放总量的69.02%,苏州市区氨排放量位列第四但排放强度最低. 空间分布特征表明,苏州市东北部氨排放较集中,中部排放量较小,周边地区特别是沿江县级市的排放量较大. 研究显示,氨排放清单的建立可为苏州市氨排放控制提供基础数据.      

西安市人为源大气氨排放清单及特征

根据西安市各类氨排放源活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了2013年西安市人为源大气氨排放清单.结果表明,2013年西安市人为源大气氨排放量为47.17×10~3t,排放强度为4.57 t·km~(-2);畜禽养殖和氮肥施用是排放贡献最大的两个人为源,氨排放量分别为20.55×10~3t和17.51×10~3t,占排放总量的80.68%;畜禽养殖中,牛和猪是最大的排放源,占畜禽养殖排放总量的75.03%;临潼区是排放量最大行政区,排放量为10.73×10~3t,分担率为23.22%;阎良区的排放强度最大,达到14.75 t·km~(-2).     

兰州市农牧业源氨排放清单及其时空分布特征

通过实地调研等方式获取农牧业源的活动水平,采用NARSES模型确定氮肥施用排放因子,其它排放因子通过文献调研确定,建立了2016年兰州市农牧业源氨排放清单,并进一步分析了农牧业源氨排放的时空分布特征. 2016年兰州市农牧业源大气氨排放量为9 356. 90 t;其中畜禽养殖源氨排放量7 584. 03 t,分担率81. 05%;永登县是氨排放量最大的区县,氨排放量为2 820. 59 t,分担率为30. 14%.在兰州市各区县氨排放量分担率中,畜牧业源氨排放的分担率在65. 83%～97. 38%之间;氮肥施用源的分担率在2. 27%～28. 66%之间.从空间分布来看,兰州市农牧业源氨排放主要集中在皋兰县西北部与中部、红古区东南部、七里河区东西两部与榆中县东部.从时间分布来看,畜牧业源氨排放主要集中在4～9月,氮肥施用源的氨排放主要集中在3～7月和9月,其它月份排放量相对较小.     

青海东部城市群大气氨排放清单研究

为了掌握青海东部城市群内大气氨的排放来源及排放特征,搜集并整理了各排放源的活动水平数据,利用排放因子法计算了2017年青海省东部城市群大气氨排放清单.结果表明:①青海省东部城市群2017年氨排放量为44.92×103 t,排放强度为2.80 t/km2.②农业源是区域内最大的氨排放源,其中畜禽养殖和农田生态系统氨排放量分别占总排放量的81.07%和7.12%,绵羊、奶牛和肉牛的氨排放量较大.③湟中区和大通回族土族自治县氨排放量较高,占总排放量的53.7%,城中区、大通回族土族自治县、湟中区、湟源县、平安区、乐都区、民和回族土族自治县、互助土族自治县的主要氨排放源均为畜禽养殖源.④污染源分布受地形地势影响,多沿湟水流域分布,同时也与地区经济发展水平有关.研究显示,大气氨排放源以畜禽养殖源为主,且集中于湟中区和大通回族土族自治县.      

2006~2014年江苏省氨排放清单

为了解江苏省氨排放情况,收集了畜禽养殖、氮肥施用、人体排放、工业生产、机动车排放、燃料燃烧、生物质燃烧、垃圾和污水处理等9类氨源的活动水平数据,并基于排放因子法,估算了2006~2014年江苏省氨排放清单,分析了其历年来氨排放的变化趋势及空间分布特征.结果表明,江苏省的氨排放量由2006年的654.4kt增加到2014年的729.8kt,年均增长率约为1.41%.氮肥施用和畜禽养殖一直是江苏省最主要的氨排放源,共占2014年江苏省氨排放总量的88.19%;非农业源中,由机动车排放及生物质燃烧产生的氨排放增长速度最快.2014年江苏省氨平均排放强度为4.4t/（km²·a）,其结果明显高于我国氨排放强度平均水平.     

中国大气NH3和NOx排放的时空分布特征

根据我国不同氨源的数量、燃料消费量和相应的氨与氮氧化物排放因子,计算了我国大陆地区1995~2004年历年的氨(NH3)排放量与1985~2005年历年的氮氧化物(NOx)排放量,在此基础上模拟了2006~2010年的NOx排放量,并分析了NH3和NOx排放强度的空间分布.结果表明:2004年,我国NH3排放量为12.0Tg,比1995年的10.6Tg增加了大约13.2%;2004年的NOx排放量为20.6Tg,比1995年的12.2Tg增加了大约68.9%,比1985年的6.2Tg增加了大约2.3倍.在1996年以前,我国NH3和NOx的排放量基本相当,但是此后NH3的年排放量在经历了1997~1999年的下降之后,变化比较平稳,而NOx的排放量自2000年之后呈逐年迅速增加的趋势.2004年全国NH3的排放总量中,畜禽排泄、氮肥施用、人类粪便、氮肥与合成氨生产的贡献率分别为69.2%、15.2%、13.9%和1.9%;2004年全国NOx的排放总量中,由于受到我国能源消费结构的制约,煤炭来源的NOx占到了排放总量的77.4%.NH3和NOx的排放强度都具有明显的空间差异,表现在中东部地区的排放强度明显高于西部地区,这与中东部地区人口多、能源消费量大以及畜禽养殖数量大有关.     

