南海市乡镇企业环境污染事故的特征研究

对南海市１９９１０１９９５年５年间乡镇企业发生的环境污染事故作了统计，分析了它们的发生规律、主要受害对象以及行业分布规律。     

天津市地表水水质变化趋势及对策

水资源短缺和水体严重污染,是天津市的主要水环境问题。通过对天津市主要水体水质变化趋势及产生原因分析,揭示天津地区水污染的发生规律,并提出了改善水环境质量的相应对策。     

广东省枯水径流时间演化规律的研究

枯水径流时间演化规律研究的内容非常广泛,如枯水径流发生的时间、频率分布、趋势和周期分析等,但从研究现状来看,处在丰水地区的广东省对枯水径流时间演化规律的研究还十分少见,因此文章根据广东省枯水所具备的特点,选取枯水径流发生时间和频率分布两个方面进行了研究。首先选取1956—2000年广东省境内8大水系上各控制站点的最小月径流量,采用统计分析的方法,对各站最小月径流量发生时间规律进行了研究,结果表明,广东省内出现最小月径流量的大多数月份是2月,占总统计月份数的32.3%,其次为12月、1月和3月;其次选取较为典型的西枝江流域九洲站1959—2002年44年间的实测径流最小日流量资料,分别采用两参数对数正态、P-Ⅲ型、对数P-Ⅲ型和耿贝尔型四种分布曲线进行适线,结果表明,P-Ⅲ型最为符合年最小日流量频率分布。     

功能区对热岛发生频率及其强度的影响

通过定点观测的方法对商业区、工业区、社区和森林公园的热岛发生频率及其强度进行了研究.结果显示,功能区对热岛发生频率及其强度具有明显的影响,但在各季节影响规律各不相同.总体来说,商业区和森林公园对热岛发生频率及其强度影响较大,商业区对热岛效应具有正效应.而森林公园对其则趋向于负效应.结果表明,城市各功能区的热岛效应可以通过生态型功能区规划和特殊管理方式进行缓解.     

三峡库区消落带土壤与沉积物重金属分布特征

三峡水库175 m高水位蓄水后生态环境发生显著改变,目前对于库区消落带土壤及沉积物重金属的迁移转化规律还缺乏研究.本研究采集库区涪陵至巴东段土壤沉积物样品,对重金属形态含量进行分析,旨在探明库区消落带土壤和沉积物中重金属分布特征及相关关系,为进一步研究库区消落带重金属污染和迁移转化规律提供基础依据.     

刍议新邵县松梢螟的发生与防治

松梢螟是新邵县松类树种的原发性害虫,在中、成龄松林内长期存在.近年来,松梢螟逐步扩散、蔓延为害,甚至局部暴发.通过对新邵县松梢螟的为害情况进行调查,对其生物学特性及发生规律进行了初步研究,探析了防治工作中存在的问题,对综合防控松梢螟危害提出了相应的对策.表1,参6.     

聚硅氯化铝（PASC）的形态分布及转化规律：Ⅰ.Al—Ferron逐时络合比色？…

采用Ａｌ－Ｆｅｒｒｏｎ逐时络合比色法比较研究了ＰＡＳＣ与ＰＡＣ中铝的形态分布及转化规律。实际结果表明,在ＰＡＳＣ中,由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合产物的相互作用,使得铝的水解聚合形态分布及转化情况发生了变化。     

《南岳林木真菌病害调查及重要病害的防治研究》简介

我校周建良副教授主持,由高迟、彭珍宝等同志参加的《南岳林木真菌病害调查及重要病害的防治研究》课题历时数年,对南岳林木真菌病害进行了深入、广泛调查,共鉴定出57科、130种林木所发生的病害;其中两种病害在国内尚未报道,42种病害属湖南新分布,摸清了南岳林木真菌病害的种类、危害状况和发生规律。对两种国家重点保护的珍稀濒危植物     

城市露水与城市下垫面相互关系研究

城市露水与城市下垫面的关系目前尚不清楚。在广州市典型商业区、工业区和居住区等功能区内选择草地、矮灌和混凝土这3种常见的下垫面类型作为露水收集点,露水收集方法为布片法。结果显示,不同性质的下垫面对露水发生频率有一定的影响,但差异不大,尤其是冬春两季。就同一下垫面而言,秋冬季露水发生频率较大,尤其是秋季,露水发生频率达到60%以上。夏秋两季各下垫面的露水发生频率呈现草地矮灌混凝土的规律。在春、夏、秋三季,草坪上的平均露水凝结量较大,其次是矮灌,最小是混凝土。冬季露水量则呈现草地矮灌混凝土的规律。各季节3种下垫面间的平均露水量差异均不显著。就同一下垫面上各季节凝结的露水量而言,草地和矮灌规律一致,即春季与秋冬季的露水差异达到显著水平。混凝土上凝结的露水量则表现为春季与秋冬季差异显著,夏秋季差异显著。无论是草地、矮灌还是混凝土下垫面,秋季在其上凝结的平均露水量最少,基本在0.01 mm以下。草地和矮灌上凝结的平均露水量呈现夏季冬季春季秋季的规律。3种下垫面各季节凝结的最大露水量未体现明显的规律性,各季节凝结的最大露水量平均值在0.056~0.065 mm之间。结果表明,广州高速城市化带来的城市景观破坏化,产生大量镶嵌的城市下垫面,对城市露水的形成产生了明显影响,研究结果可为城市生态环境研究与管理提供参考。     

