海洋底栖病毒生态作用的研究进展

病毒是地球上丰度最高的生命形式,广泛分布于包括深部生物圈在内的各种环境中。病毒通过侵染微生物宿主影响其生理特征、生态过程和生物地球化学循环。研究发现,病毒裂解是导致深海底栖原核生物死亡的主要原因,这一认识引起了研究者对底栖病毒的广泛关注。为了更为全面地认识底栖病毒的生态作用,本文分析了底栖病毒的生态特性（分布、丰度、多样性和生活方式）,动力学过程与影响因素,与宿主的相互作用以及在碳循环上的生态贡献。同时,对底栖病毒未来在生物学、生态学和生物地球化学领域的研究方向提出了展望,论文旨在提升对底栖病毒生态作用的理解,为底栖病毒生态学和相关学科的发展提供借鉴。     

秘鲁拉尔(Raul)矿山成矿作用和变质作用的氧和氢同位素研究

<正> 拉尔矿山位于秘鲁中部海岸附近,在利马(Lima)南约100公里处。该矿床为产在白垩纪海底火山-沉积岩中的层控黄铜矿床。拉尔地区最近的岩石学、矿物学和硫同位素研究表明,该矿床形成在海水-海底界面或其附近温度为70°—350℃的海底温泉处。特别是硫同位素资料证明,矿石的硫大部分来自海水硫酸盐。在火山岩中深部循环的海水     

天然气水合物形成的地质模式

根据对引起天然气水化合物形成的各种自然过程进行的研究和对天然气水合物在地下深部存在的可能性所作的评价以及根据引用的观测资料，划分出引起天然气水合物形成的低温、海侵、成岩、迁移流、断层、地层削蚀、热液、沉积和海底火山等作用的地质模式，并对这些模式的特征进行了描述。业已证明，最主要的天然气富集模式都是在海底条件下实现的。在大陆和极地陆棚的厚层冰冻岩是也可形成水合物的弱富集。     

欧洲科学基金会发起研究深海沉积物中的微生物

欧洲科学基金会（ＥＳＦ）已发起一项为期３年的研究计划，考虑探讨深海的生物圈．最近从深海钻探岩芯中发现有大量微生物．海底沉积物中的微生物可能在形成海底以下的甲烷水合物中起重要作用，而甲烷水合物是世界上最丰富的矿物能源．以前认为深海沉积层不适于生物生存，现在则认为其中包含的微生物可能占到地球微生物的１０％．为协调这一研究，ＥＳＦ已建立一个由科学家组成的网，将确定最合适的钻探位置和决定采用最佳可用技术得到沉积物样品．１９９９年９月在英国利兹市召开了关于该问题的学术讨论会ＥＳＦ是由来自２２个欧洲国家的６…     

第二次中国生物圈保护区网络大会在盐城生物圈保护区召开

由中国人与生物圈国家委员会组织的第二次中国生物圈保护区网络大会1995年10月在盐城生物圈保护管理区召开。大会传达了塞维利亚第二次国际生物圈保护区大会精神,讨论了中国生物圈保护区网络活动计划。 生物圈保护区是联合国教科文组织通过的人与     

ENN精粹

正植物学家在深海珊瑚生态系统中发现几百种真菌Enn新闻精粹2017年7月12日夏威夷大学玛诺阿分校植物学系的研究人员在毛伊岛Auau海峡深层珊瑚生态系统中发现了数百种潜在的新种类真菌。珊瑚礁生态系统(MCE)通常都生长在海底130-500英尺之间,伴有丰富的植物(藻类)生命以及新的鱼类。这些珊瑚礁神秘的面纱最近通过技术先进的封闭式循环呼吸潜水     

核电站对环境影响较大的核素①

自然地理学把构成自然环境的总体划分为大气圈、水圈、生物圈、土圈和岩石圈等5个自然圈。生物圈是指接近地球表面的那一层环境,即从海洋平面以下大约10公里起,到海平面以上大约10公里这一地球表面层。人类和其他生物有机体生存在这个表面层里,称之为生物圈。在生物圈中,生物是以群落而生存的,它们和周围的大气、水、土壤、岩石、光、热等非生物环境之间存在着     

深海生物圈酵母菌的研究进展

从深海生物圈中酵母菌的来源状况、种类分布特征、研究方法等角度阐述了其最新进展,结合本课题组的相关研究,以便加强我们对深海生物圈中酵母菌的了解和认识,并提出开展该领域研究亟需解决的问题;希望本综述为开发利用深海酵母菌资源提供参考.     

