Electrokinetic movement of multiple chlorobenzenes in contaminated soils in the presence of β-cyclodextrin

This study investigated the electrokinetic (EK) behavior of multiple chlorobenzenes, including 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene (TeCB), 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (i-TeCB), and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene (TCB) in contaminated clayed soils. The effect of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on the EK removal of the chlorobenzenes was studied. The largest removal was obtained when Na2CO3/NaHCO3 buffer was used as anodic purging solution without β-CD. The removal efficiencies were related to the aqueous solubilities of chlorobenzenes. With the same cumulative electroosmotic flow, greater solubility led to higher removal efficiency. The addition of β-CD inhibited the EK removal efficiency of all chlorobenzenes. The inhibition increased with the increase of β-CD concentration. With the same β-CD concentration, the inhibition increased with the rise of electric potential. It was found that the inclusion compounds between β-CD and chlorobenzenzes were less soluble than chlorobenzenes. The formation of the less soluble inclusion compounds reduced the aqueous solubility of chlorobenzenes and led to the partial immobilization of the chlorobenzenes that desorbed from soil. It was feasible to use the EK technology to remove chlorobenzenes in contaminated soils using water as the anodic flushing solution. The addition of β-CD was not recommended for the EK removal of chlorobenzenes.     

Methyl-β-cyclodextrin enhanced biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated microbial activity in contaminated soil

The contamination of soils by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a widespread environmental problem and the remediation of PAHs from these areas has been a major concern.The effectiveness of ma...     

Study on the toxicity of acid rain to microbiota in soils

With simulated acid rain and acidification, the soils from both Nanning and Liuzhou municipalities, Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region have been studied to determine the counts of azotobacter, bacteria, actinomyces and the activity of urease in soils, and the changes in respiratory intensity of soil so as to identify the toxicity of acidic substances to microbiota and enzyme in such soils. The concept of the critical pH of toxicity has been developed and used to discuss the representation of the concept, the basis on which the soil treated with simulated acid rain can be taken as an object of study, and the criteria for the identification of toxicity. Based on that as mentioned above, it was found that acid rain behaved to have toxicity to the microbiota in soils from Liuzhou other than from Nanning. The findings may be regarded as an objective basis to study the toxicity of acidic substances to microbiota and enzyme in soils in this region.     

Sensitized effect of β-cyclodextrin on the fluorescence in the determination of carbaryl

Based on the significant enhancement of fluorescence intensity of carbaryl in inclusion complex, a spetrofluorimetdc method with high sensitivity was developed for the determination of carbaryl in aqueous solution. Under the optimum conditions, the complex had excitation and emission maxima at 278 nm and 332 nm, respectively. The linear range of the method was 7.0 ng/ml-1500 ng/ml with a detection limit of 1.2 ng/ml. The proposed method was successfully used to determine quantitativelv of carbarvl in cottonseeds.     

Fate of the herbicide metolachlor in aerobic and anaerobic soils

The fate of the herbicide metolachlor in aerobic and anaerobic soils with repeated applications of the metolachlor over a period of 5 years was studied. After 12 weeks incubation, cumulative 14CO2 evolution from the soil accounts for 8.01% in aerobic condition versus 1.5% of 14CO2 in the soil had not been treated with metolachlor. The total 14C recovery in the methanol-water extract and in the non-extractable portion of this aerobic soil accounted for 73.1% and the total metolachlor recovery in the methanol-water extract was 46.7% but 86.9% of 14C was accounted for in the γ-irradiated control soil. There axe no differences in the recovery of 14C between non-sterile and γ-irradiated control soil under anaerobic conditions. The results show that there was some active metolachlor-degrading population in the Virginia soil which had been previously received repeated applications of the metolachlor but only under aerobic condition.     

