蓖麻对镉的耐性、积累及与镉亚细胞分布的关系

本研究以淄蓖麻3号为供试材料,通过营养液栽培实验,研究了不同Cd浓度(0、10、25、50、100、200、400μmol·L-1)对蓖麻生理特性、镉积累和亚细胞分布特征的影响,揭示镉细胞分布特征对镉耐性与积累的影响.结果表明,镉处理对蓖麻叶片丙二醛含量影响不显著,叶绿素含量则对镉具有较强的敏感性,可作为蓖麻镉耐性的评价指标.随着营养液镉含量的增加,蓖麻根、茎、叶镉含量均呈上升趋势,各器官镉含量呈现出根茎叶的分配特征,根系对镉具有较强的积累能力和滞留作用.镉在蓖麻根系和叶片各亚细胞组分的含量均为可溶组分细胞壁细胞器,随着镉胁迫的增加,蓖麻根系细胞壁中镉的相对含量呈增加趋势,可见液泡区隔化和细胞壁固持是蓖麻应对镉胁迫的重要耐性机制.镉在蓖麻体内的茎-叶转移系数为0.35~0.62,而根-茎转移系数仅为0.02~0.11,可见镉从根系向茎的转移能力较弱是降低蓖麻地上部镉富集的重要原因.统计分析表明,蓖麻根系镉的亚细胞分布特征对镉从根向茎的迁移转化能力有显著影响.根-茎转移系数随着根系细胞壁和细胞器镉分配比例的增加而递减,随可溶组分镉分配比例的增加而递增.     

NTA对玉米体内Cu、Zn的积累及亚细胞分布的影响

通过向多金属复合污染土壤中加入螯合剂氨三乙酸(NTA)并运用差速离心法研究了NTA对玉米根、茎和叶中Cu、Zn亚细胞分布的影响.结果表明:Cu和Zn在玉米细胞内的分布特征与其吸收和富集重金属能力密切相关,NTA能显著促进Cu和Zn在玉米体内的吸收和积累并且影响重金属在细胞壁和液泡内的分布.在玉米细胞内,细胞壁是Cu的主要结合位点,其次为含液泡的细胞质部分,只有少量的Cu分布在叶绿体、线粒体、细胞核等细胞器组分中;Zn更趋向于分布在以液泡为主的细胞质中,并且在细胞器中也有较高的分布.在NTA诱导下,Cu和Zn在液泡内的分布呈强化趋势,有从细胞壁向细胞质转移的趋势,叶片中细胞器的重金属也部分向细胞质转移.     

香蒲吸收镉的途径及体内镉化学形态研究

香蒲(Typhaangustifolia L.)是一种重金属镉富集植物,通过水培实验,利用ATP酶抑制剂和离子通道抑制剂,探讨了香蒲根系吸收镉离子的途径,以及镉离子在香蒲根部的亚细胞分布特征和化学形态。研究结果显示:ATP酶抑制剂和非选择性阳离子通道抑制剂对香蒲吸收镉离子有显著的抑制作用(P细胞器>液泡,香蒲根细胞中镉形态以氯化钠提取态为主,香蒲根细胞可将大部分镉隔离在细胞壁中,香蒲的细胞壁是其体内累积镉的一个重要位点,香蒲根部细胞壁的区隔化作用是其对镉富集解毒的重要生理机制之一。     

镉胁迫对不同品种白菜生长生理及亚细胞分布的影响

为了解镉胁迫对不同品种白菜生长生理、亚细胞分布的影响,采用盆栽试验的方法,设置不同镉浓度处理,研究贵州常栽的三个品种白菜生长、生理及亚细胞分布差异。结果显示：镉胁迫下,春信火锅王生长状态较好,且总体表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制的规律(地上部干重在迟白二号上的表现除外)。白菜叶绿素含量(SPAD)总体呈先增加后降低的趋势,叶绿素的最大值体现在春信火锅王上,迟白二号各部位镉含量与叶绿素含量呈显著负相关关系;植物络合素(PCs)浓度总体呈升高-降低-升高的趋势,春信火锅王地上部镉含量和可溶性组分镉含量与PCs呈显著负相关关系。三个品种白菜各部位的镉含量均随外源镉增加显著增加(P<0.05),表现为地上部>根部。不同品种白菜富集转运能力有较大差异,表现为青脆迟白菜>迟白二号>春信火锅王。三个品种白菜地上部鲜质量与有效态镉均具有显著负相关关系。不同浓度镉处理下白菜叶片镉的亚细胞分布规律总体上为细胞壁>可溶性组分>细胞器,但随镉处理浓度增大,细胞壁组分镉的占比降低,可溶性部分镉占比增大甚至超过细胞壁镉含量占比。综上,本研究三个品种白菜中,春信火锅王有较强的耐镉能...     

