影响我国农业持续发展的环境因素

从农业生产是经济再生产和自然再生产的性质出发,讨论了影响我国农业持续发展的一定突出的环境因素,包括外部环境和农业自然环境因素,提出了保护和改善环境的原则建议。     

试论自然环境资源有偿使用

本文从自然环境资源的自然再生产和社会再生产,以及直接劳动和间接劳动等方面论证了自然环境资源具有价值,从而为有偿使用提供了理论依据;并进一步揭示了造成自然环境资源危机的重要原因是其价值实现不足。人类在长期发展过程中,以牺牲环境和浪费资源为代价,获取了“虚假利润”;最后从加强基础理论研究和宣传教育、建立自然环境资源核算制度、由征收环境资源税逐步过渡到环境资源使用费及完善现有措施等方面提出了自然环境资源实行有偿使用的对策措施。     

一体化病虫草害管理:联合国环境署和联合国粮农组织伙伴关系

可持续发展对于我们星球的未来福利至关重要 ,一体化病虫草害管理 ( IPM)列示了实现可持续发展所需要的战略类型 .联合国粮食与农业组织 ( FAO)和联合国环境署 ,通过技术、工业与经济司化学品处(联合国环境署化学品处 ) ,正在一道工作以使 IPM在当今世界上更多的地方更多地成为一种现实 .IPM是可持续发展的一个良好实例 .通过 IPM,各个社会部门和伙伴政府组织有机会一道工作 ,来设计以环境因素、经济因素和社会因素为依据的环境无害病虫草害管理思路 .考虑到了范围更广的措施 ,包括农业实践、传病媒介控制替代办法、和有地点特色的特…     

河北省县域农业绿色全要素生产率的空间特征

农业绿色全要素生产率的提升是生态文明建设的关键。以河北省142个县域作为研究对象,运用非径向非角度、基于松弛的(slacks-based measures,SBM)方向性距离函数和全局参比曼奎斯特卢恩伯格(global MalmquistLuenberger,GML)生产率指数测算2000—2016年河北省县域农业绿色全要素生产率,并采用空间自相关方法分析河北省县域农业绿色全要素生产率的全局和局部空间特征。结果表明:(1)2000—2016年河北省县域农业绿色全要素生产率年均增长5. 42%,主要依靠绿色前沿技术进步驱动,如考虑环境因素,或可实现农业"波特‘双赢’假说";(2)从地区分布来看,河北省县域农业绿色全要素生产率增长存在地区不平衡的现象,其中冀北地区增长水平高于全省平均水平,而冀中与冀南地区增长水平落后于全省平均水平;(3)河北省县域农业绿色全要素生产率增长存在显著空间相关性,但空间相关性呈减弱趋势;(4)河北省县域农业绿色全要素生产率增长呈明显地理集聚特征,热点区向冀中、冀东南地区扩张,冷点区由冀北"一翼"向冀北"两翼"转移。     

生态环境对农田杂草发生、分布的影响及其杂草防治策略的探讨

作者在对江苏省太湖农业区田园杂草区系作过系统、全面调查的基础上,对影响农田杂草发生、分布的环境因素作了进一步的研究,认为杂草的发生量和分布除受土壤水分、土壤pH、光、温等农田自然生态因子影响外,还受耕作制度、栽培措施、除草剂施用、引种调种等人为生态因子的制约。并根据杂草在各生态环境下的生物学特性、提出以杂草检疫,杂草测报、化学防治、耕作制度防治、生物防治及杂草生物量利用相结合的杂草综合防治策略。     

畜牧生态环境的优化问题

本文论述了畜牧生态环境优化的简要内容、措施与目的。畜牧生态环境优化包括生物环境因素优化和非生物环境因素优化。但是,到目前为止,首先要求非生物因素优化。非生物环境因素优化包括小气候优化和充分运用现代科学技术成就,改进饲养管理条件,以提高畜禽生产性能。生物因素优化最重要的是充分发挥畜禽的遗传优势和完全控制疾病的发生。 在畜牧业生产中,有废弃物产生。这些废弃物是环境污染物。废弃物外理技术的优化,是畜牧生态环境优化的一部分。用废弃物生产沼气,既能消灭病原体,又能获得清洁能源与优质肥料,这是当前畜牧废弃物处理的重要发展方向, 畜牧生态环境优化的目的,是为了提高畜禽产品的产量与质量,以满足人们的物质需要。     