降雨作用下坡面侵蚀的水动力机理

降雨作用下的坡面侵蚀不仅导致严重的水土流失,同时也可能诱发严重的重力地质灾害如滑坡、泥石流等.研究其发生发展的机理以及内部理论规律对减灾防灾具有至关重要的作用.文章以水动力学公式为基础,从坡面颗粒侵蚀的水分环境角度入手,分析了浸泡状态下松散颗粒和固定颗粒的侵蚀机理,揭示降雨作用下坡面水流与坡面颗粒间的相互作用关系,并给出各类型侵蚀发生所对应的临界降雨强度.最后,通过实例计算验证了理论的合理性.     

Trends of environmental accidents and impact factors in China

An overview of the spatial and temporal variations of the environmental accidents in China in recent years was presented in this paper using available data. The results showed that the frequency of pollution accidents was significantly decreased, from 3462 in 1990 to 462 in 2007. The water and air pollution accidents were found to be the dominant types, accounting for more than 80% of the total accidents. Considering the classification of environmental accidents at 4 scales, the general environmental accident, i.e., the least serious type, was the most frequent event, taking up 58.98% of the total pollution accidents. In addition, the distribution of environmental accidents was generally in accordance with the industrial layout in the country during the past decade. It is very important to note that the extraordinarily severe environmental accidents showed an increasing trend in underdeveloped regions, which was caused by the transfer and the development of heavy polluted industry in these areas. As to the losses of environmental accidents, the casualties presented an obvious reduction tendency, while the direct economic loss per accident tended to climb up. Furthermore, some key factors that affect the spatial and temporal tendencies of environmental accidents in China were discussed and some suggestions were put forward, hoping to shed light on environmental risk management and emergency plans making associated with environmental accidents in China.     

Total phosphorus accident pollution and emergency response study based on geographic information system in Three Gorges Reservoir area

• A new algorithm of two-dimensional water quantity and the quality model was built. • The migration and diffusion of TP was simulated. • The emergency measures for sudden water pollution accidents was proposed. In recent years, sudden water pollution accidents in China’s rivers have become more frequent, resulting in considerable effects on environmental safety. Therefore, it is necessary to simulate and predict pollution accidents. Simulation and prediction provide strong support for emergency disposal and disaster reduction. This paper describes a new two-dimensional water quantity and the quality model that incorporates a digital elevation model into the geographic information system. The model is used to simulate sudden water pollution accidents in the main stream of the Yangtze River and Jialing River in the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The sectional velocity distribution and concentration change of total phosphorus are then analyzed under four hydrological situations. The results show that the proposed model accurately simulates and predicts the concentration change and migration process of total phosphorus under sudden water pollution accidents. The speed of migration and diffusion of pollutants is found to be greatest in the flood season, followed by the water storage period, drawdown season, and dry season, in that order. The selection of an appropriate water scheduling scheme can reduce the peak concentration of river pollutants. This study enables the impact of pollutants on the ecological environment of river water to be alleviated, and provides a scientific basis for the emergency response to sudden water pollution accidents in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.     

氯化镉、灭多威和硝基苯对日本青鳉(Oryzias latipes) 行为抑制的生物应急监测

研究了氯化镉、灭多威和硝基苯对孵化以后7d左右日本青鳉(Oryzias latipes)行为毒性。结果表明,在不同污染物中,随暴露浓度的增加,第1尾日本青鳉产生行为抑制的时间逐渐缩短,并且半数行为抑制时间(time ofhalf behavior inhibition,THBI,Y)随暴露浓度(X)呈现幂指数关系Y=aXb,其中20相似文献   