Residue and persistence of insecticide l-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea in C hinese cabbage and soils in the Northern China

The residue and persistence of the insect growth regulator 1-(2-(chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urga(CCU)in Chinese cabbage and soil in the field were studied in Northern China during 1988-1989．The degradation of CCU in soils was also studied under laboratory conditions．The CCU was found to be unstable in Chmese cabbage and soil in field．The half-life ofCCU was 13.2-14.0 days in Chinese cabbage and 8.8-27.0 days in soil,respectively．Three ppm as the maximum residue level for CCU in Chinese cabbage and 21 days as the preharvest interval for the vegetable treated with CCU were recommendced．     

Efficiency of white lupin in the removal of mercury from contaminated soils： Soil and hydroponic experiments

This study examined the ability of the white lupin to remove mercury (Hg) from a hydroponic system (Hg concentrations 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 μmol/L) and from soil in pots and lysimeters (total Hg concentration (19.2 ± 1.9) mg/kg availability 0.07%, and (28.9 ± 0.4) mg/kg availability 0.09%, respectively), and investigated the accumulation and distribution of Hg in different parts of the plant. White lupin roots efficiently took up Hg, but its translocation to the harvestable parts of the plant was low. The Hg concentration in the seeds posed no risk to human health according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, but the shoots should not be used as fodder for livestock, at least when unmixed with other fodder crops. The accumulation of Hg in the hydroponically-grown plants was linear over the concentration range tested. The amount of Hg retained in the roots, relative to the shoots, was almost constant irrespective of Hg dose (90%). In the soil experiments, Hg accumulation increased with exposure time and was the greater in the lysimeter than in the pot experiments. Although Hg removal was the greater in the hydroponic system, revealing the potential of the white lupin to extract Hg, bioaccumulation was the greatest in the lysimeter-grown plants; the latter system more likely reflects the true behaviour of white lupin in the field when Hg availability is a factor that limits Hg removal. The present results suggest that the white lupin could be used in long-term soil reclamation strategies that include the goal of profitable land use in Hg-polluted areas.     

Hygroscopicity of particles generated from photooxidation of α-pinene under different oxidation conditions in the presence of sulfate seed aerosols

Smog chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the hygroscopicity of particles generated from photooxidation of α-pinene/NOx with different sulfate seed aerosols or oxidation conditions. Hygroscopicity of particles was measured by a tandem differential mobility analyzer （TDMA） in terms of hygroscopic growth factor （Gf）, with a relative humidity of 85%. With sulfate seed aerosols present, Gf of the aerosols decreased very fast before notable secondary organic aerosols （SOA） formation was observed, indicating a heterogeneous process between inorganic seeds and organic products might take place as soon as oxidation begins, rather than only happening after gas-aerosol partition of organic products starts. The final SOA-coated sulfate particles had similar or lower Gf than seed-free SOA. The hygroscopicity of the final particles was not dependent on the thickness but on the hygroscopicity properties of the SOA, which were influenced by the initial sulfate seed particles. In the two designed aging processes, Gf of the particles increased more significantly with introduction of OH radical than with ozone. However, the hygroscopicity of SOA was very low even after a long time of aging, implying that either SOA aging in the chamber was very slow or the Gf of SOA did not change significantly in aging. Using an aerosol composition speciation monitor （ACSM） and matrix factorization （PMF） method, two factors for the components of SOA were identified, but the correlation between SOA hygroscopicity and the proportion of the more highly oxidized factor could be either positive or negative depending on the speciation of seed aerosols present.     

Effect of excessive cadmium chloride on the plasmids of E. coli HB 101 in vivo

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣａｄｍｉｕｍｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｏｌｕｔａｎｔｓ．Ｉｔｉｓｖｅｒｙｔｏｘｉｃｔｏｂｉｏｌｏｇｙ（Ｂａｒｂｅｒ，１９９４；Ｃｏｌａｒｄ，１９９０；Ｇｏｙｅｒ，１９９５；Ｎａｓｓｉｒｉ，...     

Study on the residue of 1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-clflorophenyl)urea in Chinese cabbage and soil in the Southern China and its distribution in laboratorial microcosm

This paper discusses the residue of 1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl) urea (ccu)in Chinese cabbage and soil in the Southern China．Under single factor controlled condition，the distribution and tramsformation ofCCU in microcosm are described． In field trial oftwo consecutive years，the results show that the haif-life values ofCCU in Chinese cabbage and soil in the Southern China are 3.8-4.1 days and 10.9—11.6 days；respectively．The experimental results in laboratorial microcosm demonstrate the fortnight haft-life of CCU in soil．Vegetables lack of enough ability to absorb CCU from soil and accumulate on roots．Although there are a certain amount residues ofCCU in soil，it is impossible to bring about serious pollution after routine application is carried out．     

Electrokinetic removal of chromium and copper from contaminated soils by lactic acid enhancement in the catholyte