核电站对环境影响较大的核素①

自然地理学把构成自然环境的总体划分为大气圈、水圈、生物圈、土圈和岩石圈等5个自然圈。生物圈是指接近地球表面的那一层环境,即从海洋平面以下大约10公里起,到海平面以上大约10公里这一地球表面层。人类和其他生物有机体生存在这个表面层里,称之为生物圈。在生物圈中,生物是以群落而生存的,它们和周围的大气、水、土壤、岩石、光、热等非生物环境之间存在着密切的关系,互相作用,进行着物质和能量的交换。生物群落和环境一起构成了生态系统。放射性“三废”的排入可能改变生物圈中各生态系统原来的平衡,进入食物链并影响人类。因此,我们在发展核能     

九、环境保护名词解释

生物圈: 地球上一切生物,其中包括人类,都是生活在地球的表面层,这个表面层就叫做生物圈。生物圈的界限包括不到十一公里深度(太平洋最深处)的一切海洋,不到九公里的高度(我国的珠穆朗玛峰)的大陆表面、海岛以及较低的大气层。     

A generalised approach of accounting for biospheric carbon stock changes under the Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol aims to reduce net emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere by various measures including through management of the biosphere. However, the wording that has been adopted may be difficult and costly to implement, and may ultimately make it impossible to cost-effectively include biosphere management to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions. An alternative scheme is proposed here, especially for the second and subsequent commitment periods, to more effectively deal with the anthropogenic component of carbon stock changes in the biosphere. It would categorise the terrestrial biosphere into different land-use types, with each one having a characteristic average carbon density determined by land-use and environmental factors. Each transition from one land-use type to another, or a change in average carbon density within a specified type due to changed management would be defined as anthropogenic and credited or debited to the responsible nation. To calculate annual credits and/or debits, the change in average carbon stocks must be divided by a time constant which would either be a characteristic of each possible land-use conversion, or applicable to the sum of changes to a nation's biospheric carbon stocks. We believe that this scheme would be simpler and less expensive to implement than one based on the measurement of actual carbon changes from all specified areas of land. It would also avoid undue credits or debits, because they would only accrue as a result of identified anthropogenic components of biospheric carbon changes whereas carbon fluxes that are due to natural variation would not be credited or debited.     

二氧化碳和生物圈的关系

生物圈和CO₂有极其密切的关系,它是CO₂的一个极其重要的汇。大气中CO₂浓度的增加将直接对生物圈构成影响。本文介绍了CO₂在生物圈中,特别是植物圈中的分布和循环。由于森林的生产量和碳的含有量均在植物生态系统中占有压倒性优势,因此本文还重点讨论了大气中CO₂浓度的变化和热带雨林中碳含量和分布的变化,同时还介绍了一些模式模拟的重要结果。      

畜禽养殖污染物资源化利用技术及模式研究

中国畜禽养殖业污染十分严重。结合中国传统农业"万物并育"思想,论述了畜禽养殖污染物的资源化利用技术及模式,主要有肥料化(牧-肥-草模式、农业废弃物-畜禽粪便堆肥模式、发酵床模式)、能源化(以沼气为核心的利用模式、畜禽粪便-农业废弃物联合发酵制氢模式)、基料化(农林副产物-食用菌模式、以食用菌为中心的循环经济模式、针叶树类木屑-发酵床养猪-食用菌利用模式)、饲料化四种方式。这些利用方式为防治畜禽养殖业污染发挥着重要作用。     

Management effectiveness in UNESCO Biosphere Reserves: Learning from Canadian periodic reviews

Calls for management effectiveness of protected areas have been made on the grounds that evaluation can help determine the ability of protected areas to meet their goals, identify opportunities and threats, and encourage stakeholders to adapt to changing conditions. In 1995, the Statutory Framework of the World Network of biosphere reserves included a requirement that all biosphere reserves must undergo a process of periodic review once every 10 years. The primary purpose of the periodic review is to evaluate the effectiveness of biosphere reserve organizations in achieving the objectives related to three functions: biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and logistical support. Beyond meeting statutory requirements, the periodic review process can also be considered an opportunity for learning within and beyond the national and international networks. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how management effectiveness in Canadian biosphere reserves has been interpreted through the periodic review process conducted in Canada. A content analysis was performed on the 15 periodic review reports of the 11 Canadian biosphere reserves reviewed between 1995 and 2012. Determining compliance appears to be the dominant purpose of periodic reviews, while determining and providing learning opportunities through periodic review is emerging. We conclude that periodic reviews can be used as learning tools if systematic efforts are made to evaluate, reflect, and share lessons learned. Specific recommendations are provided to enhance this possibility.     