宇宙射线中子法在土壤水分监测研究中的应用进展

宇宙射线中子法(cosmic ray neutron probe,CRNP)是一种通过监测近地表宇宙射线中子流变化来预测土壤含水量的方法。该方法的突出特点在于百米范围的监测尺度,填补了传统点测量和遥感大范围监测间的尺度空缺,并为中小尺度农田、环境和水文等方面研究提供一种新的土壤水监测新技术。在介绍用CRNP法测量土壤含水量基本原理的基础上,分析了该方法测量结果的空间尺度代表性以及大气、土壤和植被等环境因素对其测量结果的影响;综述了近年来该方法在农业管理、水文研究和气象预报等领域的应用进展和动态以及当前研究中存在的问题和今后可能的发展方向。通过对相关研究成果的总结和分析,期望为该技术的深入发展和推广应用提供帮助。     

创建机关ISO 14001环境管理体系探析

围绕天津市环境保护局创建机关ISO14001环境管理体系过程中的环境因素识别这一核心问题,进行了深入研究和探讨,并对体系的概况,特点和创建体系的意义等进行了概述和分析,为全国环保机关建立ISO14001环境管理体系提供了借鉴。     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对大型蚤（Daphniamagna）的毒性作用研究

本研究选用大型蚤作为实验生牧,研究了邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对其急性性作用和慢性毒性作用,同时还研究了环境因素对ＤＢＰ２４ｈ－ＥＣ５０的影响。     

纳米银的迁移转化对环境微生物毒性的影响

纳米银(AgNPs)因其优越的抗菌、导电、催化等性能,被广泛应用于工业领域和日常生活中,成为当前产量和用量最高的纳米材料之一。但纳米银产品在生产、运输、洗涤、侵蚀、废弃的过程中,不可避免地会被释放到自然环境中。在复杂环境因素影响下,纳米银本身的赋存状态发生转化,并对生态环境构成严重威胁。因此,探究纳米银在环境中的迁移转化过程及其对生态环境的潜在风险成为相关领域的研究热点。针对纳米银研究现状中存在的不足,综述了天然有机质、pH值、溶解氧、离子强度、光照等环境因素对纳米银迁移转化行为以及其对微生物毒性效应的影响,并进一步深入探讨了纳米银的毒理机制,旨在为纳米银的环境行为特征研究以及风险评估提供理论基础。     

Asexual repooduction in Glossobalanus crozieri (Ptychoderidae,Enteropneusta, Hemichordata)

Several aspects of asexual reproduction in Glossobalanus crozieri (a species first found in Bermuda, but occurring also on the coast of Brazil) have been observed. The results are compared with those by earlier authors on other species of Enteropneusta. A revision of asexual reproduction in the Enteropneusta (Hemichordata) is made. Developmental rates and regeneration were studied in branchiogenital individuals, hepatic individuals and regenerands. The habitat where these forms are found is described. Possible meaning of gonad maturation and sexual reproduction in relation to asexual reproduction in different species is discussed. The need for further studies on the variation of forms which reproduce both sexually and asexually is emphasized, with a view to taxonomic problems, based both upon the proportions of the different body regions and on the number of branchial pores. The present findings indicate that, when compared to the results reported for other species, asexual reproduction in all ptychoderids (Balanoglossus, Glossobalanus and Ptychodera) follows the same general pattern. The phenomenon of asexual reproduction in this group is also confirmed to be worldwide.     

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对土壤跳虫的急、慢性毒性效应

为揭示溴代阻燃剂对土壤生态系统的潜在危害,采用回避实验和繁殖实验评价了十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对2种土壤跳虫Folsomia candida和Folsomia fimetaria的急/慢性毒性。48h的急性回避实验中,BDE-209对F.candida和F.fimetaria产生毒性效应的EC_(50)值分别为1.27和0.79mg·kg~(-1),LOEC值均小于0.5mg·kg~(-1)。慢性繁殖实验中,BDE-209对F.candida和F.fimetaria繁殖毒性的EC_(50)值分别为0.81和0.56mg·kg~(-1),LOEC值分别为<0.25和<0.5mg·kg~(-1)。研究表明,土壤BDE-209污染对跳虫的繁殖和环境行为有显著影响,且在较低暴露浓度下(0.25mg·kg~(-1))即对跳虫繁殖产生抑制效应;有性生殖的F.fimetaria比孤雌生殖的F.candida对BDE-209污染的毒性响应更为敏感。     

Interannual variability of growth and reproduction in Bursera simaruba: the role of allometry and resource variability

