活性炭非均相活化不同过硫酸盐降解偶氮染料酸性橙Ⅱ

研究了颗粒活性炭非均相活化过二硫酸盐和过一硫酸盐对水中偶氮染料酸性橙Ⅱ的降解效果。考察了过硫酸盐投加量、活性炭投加量、溶液初始pH值和无机阴离子对酸性橙Ⅱ降解率的影响,探究了不同过硫酸盐对染料降解效果差别的原因。结果表明:投加过二硫酸盐比过一硫酸盐的效果更好,偶氮染料浓度为20 mg/L,溶液中过n（PS）∶n（AOⅡ）为200∶1时降解率最高;颗粒活性炭投加量的增加有利于染料的去除,溶液处于酸性条件下染料降解率高于碱性条件,无机阴离子对酸性橙Ⅱ降解有抑制作用,产生于活性炭表面的自由基对染料的降解具有重要作用。     

载银活性炭活化过硫酸钠降解酸性橙

采用硝酸氧化的颗粒活性炭浸渍制备Ag/GAC活化剂,利用N2吸附、SEM、FT-IR及XRD对Ag/GAC进行表征,得出Ag成功负载于颗粒活性炭上,并以Ag/GAC在常温常压下活化过硫酸钠(PS)产生硫酸根自由基(SO-4·)降解偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7).考察了Ag负载量、PS浓度、Ag/GAC投加量、初始p H对AO7降解效果的影响.结果表明,当Ag负载量为12.7mg·g-1、n(PS)∶n(AO7)为120∶1、Ag/GAC投加量为1.0 g·L-1,降解180 min后AO7降解率达95.0%以上.初始p H对Ag/GAC活化PS降解AO7有较大影响,p H为5.0时降解效果最优.通过紫外可见光谱、气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)对AO7降解过程进行了探讨,在降解过程中AO7的偶氮键和萘环结构均被破坏,并检测出主要降解产物有邻苯二甲酸和乙酰苯.     

超声波协同活性碳纤维活化过一硫酸盐降解AO7

采用超声波(US)和活性碳纤维(ACF)协同活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)产生硫酸根自由基(SO_4~-·)降解偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7).在US/ACF/PMS体系中,当ACF投加量为0.3 g·L~(-1),n(PMS)/n(AO7)为20/1,US功率密度为10 W·cm~(-2)时,反应30 min后,AO7完全降解.其中,初始pH对AO7降解有较大的影响,pH为2.0时AO7降解效果最好;Cl~-对US/ACF/PMS体系降解AO7有促进作用,Cl-浓度越高,AO7降解速率越快;且ACF在重复使用4次时,协同US活化PMS对AO7仍具有较好的脱色率.通过总有机碳分析发现,US/ACF/PMS体系对染料AO7具有一定的矿化率.采用紫外可见光谱、气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)对AO7降解过程进行了分析,表明AO7分子中偶氮键及萘环结构均被破坏,并进一步矿化为CO_2和H_2O.     

氮掺杂碳纳米管活化过一硫酸盐降解酸性橙AO7

采用氮掺杂多壁碳纳米管(N-CNT)作为固体活化剂,活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)氧化降解偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7).结果表明,N-CNT活化PMS降解AO7比颗粒活性炭(GAC)效果好,N-CNT投加量为400mg/L、n(PMS)/n(AO7)为40/1时,反应60min可使AO7的脱色率达到99%;研究了N-CNT活化PMS降解AO7的降解机制,发现N-CNT活化PMS产生的自由基主要是SO4-·,活化场所在N-CNT的表面.在N-CNT/PMS体系中,初始pH值对降解AO7有较大的影响,当pH=3.0时AO7降解效果最好;Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)和CO_3~(2-)离子对AO7降解都存在一定促进作用,离子浓度越高,AO7降解速率越快.紫外可见光谱、TOC分析表明AO7分子中偶氮键及萘环结构均被破坏,并进一步矿化为CO_2和H_2O.     

