废旧硅橡胶酸性热解残渣热解馏出物组分分析

在不同温度下对废旧硅橡胶酸性热解残渣进行热解,通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术对馏出油的组分进行分离与鉴定.实验结果表明:当热解温度为180℃时,馏出油组分相对较单一,主要是低沸点硅油类物质,可再次回收利用,实现清洁生产;当热解温度为340℃时,馏出油组分多且复杂,主要为高沸点硅油类物质,还有硅油类物质氧化和高温热解后的产物...     

利用苯酐废渣生产快干型氨基醇酸烘漆

我厂年产４万ｔ苯酐装置精制工序Ｋ２０１精馏塔馏出的轻组分，主要由苯酐、苯甲酸、少量的顺酐及微量的柠糠酐组成，颜色呈淡黄色。Ｋ２０２精馏塔馏出的重组分，主要由苯酐和胶质组成，颜色呈灰黑色。两股物料混合排入废渣罐。该废渣虽然可以通过升华的方法进行回收，但回收的产物仍是苯酐和苯甲酸的混合物，不能作为规范产品销售。我们开发的苯酐废渣综合利用技术，可利用Ｋ２０１精馏塔馏出的轻组分或者两塔所排混合渣料的回收物作为原料，生产苯甲酸改性醇酸树脂，并用此树脂与氨基树脂等调合生产出氨基醇酸烘漆。该漆是我国工业涂装主…     

垃圾渗滤液中腐殖酸的回收利用

该发明提供了一种垃圾渗滤液中腐殖酸回收利用的综合治理方法。将垃圾渗滤液粗滤、去除杂质后用酸调节pH至1．0～5．5;然后按垃圾渗滤液体积的0．01％～0．06％加入絮凝剂,快速搅拌均匀并沉降20～80min;经沉淀、分离后得到腐殖酸,其上层清液用吸附剂吸附过滤后pH为6～8;处理后的上层清液回灌人垃圾填埋场或经高级氧化技术处理达标后排放。     

聚乙烯副产物聚乙烯蜡的热解及轻质馏分的GC-MS分析

采用高温模拟蒸馏、红外光谱和热重分析等方法对聚乙烯副产物聚乙烯蜡进行了表征。在间歇高压反应釜中对聚乙烯副产物聚乙烯蜡进行了热解,并通过正交实验考察了热解温度、停留时间和初始压力对液相产物收率的影响。利用GC-MS技术对液相产物轻质馏分(低于200℃)进行了分析。结果表明:聚乙烯副产物聚乙烯蜡主要由长链脂肪烃(C_(14)~C_(70))组成;热解发生的温度范围为175~490℃;热解温度和停留时间是影响液相产物收率的主要因素;液相产物轻质馏分的碳数分布在C_9~C_(20),主要为α-烯烃(占比32.79%)和正构烷烃,其中单体烃含量最高的是1-癸烯(占比8.46%),它是制备高级合成润滑油聚α-烯烃的优质原料。     

酚焦油资源化技术研究(Ⅰ)--先初馏再催化裂解

开发出一种将酚焦油先初馏再催化裂解的回收处理新工艺及LZ—1型催化剂。在初馏温度为340—360℃、真空度为0．07—0．09MPa的条件下，初馏液体产品的平均收率为86．67％；在催化裂解温度为320—340℃，LZ—1型催化剂的加入比为2．5％—3．0％、裂解时间为3—4h的条件下，催化裂解产物的平均收率为90．96％。     

利用含铜蚀刻废液生产碱式碳酸铜

介绍了利用含铜蚀刻废液生产碱式碳酸铜的生产工艺、技术特点、工艺流程和产品质量。以碳酸钠作蚀刻废液的除杂剂,对其进行除杂前处理,控制反应液的pH为3．5～4．0、反应液中碳酸钠的浓度为0．02～0．03mol／L。可除去其中大部分杂质。用碳酸钠与含铜溶液中的铜进行合成反应,控制反应温度为70～80℃、pH为8～9、碳酸钠和含铜溶液中铜的浓度均为1mol／L,反应生成碱式碳酸铜,此产品中铜的质量分数为56％,产品质量优于木材防腐用碱式碳酸铜国内外同类产品。     

一种利用零价铁-超声波协同作用对焦化废水脱色的方法

该发明涉及一种利用零价铁-超声波协同作用对焦化废水进行脱色的方法。具体为将废水和零价铁屑／粉加入到反应器中,调节废水pH至1～6,而后在功率为150～200W的超声波作用下搅拌反应30～60min,实现废水脱色和COD的去除。零价铁的加入量为2～500g／L,反应温度为10～80℃。采用该发明可将焦化废水的色度由初始的1500倍降至140倍,色度去除率达90％以上;     

利用废旧机油制钠基润滑脂的工艺研究

对废旧机油的再生及用再生机油制备钠基润滑脂的工艺进行了探讨 . 实验证明 : 废机油经过脱水、酸洗、碱洗、脱色处理 , 可得到很好的再生 ; 用再生机油与 10% ～ 25% 的动物油脂混合 , 经皂化、调拌、压研等处理 , 可得到合格的润滑脂 . 合适的工艺条件为 : 硫酸用量为废机油量的 3% ～ 7% , 酸洗温度为室温 , 皂化温度为 90～ 100℃ , 皂化时间 2～ 3h, 机油分批加入调拌 .     

反应蒸馏法处理高浓度有机废水

采用反应蒸馏法处理化纤生产过程中产生的高浓度有机废水,其馏出液的CODcr 去除率达90%以上,BOD_5/CODcr 为 0.59—0.68,具有可生化性,可送入生化处理装置;其残液的热值达5000千卡/公斤,可用作燃油。该处理法与其它处理法相比,既可节省能源、综合利用资源,又无二次污染,有明显的经济、环境和社会效益。     

酸性橙Ⅱ废水催化铁内电解法脱色研究

对催化铁内电解法处理酸性橙Ⅱ废水进行了研究,考察了进水pH、搅拌速率、进水酸性橙Ⅱ浓度、铁铜比、支持电解质浓度、进水温度等因素对脱色效果的影响。在最优反应条件下,酸性橙Ⅱ的去除率大于98％,COD的去除率大于76％。催化铁内电解法对酸性橙Ⅱ的去除非常有效,且有较宽的pH适应范围。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Selection of Autochthonous Plant Species from SE Spain for Soil Lead Phytoremediation Purposes

Mining activity in SE of Spain, in the west Mediterranean coast, originated more than two millenniums ago. It has generated huge areas affected by heavy metals contamination, especially of lead, which is possibly one of the most important. Investigations related to the selection of autochthonous plant taxa from a typical Spanish Mediterranean area, useful for phytoextraction and phytostabilization purposes in these polluted areas are shown. Under these edaphoclimatic conditions 12 interesting species were considered, from them six taxa were chosen for further studies. Some plant species have been proposed either for phytoextraction or phytostabilization purposes. Recommendations for further research have been discussed.     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.