Plants are expected to differentially allocate resources to reproduction, growth, and survival in order to maximize overall fitness. Life history theory predicts that the allocation of resources to reproduction should occur at the expense of vegetative growth. Although it is known that both organism size and resource availability can influence life history traits, few studies have addressed how size dependencies of growth and reproduction and variation in resource supply jointly affect the coupling between growth and reproduction. In order to understand the relationship between growth and reproduction in the context of resource variability, we utilize a long-term observational data set consisting of 670 individual trees over a 10-year period within a local population of Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. We (1) quantify the functional form and variability in the growth-reproduction relationship at the population and individual-tree level and (2) develop a theoretical framework to understand the allometric dependence of growth and reproduction. Our findings suggest that the differential responses of allometric growth and reproduction to resource availability, both between years and between microsites, underlie the apparent relationship between growth and reproduction. Finally, we offer an alternative approach for quantifying the relationship between growth and reproduction that accounts for variation in allometries.     

An Edge Effect Caused by Adult Corn-Rootworm Beetles on Sunflowers in Tallgrass Prairie Remnants

Abstract: The once-extensive tallgrass prairie community of North America has been reduced to small remnants, many of which are surrounded by intensive corn (   Zea mays ) agriculture. We investigated adult corn-rootworm beetles (Chrysomelidae : Diabrotica spp.), important pests of corn, on sunflowers (Asteraceae : Helianthus spp . ) in prairie remnants in southeast Minnesota. Large numbers of beetles invaded the prairie from surrounding corn fields in late summer. D. barberi and D. virgifera were captured on sticky traps in all locations in the prairie, but abundance was much greater near the edge adjacent to corn. We observed D. barberi ( but not D. virgifera ) feeding extensively on sunflower pollen and occasionally on other flower parts, such as petals. Sunflowers located nearer corn fields sustained more floral damage than those farther from corn. To determine the effect of beetle damage on seed set, we enclosed sunflower heads in bags with either zero, two, or four D. barberi adults. Seed set was reduced in heads enclosed with D. barberi . Thus, this agricultural pest may interfere with the successful reproduction of sunflowers and possibly other prairie composites that flower in late summer. Given the small size of most prairie remnants and the abundance of this flower-feeding beetle in landscapes dominated by corn agriculture, D. barberi may affect the sustainability of prairie plant populations.     

High survival in poor years: life history tactics adapted to mast seeding in the edible dormouse

Edible dormice (Glis glis) reproduce in years with beech mast seeding, but entire populations may skip reproduction in years when tree seeds, a major food resource of this small hibernator, are absent. We tested the hypothesis that the year-to-year variability in reproductive effort caused by this breeding strategy should lead to detectable differences in yearly survival rates. Therefore, we analyzed capture-recapture data from animals occupying nest boxes, collected over nine years at two study sites in Germany. Among fully grown adults (aged two years or older), survival probabilities were significantly lower (0.32 +/- 0.04) after reproductive years (n = 5) compared to years (n = 4) with absent or below-average reproduction (0.58 +/- 0.07) on both study sites. This trade-off between reproduction and subsequent survival was observed in both females and males and appears to be a relatively rare case in which costs of reproduction in terms of longevity are detectable at the population level. Effects of reproduction on survival were less pronounced when yearlings (with a generally lower reproductive effort) were included and were more distinct in a suboptimal habitat. Of those females breeding in nest boxes, 96.5% had only one or two litters within the study period. Considering these and previously published results, including a report of extremely high mean longevities (9-12 years) of dormice in a habitat with infrequent mast seeding, we conclude that edible dormice flexibly adjust life history tactics to local mast patterns. Long stretches of mast failures can in fact lead to relative semelparity, i.e., a strategy in which dormice "sit tight" for several years until environmental conditions are favorable for reproduction.     

Reproductive investment reduces recuperation from exhaustive escape activity in the tropical scallop Euvola zizac

