液体推进剂职业中毒风险评价及防护对策研究

本文以某发射场为例,通过主要危险源辨识、作业单元划分、现场调查和监测统计,利用风险指数评估法对液体推进剂职业中毒风险进行量化评价,结果表明:液体推进剂作业存在极度和高度职业中毒风险,发射场液体推进剂作业职业中度风险主要来源于液体推进剂及氮气;液体推进剂设备维修、应急救援及进罐作业存在极度职业中毒风险,转注/加注、取样为高度风险,化验及"三废"处理属于中度风险。根据评价结果并借鉴以往事故经验教训,指出职业中毒伤害与工程控制、个体防护措施和安全意识密切相关,不使用或不能正确使用呼吸防护装备是引发职业中毒的主要原因,并提出针对性的防护措施建议。     

固体推进剂在压延中燃烧的预防和灭火研究

固体推进剂的组分中既有氧化剂又有燃烧剂,在没有外界氧气的情况下,也能发生燃烧爆炸事故。针对固体推进剂在压延生产中产生燃烧的主要原因,研究了水分和温度对固体推进剂热点形成的影响,提出了防火安全技术措施。针对部分火炸药企业的消防设施不能有效扑灭固体推进剂火灾和阻止燃爆事故的情况,通过对固体推进剂燃烧灭火机理的分析,采用选择不同的喷水压力、喷头孔径、喷头与火焰区的距离、预先燃烧时间等因素,对固体推进剂进行燃烧灭火效果的实验研究,提出了固体推进剂火灾的高速喷水灭火技术的思路和措施。     

航天发射场常规液体推进剂作业危险性评估

根据航天发射场常规液体推进剂作业实际情况,利用“日本劳动省化工安全定量评价法”和“蒙德火灾爆炸毒性指标评价法”,对推进剂各作业单元的危险性进行了评估,为实施防护提供了科学的理论依据。     

氧化铁粒径对固体推进剂火焰特征参数影响的试验研究

针对5-氨基四氮唑/硝酸锶固体推进剂在实际应用中存在的推进剂火焰偏大、容易在灭火装置喷口处形成外喷火焰的问题,选用了微米氧化铁和纳米氧化铁作为催化剂,分别从火焰形态、质量损失速率、热释放速率、无量纲火焰高度模型几个角度开展研究,对比了两种不同粒径的氧化铁对5-氨基四氮唑/硝酸锶固体推进剂燃烧火焰的优化效果。根据燃烧试验结果,发现不论是富氧燃烧还是贫氧燃烧,在降低推进剂燃烧时的火焰高度方面,微米氧化铁均明显优于纳米氧化铁;在提高质量损失速率方面,微米氧化铁的加速效果也要优于纳米氧化铁。基于传统的液态燃料油池火发展的火焰高度预测模型,将无量纲火焰高度与热释放速率的分析关系应用到固体推进剂燃烧领域,考虑使用无量纲火焰高度的分析方法,对固体推进剂燃烧过程中的火焰高度进行预测,建立了5-氨基四氮唑/硝酸锶固体推进剂的无量纲火焰高度模型,发现不含氧化铁和含有氧化铁的5-氨基四氮唑/硝酸锶固体推进剂燃烧时的火焰高度与热释放速率的n次方成正比,该无量纲拟合可以对固体推进剂火焰高度进行预测。最终,得出了微米氧化铁比纳米氧化铁更适合作为催化剂被用于5-氨基四氮唑/硝酸锶推进剂中,有利于提高固体推进式灭火装置的灭火效果。     

固体推进剂危险性分级方法的探讨

探讨用50％爆轰的卡片隔板值24．1mm和TNT当量值1为标准，以区加紧推进剂的危险级别为爆炸级或燃烧级。本主要从美国所发表的各种火药TNT当量试验结果资料中，推测用TNT当量值区别火药的燃烧和爆炸级，并应用于推进剂分级，再从我国对各种炸药的隔板值选择铸装TNT的隔板值作为区分推进剂的燃烧级和爆炸级。     

结构响应与损伤识别敏感性探讨

利用小波多分辨分析的特性,研究结构不同位置加速度响应信号对损伤的敏感性问题。通过对一个5层框架结构在不同损伤工况下的数值计算结果表明,不同位置的加速度传感器表征结构损伤特性的能力是不同的,每一传感器只能描述其附近区域结构的工作状态。如果仅利用某一个或者某一些传感器信息进行损伤诊断,就有可能导致错误的诊断结论。只有综合利用多传感器的数据信息,才能使损伤识别更具全局性,才可能准确地识别出结构损伤的发生。     

我国液体火箭推进剂防护服的研究现状及发展趋势

本文介绍了我国液体火箭推进剂包括硝基氧化剂和肼类燃料、低温推进剂、新型火箭推进剂硝酸羟胺和火箭煤油等的毒性及其危害,概述了我国液体火箭推进剂防护服的研究现状,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

航天发射场液体推进剂的泄漏扩散模型研究

为了实现对有毒推进剂泄漏扩散浓度的快速估算,对液体推进剂偏二甲肼在发射场泄漏蒸发扩散的实际情况进行理论分析,建立扩散模型,并从泄漏源、沉积效应、地面反射、大气稳定度等方面对扩散模型进行完善;应用数值模拟方法进行仿真,将数值模拟结果与实验数据、理论计算结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明:气体扩散模型与数值模拟及实验结果基本一致,但扩散模型计算结果偏小,这是由于推进剂进行了燃烧和氧化反应,扩散区域温度上升,大气稳定度降低,实际浓度更大。     