铜在拔节期小麦中的亚细胞分布

为了解小麦对Cu的解毒及耐性机制,通过盆栽试验并采用差速离心法研究了Cu在拔节期小麦根和叶片中的亚细胞分布。研究表明,在Cu胁迫下根和叶亚细胞组分中Cu含量随胁迫浓度的升高呈上升趋势,Cu主要富集在小麦根部,向地上叶片中输送较少,小麦根部Cu含量是叶片中的1.7~4.1倍。细胞质可溶性部分和细胞壁是Cu在小麦细胞内分布的主要位点,分别占总量的36%~81%和14%~48%,细胞器中分布较少,提高Cu胁迫浓度增强了细胞质可溶性部分对Cu的区隔化作用,减弱了细胞壁对Cu的固持作用,同时减少了Cu在细胞器中的分布;叶片细胞壁对Cu的固定作用较强,根部细胞质可溶性部分对Cu的区隔化作用较强。分析表明,细胞壁的沉淀和细胞质的区隔化作用对小麦对Cu的耐性起着重要的作用。     

砷超富集植物蜈蚣草中磷和钙的亚细胞分布及其与耐砷毒的关系

为了在研究砷超富集植物蜈蚣草中磷和钙的亚细胞分布,并探讨其与蜈蚣草耐砷毒的关系进行了试验研究.结果表明,蜈蚣草吸收的磷主要分布在胞质组分中(平均占各部位总磷含量的44%以上),吸收的钙主要分布在细胞壁组分中(平均占各部位总钙含量的48%以上).与低钙(0.03和2.5 mmol·L-1)处理相比,高钙(5.0 mmol·L-1)处理时,根部的胞质组分和叶柄的细胞器组分中磷含量较高.各器官的亚细胞组分中钙含量随着介质中添加钙浓度的提高而增加.介质钙浓度过高会抑制蜈蚣草的生长.在加砷处理下,根部和叶柄细胞壁组分的磷含量有所减少,但地上部细胞器组分的磷含量及其含磷总量占植株含磷总量的相对比例、根部细胞壁组分的钙含量增加.蜈蚣草自主调节磷和钙的亚细胞水平分布可能是其耐砷毒的机制之一.     

商陆对镉锌铜胁迫的生理响应与金属积累特性

以水培方法研究了商陆(Phytolacca acinosa)在不同浓度镉、锌和铜处理下的叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、生物量和组织重金属含量。结果表明,随着处理浓度增加,叶绿素含量、SOD活性和生物量呈先增加后降低趋势。组织重金属含量在镉、锌、铜为最高浓度处理时达到最高值。根重金属含量高于茎和叶。叶片中重金属含量的最大值分别为镉100.6mg/kg、锌2753mg/kg、铜36.9mg/kg。商陆对锌的蓄积能力接近于超积累植物东南景天,是一种在锰锌复合污染土壤植物修复中具有较大应用潜力的种质资源。     

镉在三色堇中的积累及亚细胞与化学形态分布

通过营养液培养实验,研究了在不同Cd浓度(0、0.01、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4 mmol·L-1)处理下,三色堇地下部和地上部中Cd的含量与积累特征,进一步分析了Cd在三色堇体内的亚细胞分布特征和化学形态分布特征.结果表明,三色堇体内Cd积累量随着Cd浓度的增加而不断增加,对Cd具有很高的积累能力,是一种潜在的Cd超富集植物.三色堇地下部和地上部大部分的Cd分布在可溶组分和细胞壁中,而在细胞器中的分布较少.随着Cd处理浓度的增加,地下部细胞壁中镉的分配比例呈增加趋势.植株中大部分的Cd以乙醇提取态和水取提态存在,随着Cd处理浓度的增加,地上部中活性强、毒性较高的乙醇提取态和水提取态Cd分配比例总和减少,而活性较弱、毒性较低的氯化钠提取态和醋酸提取态Cd分配比例增加,这有利于降低总镉的相对毒性.因此,液泡区隔化、细胞壁固持和化学形态转化可能是三色堇应对Cd胁迫的重要耐性机制.     

LAS和AE对水生植物损伤的显微和亚显微结构观察

利用透射电镜研究了阴离子型表面活性剂LAS和非离子型表面活性剂AE对水生植物水绵、水浮莲的损伤作用.观察发现,在LAS处理液中,水绵细胞壁外层被溶解而消失,载色体的规则螺旋缠绕结构被打乱,集结成团.细胞膜与细胞壁部分分离.水浮莲细胞出现质壁分离,细胞膜部分解体,细胞质中有许多空腔,液泡增大,叶绿体变形;在AE处理液中,水绵细胞壁外层被溶解,细胞膜消失,载色体和造粉核解体,分散于整个由细胞壁内层构成的空腔中.水浮莲细胞膜部分解体,染色质浓缩,核膜逐渐解体,叶绿体和线粒体解体,液泡消失,被细胞质充填.可以推断:LAS和AE对水生植物损伤的机理不同,AE以溶解为主,LAS则除溶解外,所带电荷引起蛋白质构象改变也是主要因素之一.     

镉锌在河南华溪蟹鳃中的吸收途径及亚细胞分布研究

采用火焰原子分光光度法检测了河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanense)鳃中重金属镉、锌的含量,进而探讨了镉、锌两种金属在河南华溪蟹鳃组织中的吸收途径及亚细胞分布情况.实验首先运用Ca2+通道抑制剂三氯化镧(La Cl3)和巯基抑制剂N-乙烷基顺丁烯二酰亚胺(NEM)对河南华溪蟹预处理4 h,然后再用不同浓度镉(50、100、500μg·L-1)、锌(100、1000μg·L-1)分别处理7 d.实验结果显示,La Cl3仅抑制了鳃组织中镉的吸收,而NEM抑制了鳃组织中镉、锌的吸收.在亚细胞组分中,La Cl3降低了镉在细胞碎片和细胞器中的分布,NEM减少了镉在热稳定蛋白及锌在热变性蛋白部分的分布;两种抑制剂均增加了锌在金属富含颗粒部分的分布.实验结果表明,在河南华溪蟹鳃组织的不同亚细胞组分中,镉、锌两种重金属的分布具有差异,推测La Cl3和NEM均可调控镉的吸收,而NEM只调控锌的吸收.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.