In scallops, mobilization of reserves from the adductor muscle to support maintenance and reproductive activity may impinge upon a major role of the adductor muscle, the movement of the valves during swimming and escape responses. The tropical scallop Euvola ziczac (Linnaeus 1758) invests energy reserves to different degrees during its two periods of reproduction each year. We evaluated the impact of reproductive investment on the escape responses (clapping capacity and recovery after exhaustive exercise) of E. ziczac sampled at different reproductive stages (immature, mature, spawned) during the two reproductive periods in 1997. We compared the escape response capacities with the levels of muscle energetic reserves (glycogen, proteins, and arginine phosphate) and muscle metabolic capacities [activity of the glycolytic enzymes: glycogen phosphorylase (GP), pyruvate kinase (PK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), octopine dehydrogenase (ODH), arginine kinase (AK), and the mitochondrial enzyme, citrate synthase (CS)]. Gonad size, gamete volume fraction, and levels of gonadal protein and lipid were greater for mature scallops during the first than during the second reproduction. Numbers of claps during escape responses (49–57) and levels of muscle arginine phosphate remained similar throughout the different reproductive stages in both reproductive periods. In contrast, recovery was slowed during gonadal maturation in both reproductive periods and during spawning in the first reproduction. Scallops generally took more time to regain their initial clapping capacity during the first (25–40 min) than during the second reproduction (20–30 min). Muscle glycogen decreased markedly during both gonadal maturation and spawning in both reproductions; whereas, muscle proteins decreased only in the first reproduction. The levels of most enzymes decreased during gonadal maturation in both reproductions, and also after spawning, particularly during the first reproduction. We concluded that gonadal maturation and spawning did not decrease clapping capacity of E. ziczac, but decreased its capacity to recover from exhaustive exercise most likely due to decreased levels of energetic reserves and a reduced metabolic capacity of the adductor muscle. Moreover, these effects were probably stronger during the first cycle because of the greater reproductive investment coincident with decreased food availability. Received: 28 April 2000 / Accepted: 21 September 2000     

Evidence of amictic reproduction in the brittle-star Ophiomyxa brevirima

Ophiomyxa brevirima is a direct-developing species of brittle-star found around the coast of New Zealand. The mode of reproduction of this ophiuroid was studied using isozyme electrophoresis of mother and brooded offspring. Multi-locus assessment of the genotypes of 35 adult females and their brooded offspring was undertaken. A minimum of 45% of broods assessed showed evidence of amictic reproduction, with all offspring in these broods possessing genotypes that were identical to the genotype of their heterozygous mother. In most other broods there was evidence of segregation. These observations are interpreted as evidence of both sexual and asexual reproduction in this ophiuroid species. Received: 19 November 1996 / Accepted: 28 January 1997     

Reproductive suppression and inbreeding avoidance in wild populations of co-operatively breeding meerkats (Suricata suricatta)

Meerkats live in co-operatively breeding familial groups in which reproduction is monopolised by a dominant pair of breeders. Offspring of the breeders are behaviourally subordinate, and typically remain in their natal group as sexually mature, non-breeding helpers. In this study, we investigated the proximate factors limiting subordinate reproduction. Evidence for reproductive suppression by dominants was investigated by comparing life history, behaviour and hormonal profiles of dominants and subordinates. Baseline levels of plasma luteinising hormone (LH) were significantly higher in dominant than in subordinate females. However, following an exogenous injection of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), both categories had comparable concentrations of circulating LH. There were no significant differences in pre- or post-GnRH challenge LH levels in dominant or subordinate males. Reproduction in both dominant and subordinate females rarely occurred in the absence of unrelated males. Given that groups typically comprise parents and offspring, lack of suitable mates emerged as the primary constraint on subordinate reproduction. When this constraint was removed, subordinates typically bred but at a lower rate than dominants. This difference in reproduction may be attributed to intrasexual competition manifested through direct interference by dominant females through subordinate evictions, infanticide and the abandoning of subordinate litters. We argue that differences in reproductive regulation within mammalian co-operative breeding systems may be explained by differences in the mating strategy (inbreeding versus outbreeding) and the probability that subordinates in obligate outbreeding species will encounter unrelated opposite-sex partners. Received: 19 April 2000 / Accepted: 17 July 2000     

Simulating conditions for the regulation of a moose population by Wolves

Computer simulations were used to explore how wolves could regulate moose populations in the presence or absence of hunting. In the model, vulnerability to predation varied with the age of the moose, and the numbers of animals killed per age-class were computed using the Nicholson-Bailey model. Vulnerability to hunting varied with sex and age of moose. Three possibilities were investigated: (a) when reproduction of both predator and prey were held constant; (b) when reproduction of wolves was directly related to winter survival; and (c) as for b, with the addition that wolves have access to garbage dumps in winter. The last set of hypotheses proved to be sufficient for the predator to regulate its prey.     

生态农业系统综合效益评价研究动态与展望

总结了国内外生态农业发展和生态农业系统生态经济评价体系及评价的方法，阐述了生态农业综合效益评价的特点及国内外研究的最新动态。提出土壤健康在农业持续发展评价中的重要性。最后指出了生态-经济系统整合模型在建立生态农业最优化模式中的应用前景。