兰州市农牧业源氨排放清单及其时空分布特征

通过实地调研等方式获取农牧业源的活动水平,采用NARSES模型确定氮肥施用排放因子,其它排放因子通过文献调研确定,建立了2016年兰州市农牧业源氨排放清单,并进一步分析了农牧业源氨排放的时空分布特征。2016年兰州市农牧业源大气氨排放量为9356.90t;其中畜禽养殖源氨排放量7584.03t,分担率81.05%;永登县是氨排放量最大的区县,氨排放量为2820.59t,分担率为30.14%。在兰州市各区县氨排放量分担率中,畜牧业源氨排放的分担率在65.83%~97.38%之间;氮肥施用源的分担率在2.27%~28.66%之间。从空间分布来看,兰州市农牧业源氨排放主要集中在皋兰县西北部与中部、红古区东南部、七里河区东西两部与榆中县东部。从时间分布来看,畜牧业源氨排放主要集中在4~9月,氮肥施用源的氨排放主要集中在3~7月和9月,其它月份排放量相对较小。     

华北平原曲周县人为源氨排放清单及分布特征

以华北地区典型农业县曲周县为研究对象,通过收集本地人为源活动水平数据和相关氨排放因子,利用排放因子法建立2002～2019年人为源氨排放清单,并且采用当地实测的农田氮肥施用氨排放因子和县域农户生产调研数据优化2019年氨排放清单.结果表明,曲周县氨排放总量呈现“双峰”模式,从2002年的6 682.9 t增加到2004年的7 195.0 t,随后下降到2008年的5 872.0 t; 2015年增加到7 010.5 t,随后逐步下降到2018年的5 636.3 t.畜禽养殖(61%～75%)和氮肥施用(14%～28%)是主要氨排放源. 2019年曲周县氨排放总量为6 559.7 t,其中氮肥施用和畜禽养殖分别贡献28%和61%.小麦为氨排放最高的作物,占种植业氨排放总量的40%;蛋鸡为氨排放量最大的畜禽,贡献率为畜禽养殖的40%.在空间分布上呈现南高北低的趋势,南里岳乡和白寨乡为主要排放热区,全县平均氨排放强度达到13.5 t·km^-2.在县域尺度上重点开展小麦种植和蛋鸡养殖氨减排将有助于华北平原大气氨污染治理.     

四川省2005~2014年农业源氨排放清单及分布特征

根据收集到的四川省2005~2014年农业源氨活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了该地区2005~2014年农业源氨排放清单,利用GIS建立了3 km×3 km的网格化清单,并分析了农业源氨排放与PM₁₀之间的关系.结果表明2005~2014年间,四川省农业源氨排放总体上呈现出下降趋势,2006年排放量最高;21个市（州）农业源氨变化趋势各不相同,年际变化较大的城市包括成都市、眉山市、自贡市、泸州市、宜宾市、攀枝花市、阿坝州和甘孜州;畜禽养殖和氮肥施用均为农业源氨主要排放来源,研究期间的贡献率分别为72%~79%和20%~27%;畜禽养殖中,绝大部分城市氨排放量较大的为生猪、家禽和牛,而自贡市由于特殊的饮食习惯,兔为氨排放量最高的牲畜,贡献率为39%;成都及周边地区、川东北地区和川南地区是四川省农业源氨排放的主要贡献地区;空间分布上,农业源氨主要分布在四川省东部,且主要来源于城市周边区县;农业源氨排放量与PM₁₀质量浓度的变化趋势呈现出较好的一致性,表明农业源氨排放对颗粒物生成有较大影响.     

中国氨的排放强度地理分布

根据中国畜禽、氮氨肥施用和生产及人口数量和相应的排放因子，计算了全国氨的排放量、排放强度地理分布和历的的排放量。结果表明，１９９１年全国氨的排放总量为８９１．８万ｔ，其中畜禽，氨肥施用，人粪便与氮肥生产的排氨量分别为６４％、１８％、１％。氨的排放强度最大的地区在中东部和四川的成渝地区。全国平均氨排放强度为０．９ｋｇ（ＮＨ３）／（ｋｍ＾２·ａ）。此值小于欧洲的未包括人排放的排放强度１．１ｋｇ（ＮＨ３     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.