丙酮活化过一硫酸盐性能及非自由基机制

利用丙酮活化过一硫酸盐(Peroxymonosulfate,PMS)氧化降解酸性橙7(AO7),考察了丙酮投加量、PMS浓度、初始pH值及共存阴离子等反应条件对AO7氧化降解的影响,探讨了丙酮/PMS反应体系中的反应机制.结果表明,当初始p H为9.0、n(PMS)/n(AO7)为17.5∶1、丙酮投加量为10 mmol·L-1时,反应30 min可使AO7的降解率达到99.8%.在丙酮/PMS的活化体系中,随着丙酮投加量、PMS浓度和p H的升高,AO7的降解率也逐渐增大,碱性条件下最有利于AO7的降解.自由基淬灭实验分析表明,单线态氧(1O2)是氧化降解AO7的主要活性物种.Cl-、CO2-3对丙酮/PMS体系中AO7的降解有促进作用,离子浓度越高,AO7降解速率越快,腐殖酸(HA)的加入对AO7的降解有轻微的抑制作用.紫外可见光谱分析表明,AO7分子中的偶氮键及萘环结构被破坏,从而得到降解.     

载银活性炭活化过硫酸钠降解酸性橙7

采用硝酸氧化的颗粒活性炭浸渍制备Ag/GAC活化剂,利用N₂吸附、 SEM、 FT-IR及XRD对Ag/GAC进行表征,得出Ag成功负载于颗粒活性炭上,并以Ag/GAC在常温常压下活化过硫酸钠(PS)产生硫酸根自由基(SO^－4 ·)降解偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7). 考察了Ag负载量、 PS浓度、 Ag/GAC投加量、 初始pH对AO7降解效果的影响. 结果表明,当Ag负载量为12.7 mg ·g^-1、 n(PS) :n(AO7)为120 :1、 Ag/GAC投加量为1.0 g ·L^-1,降解180 min后AO7降解率达95.0%以上. 初始pH对Ag/GAC活化PS降解AO7有较大影响,pH为5.0时降解效果最优. 通过紫外可见光谱、 气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)对AO7降解过程进行了探讨,在降解过程中AO7的偶氮键和萘环结构均被破坏,并检测出主要降解产物有邻苯二甲酸和乙酰苯.     

铁屑内电解法处理EDTA溶液中络合铜离子

采用批式试验和现代仪器分析研究了铁屑内电解法处理EDTA溶液中络合铜离子,考察了溶液浓度、溶液pH、温度和铁屑粒径等因素对铜离子去除过程的影响.结果表明,铜离子去除过程符合表观一级动力学方程.在pH 2.0～11.0范围内,pH值越低越利于铜离子去除;在酸性条件下溶液pH随内电解进行升高,在碱性条件下溶液pH随内电解进...     

碳纳米管活化过二硫酸盐降解偶氮染料酸性橙7

采用碳纳米管（CNT）活化过二硫酸盐（PS）降解偶氮染料酸性橙7（AO7）.考察了PS浓度、CNT投加量、初始pH值、温度等反应条件对AO7降解效果的影响.结果表明,当初始pH为7、n（PS）/n（AO7）为20、CNT投加量为0.2g/L时,AO7在反应480min后可以被完全脱色去除.随着PS剂量、CNT投加量和温度的升高,AO7的去除率也逐渐增加,中性条件下最有利于AO7的去除.AO7降解反应主要发生在CNT表面,且反应活化能Ea为46.76kJ/mol.通过紫外-可见分光光谱、气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）和TOC分析表明,AO7分子偶氮键和萘环结构断裂,生成含苯环类物质,最终矿化为CO₂和H₂O.     

不同粒径零价铁活化过硫酸钠氧化降解酸性橙7的影响及动力学研究

以偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7)为目标污染物,研究了不同粒径零价铁(包括1 mm-ZVI、150μm-ZVI、50 nm-ZVI)对活化过硫酸钠(PS)氧化降解AO7的影响,并探讨了这3种不同粒径的零价铁活化体系中AO7的降解动力学及中间产物.结果表明,3种粒径零价铁均可以高效活化PS氧化降解AO7,反应90 min后,1 mm-ZVI、150μm-ZVI和50 nm-ZVI活化体系对AO7的去除率分别为43%、97%和100%.AO7动力学方程拟合结果表明,1 mm-ZVI和150μm-ZVI活化PS降解AO7是一级反应,50 nm-ZVI活化体系中AO7的降解是二级反应,这3种粒径零价铁活化PS降解AO7的速率常数大小顺序为50 nm-ZVI>150μm-ZVI>1 mm-ZVI.反应过程中1 mm-ZVI反应后主要生成α-Fe2O3和少量Fe3O4,150μm-ZVI表面的腐蚀产物主要是Fe3O4,而50 nm-ZVI的主要氧化物为α-Fe2O3和α-FeOOH.GC/MS检测出AO7降解中间产物有2-萘酚、邻甲酚、3-甲基-4-乙基苯酚、邻苯二甲酰亚胺、邻苯二甲酸等,AO7溶液吸收光谱的变化特征及GC/MS检测结果表明3种粒径零价铁活化PS氧化降解AO7的途径可能存在差异.     