环境有毒有害物质快速鉴别方法与应用

频发的污染事故严重影响环境质量,危害人群健康,事故的源解析和修复成为了关键问题。而传统的靶向分析方法无法胜任实际工作需求。因此,本研究建立了1)有毒有害物质清单;2)一种针对有毒有害物质的快速高效鉴别方法。将上述方法应用于某场地污染事件,成功筛查鉴定出30种环境高关注度物质,通过数据库比对进一步鉴定了6种危废物质,通过购买标准样品成功验证了4种物质。同时,还通过文献查阅与标样比对确认了另外2种有毒物质。因此,本研究建立的有毒有害物质快速筛查方法为实际环境中的污染物快速鉴别提供了一种可靠的、可行的方法。     

Estimating the effect of air pollution on road safety using atmospheric temperature inversions

Does air quality influence road safety? We estimate the effect of increased air pollution on the number of road traffic accidents in the United Kingdom between 2009 and 2014. To address concerns of spurious correlation we exploit atmospheric temperature inversions as a source of plausibly exogenous variation in daily air pollution levels. We find an increase of 0.3–0.6% in the number of vehicles involved in accidents per day for each additional 1 μg/m³ of PM_2.5. The finding suggests that less safe roads may present a large and previously overlooked cost of air pollution. The results are robust to a number of specifications and across various sub-samples.     

海洋放射性污染生态风险评价研究进展

近年来,随着我国核电事业迅猛发展,海洋放射性污染的风险激增,放射物质的事故性污染将成为海洋环境一个重要问题。目前,海洋环境放射性污染风险评估的研究仍然较为薄弱,开展海洋放射性污染生态风险评价有助于了解事故对海洋生态的危害程度,为海洋与海岸带环境管理提供科学决策依据,维护海洋生态系统的健康与安全。梳理总结当前国内外海洋放射性污染生态风险评价的相关研究进展,结果表明:目前国内外对海洋放射性污染生态风险评价尚未做出科学的定义;现有海洋放射性污染生态风险评价的技术路线大体可归纳为基于经典风险评估框架和基于迭代的生态风险评价框架2种类型;ERICA Tool模型以及RESRAD-BIOTA模型是目前放射性风险评价中应用最多的方法 ,但存在海洋放射性污染标准限值少的问题;现有的研究主要集中于评估事故中后期均衡条件下的长期慢性暴露评价,对事故初期的高剂量、短期急性暴露的风险影响研究较少;我国海洋放射性污染的生态风险评价与环境影响评价的概念混淆,至今没有明确的海洋放射性污染生态风险评价的概念及技术框架。     

Stock market and deterrence effect: A mid-run analysis of major environmental and non-environmental accidents

We analyze the stock market reaction to 161 major environmental and non-environmental accidents, reported on the front page of the New York Times for half a century. To determine if the market induces a real deterrence effect, we extend the event windows up to one year. On average, the market reacts negatively and enduringly to the announcement of an accident. However, this average effect is largely driven by the airline industry and by government interventions. The estimated average compounded abnormal return following environmental accidents does not differ from zero after one year. This does not exclude, in severe events affecting large firms, huge losses in equity value, but the significant negative cumulative abnormal returns estimated immediately after an environmental accident in previous studies do not persist. Our results suggest that in a market driven by institutional investors, the deterrence effect is likely to be weak.     

Wireless alerts for extreme weather and the impact on hazard mitigating behavior

Wireless alerts delivered through mobile phones are a recent innovation in regulatory efforts toward preparation for extreme weather events including flash floods. In this article, we use difference-in-differences models of the number of car accidents from days with government issued alerts for flash flood events in Virginia. We find that wireless alert messages for flash flood warnings reduced car accidents by 15.9% relative to the counterfactual with non-wireless alert protocols. We also use a regression discontinuity model to analyze hourly traffic volume data immediately before and after a flash flood warning message is issued. We find that traffic volume is reduced by 3.1% immediately following the issuance of a wireless alert relative to before the alert. These results imply that wireless alert messages effectively reduce exposure to hazards associated with extreme weather.     

天津滨海新区城市化进程中的环境风险分析

从天津滨海新区城市化趋势入手,系统分析了滨海新区城市化进程中产生的非突发性环境风险、突发性环境风险,并在此基础上进行了滨海新区区域生态环境安全和突发性环境污染事故的环境风险评估,结果表明:水环境安全系统是影响滨海新区区域生态环境安全的关键因素,滨海化工区是环境风险事故重点控制区、滨海新区中心商务区是环境风险影响重点防范区。结合滨海新区区域发展战略,提出了天津滨海新区环境风险防范管理对策与建议。     

江苏省水污染的危害及其原因分析

论述了江苏省水污染事故及水环境污染对渔业生产、饮用水源、农牧业生产、工业生产的影响及造成的经济损失；指出河网地区水流滞缓流向不定，感潮河段水流往复运动是造成江苏省水体污染加剧的环境水力学因素，入境河流携带大量废水、污水也是造成局部地区水污染危害的重要原因