The re-territorialisation of Biosphere Reserves: The case of Wester Ross,Northwest Scotland

Biosphere reserves, designated under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, are now regarded as key mechanisms to achieve global imperatives such as the Sustainable Development Goals. The concept of biosphere reserves has evolved significantly from the 1970s to include a larger number of functions and zones, as well as the inclusion of stakeholders in governance, as codified in the 1996 Statutory Framework for the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Its implementation has led to the re-territorialisation of 66 biosphere reserves, as they have been extended beyond the protected areas that form their ‘core areas’. One example is Wester Ross in northwest Scotland. This region has been nationally recognised for its high biodiversity and landscape values since the late 1940s, and a small biosphere reserve was established in 1976. In the current decade, as required by the MAB Programme, this biosphere reserve was extended to over 100 times its original area through a participatory process which is described in detail. Following re-territorialisation, this biosphere reserve, like others, both represents opportunities and faces challenges. These are discussed with regard to four requirements: effective communication, stakeholder engagement, participatory governance, and funding.     

废水中除汞菌株洋葱假单胞菌抗汞质粒的分析

目前我国汞消费量日益增大且污染日益严重,汞污染已影响到我国居民的健康,含汞污染物一旦排放到环境中,造成的环境污染就会以食物链形式放大,危协人类的健康.利用微生物对含汞废水清除是一条适合我国国情的生物治理途径.通过研究发现环境中的某屿微生物能利用自身的基因表达出一种汞还原酶及汞裂解酶,将环境污水中的汞离子还原成金属汞,降...     

深层灰岩裂隙含水层的微生物种群特征及多样性分析

淄博深层灰岩裂隙含水层遭受石油污染已有30年,含水层中微生物降解对污染物的去除起到重要的作用,目前有关深层灰岩裂隙含水层中微生物群落结构和多样性的相关研究较少。本文采用高通量测序技术对研究区灰岩岩溶裂隙介质表面及地下水中的微生物种群结构进行了研究,对石油降解菌的种群特征及多样性进行了探讨,并利用RDA对典型石油降解菌与理化因子的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,含水层中的菌群主要属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota),且地下水比灰岩岩溶裂隙介质表面呈现出更高的生物多样性;含水层中石油降解细菌主要属于脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、假黄色单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)等,石油降解真菌主要来自煤炱目(Capnodiales)、座囊菌目(Dothideales)、银耳目(Tremellales)中的菌种;地下水中的石油降解细菌、真菌与总石油烃(TPH)、全磷(TP)和全氮(TN)的相关性比灰岩岩溶裂隙介质更高。     

Amphimixis and the individual in evolving populations: does Weismann’s Doctrine apply to all,most or a few organisms?

The German biologist August Weismann (1834–1914) proposed that amphimixis (sexual reproduction) creates variability for natural selection to act upon, and hence he became one of the founders of the Neo-Darwinian theory of biological evolution. He is perhaps best known for what is called “Weismann’s Doctrine” or “Weismann’s Barrier” (i.e. the irreversible separation of somatic and germ cell functionalities early during ontogeny in multicellular organisms). This concept provided an unassailable argument against “soft inheritance” sensu Lamarck and informed subsequent theorists that the only “individual” in the context of evolution is the mature, reproductive organism. Herein, we review representative model organisms whose embryology conforms to Weismann’s Doctrine (e.g. flies and mammals) and those that do not (e.g. freshwater hydroids and plants) based on this survey and the Five Kingdoms of Life scheme; we point out that most species (notably bacteria, fungi, protists and plants) are “non-Weismannian” in ways that make a canonical definition of the “individual” problematic if not impossible. We also review critical life history functional traits that allow us to create a matrix of all theoretically conceivable life cycles (for eukaryotic algae, embryophytes, fungi and animals), which permits us to establish where this scheme Weismann’s Doctrine holds true and where it does not. In addition, we argue that bacteria, the dominant organisms of the biosphere, exist in super-cellular biofilms but rarely as single (planktonic) microbes. Our analysis attempts to show that competition among genomic variants in cell lineages played a critical part in the evolution of multicellularity and life cycle diversity. This feature was largely ignored during the formulation of the synthetic theory of biological evolution and its subsequent elaborations.     

珠江口海区的碳贮量

本文根据实测资料,分别计算了珠江口海区各碳贮库的碳贮量,计算得海水贮库碳贮量约为300×10~6kg,颗粒碎屑碳贮库约11×10~6kg,生物碳贮库约3×10~6kg,表层沉积物碳贮库约698×10~6kg,并由计算结果讨论了珠江口碳贮库各类碳的分配情况。