磁性氮掺杂碳材料活化过硫酸盐降解酸性橙7

采用一步水热碳化法制备出微米级磁性氮掺杂碳材料（Magnetic N-doped Carbonaceous Materials,MNC）作为过硫酸盐（Persulfate,PDS）活化剂,以生成的活性氧化物质降解偶氮类染料酸性橙7（Acid Orange 7,AO7）.同时,利用扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面积与孔径测定仪（BET）、振动样品磁强计（VSM）等对MNC进行表征,考察了MNC投加量、PDS浓度、初始p H值和无机阴离子对活化PDS降解AO7的影响,并采用紫外-可见光谱分析、淬灭实验和电子顺磁性共振（Electron Paramagnetic Resonance,EPR）初步探讨了AO7的降解机理.结果表明,MNC呈微米级球状,表面富含含氧基团和氨基等活性点位;饱和磁化强度为12.7 emu·g^-1,能在外加磁场条件下实现固液分离.AO7去除率随MNC投加量、PDS浓度的增加而增加,但初始p H对AO7降解的影响呈相反规律,随p H升高而降低.3种无机阴离子对AO7降解抑制程度大小顺序为HCO₃^->SO     

Autopoiesis: a review and a reappraisal

The aim of the paper is to review critically the notion of autopoiesis as presented by Maturana and Varela. In particular, recognizing that there are difficulties in obtaining a complete and clear picture from the primary literature, an effort is made to present a coherent view--also based on many years of personal contact with Francisco Varela. The paper begins with a few historical notes to highlight the cultural background from which the notion of autopoiesis arose. The basic principles of autopoiesis as a theory of cellular life are then described, emphasizing also what autopoiesis is not: not an abstract theory, not a concept of artificial life, not a theory about the origin of life--but rather a pragmatic blueprint of life based on cellular life. It shown how this view leads to a conceptually clear definition of minimal life and to a logical link with related notions, such as self-organization, emergence, biological autonomy, auto-referentiality, and interactions with the environment. The perturbations brought about by the environment are seen as changes selected and triggered by the inner organization of the living. These selective coupling interactions impart meaning to the minimal life and are thus defined by Maturana and Varela with the arguable term of "cognition". This particular view on the mutual interactions between living organism and environment leads these authors to the notion of "enaction", and to the surprising view that autopoiesis and cognition are two complementary, and in a way equivalent, aspects of life. It is then shown how cognition, so defined, permits us to build a bridge between biology and cognitive science. Autopoiesis also allows one to conceive chemical models of minimal cellular life that can be implemented experimentally. The corresponding work on "chemical autopoiesis" is then reviewed. The surprising impact of autopoiesis in the social sciences ("social autopoiesis") is also briefly discussed. This review also comments on why the theory of autopoiesis had, and still has, a difficult time being accepted into the mainstream of life-science research. Finally, it is pointed out that the new interest in system biology and complexity theories may lead to a reappraisal of autopoiesis and related notions, as outlined also by other authors, such as Tibor Ganti and Stuart Kauffmann.     

公众环境意识与可持续发展关系初探

目前,国内存在的各种环境问题,归根到底是由于发展战略的不同所致,人们开始重新去认识和评价传统发展战略的局限性,标志着人类文明即将步入一个被称之"环境文明"新的历史时代.历史文化传统和经济发展水平决定公众环境意识,公众的环境意识直接影响可持续发展战略的实施,如何增强,提出决策和建议,通过大力开展环境宣传教育,提高公众环境意识,可持续发展,实现可持续发展的战略.     