液体火箭推进剂个体防护装备的选择、使用和维护

液体火箭推进剂作业存在中毒、灼伤、窒息等危害,个体防护装备的合理选择和正确使用在避免伤害事故中起着至关重要的作用。本文根据液体推进剂作业特点,探讨个体防护装备的选择、配套和使用原则,以期能够有效防止推进剂伤害事故的发生,保障推进剂作业人员的健康和安全。     

大客车正面碰撞乘客约束系统仿真分析

为探究约束系统在全承载客车正面碰撞事故中对乘客损伤的影响,利用有限元分析软件LS_DYNA建立某大客车正面碰撞仿真模型,并开展整车50 km/h正面100％重叠碰撞固定刚性壁障试验;从车身变形、加速度曲线和乘员损伤等3方面验证仿真模型;基于已验证的仿真模型,开展不同座椅间距、车厢位置及安全带类型的乘员运动响应和损伤等综...     

Coupling effects of foam ceramics on the flame and shock wave of gas explosion

The coupling of gas explosion flame and shock wave is analyzed. In the gas explosion process, shock wave is affected by the flame directly, and shock wave also induces the flame. Inhibiting explosion can be achieved by the interference between the flame and shock wave propagation. If the coupling effects can be damaged, the adverse effects caused by the explosion should be mitigated and controlled. According to the structure characteristics of foam ceramics, the coupling effects mechanism of ceramic foam on gas explosion flame and shock wave is researched. When the explosion goes through the structure of foam ceramics, the flame can be quenched and the shock wave be attenuated. After the flame is quenched, the supply of precursor shock wave energy is cut off. Due to lack of energy supply, the destructive effects of blast wave will be reduced effectively. Coupling effects of the flame and shock wave can be damaged by the special structure of foam ceramics. Studies suggest that a certain function to represent the structure characteristics of foam ceramics must exist. For a certain material of foam ceramics, the sure porosity δ and the pore diameter d also can be get, which is the key to research and develop foam ceramic suppression technology of gas explosion.     

Coupling effects of the explosion shock wave and heat radiation on the dynamic response of a fixed-roof tank

The occurrence of leakage in large tank farms or oil deposits can lead to fire or explosion accidents. Coupling effects of fire and explosion loadings can cause considerably more damage to adjacent tanks or buildings than either loading individually does. In this study, the combined loadings of the explosion shock wave and heat radiation from a pool fire on a neighboring empty fixed-roof tank were numerically investigated. The effects of the explosion shock wave intensity and relative height of the explosion center [the ratio of the height of the explosion center to the height of the tank (h_r)] were analyzed. The results indicate that tanks damaged by explosion shock waves have decreased fire resistance and critical buckling temperature. Moreover, the thermal buckling deformation of the predamaged tank largely depends on the explosion shock wave. With an increase in the explosion shock wave intensity or a decrease in h_r, the explosion shock wave has greater influence on the fire resistance of the tank, and the critical buckling temperature decreases. This paper can provide an understanding of the dynamics of a tank under explosion shock wave loading, and of the critical failure criterion and failure modes of a target tank under the coupled loading of the explosion shock wave and an adjacent pool fire.     

液体火箭共底破裂爆炸安全设防距离

针对航天发射场一旦发生低温推进剂泄漏而导致火箭爆炸,会对人员和财产造成重大损失的问题,采用TNT当量模型和TNO(The Netherlands Organization)多能模型计算不同摩尔百分比的氢氧推进剂混合反应时产生爆炸冲击波的危害性,并模拟爆炸冲击波造成的事故影响范围,然后对两种模型的仿真结果加以对比分析,根据最不利原则选取出最终需要的结果,最后划分出安全设防距离。由仿真结果可知,不同的氢氧混合摩尔百分比造成的爆炸后果不同,同时TNT当量模型在爆炸近场处高估了爆炸超压值,在爆炸远场处低估了爆炸超压值,而TNO多能模型在理论上有效地对这一缺陷进行了弥补。对航天发射场的安全布局起到了一定的参考价值。     

Simulation analysis on structure safety of coal mine mobile refuge chamber under explosion load

In order to check structural strength of coal mine mobiles refuge chamber, and do security evaluation of the mobile refuge chamber, a refuge chamber model was established, then a finite element method was instituted for it to ensure the refuge chamber would not be severely damaged when gas or coal dust explosion suddenly happened. A triangle shock wave with 1.2 MPa over-pressure, 300 ms lasting time was settled. Explicit nonlinear dynamic analysis program was used to simulate response of the refuge chamber. The maximum stress was 244 MPa, located in central part of sides and tail end of the last capsule. The maximum displacement was 29.32 mm, located in central part of sides and tail end of the last capsule. The calculation indicated that the refuge chamber was not obviously damaged. It could reliable work to meet safety requirements. Compared with the reported experimental results, the simulation method was verified. Based on analysis, suggestions were put forward for further improving.     

发射场液体推进剂个体防护体系的研究与设计

为了确保发射场液体推进剂作业人员的身体健康和生命安全,本文以安全系统工程理论为依据,结合液体推进剂作业要求以及防护装具现状,研究并建立了发射场推进剂作业个体三级防护体系。