Self-Injection of a Dipteran Parasitoid into a Spider

 A host invasion strategy hitherto unknown from other insect parasitoids was observed in the dipteran Acrocera orbicula (Fabricius) (Diptera: Acroceridae) parasitizing the wolf spider, Pardosa prativaga (L. Koch) (Araneida: Lycosidae). In laboratory experiments the free-living first instar acrocerid larvae attached themselves firmly to the spiders' integument by the mouthparts, cutting a tiny hole through the integument. No first instar larvae invaded the host. A week later the parasitoids molted, and a small, flexible, and glabrous second instar larva left each of the attached first instar exuviae and invaded the host through the attachment hole of the first instar larva. The novel host invasion pattern observed may reduce physical damage to the host in the initial phase of endoparasitism, enhancing parasitoid survival. Received: 14 April 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 2 July 1999     

Performance of a novel vertical-flow settler: a comparative study

By increasing particle concentration and G value （root-mean-square velocity gradient） to enhance flocculation, a novel vertical-flow settler was designed to increase sedimentation effectiveness, and to simultaneously improve operational stabilization. Due to the gradual decrease in upward flow-rate of raw water, a floes blanket would form and suspend in the middle section of the settler, not at the bottom as in a conventional clarifier. Enough large floes, resulted from flocculation or fltration, would continuously settle out of the floes blanket, and simultaneously, the floes in raw water or those forming above the blanket would ceaselessly enter the floes blanket. As a result, the floes concentration in the blanket could keep a dynamic balance. The hydrodynamic shear in the blanket was improved by flow separation, which was induced by the abrupt change in flow channel. Due to the floes blanket and improved hydrodynamic shear, flocculation would be enhanced, which was helpful for removing fine particles in raw water. A comparative study showed that the novel vertical-flow settler had a much better performance in the removal of the particles in raw water than a conventional one, when they treated kaolin suspensions of different concentrations （500, 100 and 50 mg/L, respectively） coagulated by polyaluminum chloride（PAC1） at the up-flow rates of 1 and 2 mm/s, respectively.     

建设宁静家园 营造和谐环境——厦门市思明区创建“安静居住小区”的做法和体会

创建安静居住小区,是以营造安静和谐的宜居生活环境为目标,通过强化噪声监管、开展宣传教育等方式,改善城区声环境质量,提高居民环保意识,提高城市文明水平的一种有效方式.2009年以来,厦门市思明全区开展创建“安静居住小区”工作.目前,25个创建小区中共有24个通过验收达标.“安静居住小区”创建以来,小区居民对居住环境质量的满意率达到97％,小区噪声污染得到有效治理,居民的环保意识得到极大提高.     

Attributes of a hopper-predator community in a rice field

A hopper-predator community in an experimental rice field was observed weekly with regard to information content (H′), formation of a geometric series or the grade of orderly distribution of component taxa (R²), and clumping index (I). These community attributes changed with time in close association with one another, and attained the highest values around the heading time of the rice. Significant correlations were found between the density of prey and that of predators when a certain time-lag was assumed for the increase of predators.     

建设绿色重庆构建和谐社会

"十一五"是我国经济社会发展的重要战略机遇期,也是环境保护工作极具挑战的时期.我们将以党的十六届五中全会精神为指针,以建设"绿色重庆"为目标,以"预防为主、综合治理,不欠新账、多还旧账,创新机制、强化监管,突出重点、分类指导,典型示范、带动全面"为基本原则,发展循环经济,解决突出问题,改善环境质量,建立工作机制,努力构建环境友好型社会.     

When a year takes 18 months: evidence for a strong circannual clock in a shorebird

During the last three of 20 years kept as a pet, a red knot (Calidris canutus) went through two complete 'circannual' cycles of body mass and plumage. With a record cycle length of 18 months, this individual shorebird provides evidence for an exceptionally strong circannual clock system. The absence of synchronisation to outdoor but visible periodic cues suggests that the constant, socially-induced, day-night environment was of overriding importance. So far, only for songbirds is there firm experimental evidence that annual cycles are orchestrated by an endogenous circannual clock system. In constant environments the circannual cycles of these passerines tend to have periods that are shorter, rather than longer, than a year.