The electrokinetic removal of chromium and copper from contaminated soils by adding lactic acid in cathode chamber as an enhancing reagent was evaluated. Two sets of duplicate experiments with chromium contaminated kaolinite and with a silty soil sampled from a supeffund site in Califomia of USA and polluted by Cr and Cu, were carried out in a constant current mode. Changes of soil water content and soil pH before and after the electrokinetic experiments, and variations of voltage drop and electroosmosis flow during the treatments were examined. The results indicated that Cr, spiked as Cr(Ⅵ) in the kaolinite, was accumulated mainly in the anode chamber, and some of Cr and metal hydroxides precipitated in the soil sections in contact with the cathode, which significantly increased electrical energy consumption. Treatment of the soil collected from the site showed accumulation of large amounts of Cr and Cu in the anode chamber while none was detected in the cathode one. The results suggested that the two metals either complexed with the injected lactic acid at the cathode or existed as negatively charged complex, and electromigrated toward the anode under a voltage gradient.     

不同的增强试剂对重金属污染场地土壤的电动修复影响

选择重金属污染场地土壤为修复对象,研究了添加络合剂EDTA?有机酸乳酸和柠檬酸以及无机酸硝酸对电动修复该污染土壤的影响.结果表明,增强试剂的加入,显著促进了铜?铅?镍和六价铬在电场中的迁移和去除,电动过程促进了土壤重金属向有效态(醋酸铵提取)转化.其中,在阴极加入乳酸并控制pH3.5的处理,土壤中铜的去除率最高,达78.7%.在阴?阳极都加入EDTA的处理中,土壤中重金属的去除率在30%左右,重金属在靠近阴极的部分发生聚集.在阴极加入柠檬酸的处理中,土壤中铜?镍和六价铬的去除率均较高,分别为68.5%?53.3%和52.9%.阴极加入硝酸控制pH3.5对土壤中六价铬的去除率最高,达93.3%.     

Arsenic mobilization from soils in the presence of herbicides

Arsenic(As) mobilization in soils is a fundamental step controlling its transport and fate,especially in the presence of the co-existing components. In this study, the effect of two commonly used herbicides, glyphosate(PMG) and dicamba, and two competing ions including phosphate and humic acid, on As desorption and release was investigated using batch and column experiments. The batch kinetics results showed that As desorption in the presence of competing factors conformed to the pseudo-second order kinetics at pH range of 5–9. The impact of phosphate on desorption was greatest, followed by PMG. The competitive effect of dicamba and humic acid was at the same level with electrolyte solution. In situ flow cell ATR-FTIR analysis was performed to explore the mechanism of phosphate and PMG impact on As mobilization. The results showed that PMG promoted As(Ⅲ) desorption by competiting for available adsorption sites with no change in As(Ⅲ)complexing structure. On the other hand, phophate changed As(Ⅲ) surface complexes from bidentate to monodentate structures, exhibiting the most siginficant effect on As(Ⅲ)desorption. As(Ⅴ) surface complexes remained unchanged in the presence of PMG and phosphate, implying that the competitive effect for As(Ⅴ) desorption was primarily determined by the available adsorption sites. Long-term(10 days) soil column experiments suggested that the effect of humic acid on As mobilization became pronounced from 3 days(18 PVs). The insights of this study help us understand the transport and fate of As due to herbicides application.     

吸附材料对钒矿污染土壤重金属的稳定化效果

选用壳聚糖和活性炭两种吸附材料,分别以不同的质量比添加到供试土壤中,固化后进行毒性浸出实验,研究吸附材料对土壤中钒(V)、铬(Cr)的稳定化效果,并通过表征吸附材料的红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)探究吸附材料对V、Cr的稳定化机理.结果表明,壳聚糖对V、Cr均有较好的稳定化效果,活性炭对V的稳定化效果不稳定,对Cr的稳定化效果很好.吸附材料添加量的改变对稳定化效果影响不大.稳定化30d时,0.5%壳聚糖对V、Cr的稳定化率分别为74.04%、46.77%;0.5%活性炭对V、Cr的稳定化率分别为1.86%、87.75%.FTIR和XPS表征结果表明,壳聚糖中含活性强的氨基和羟基较多,活性炭中含氨基、羟基较少.因此壳聚糖和活性炭可作为土壤重金属的稳定剂,使钒矿污染土壤得到修复.     

几种有机酸对污染土中Cu解吸的影响

 研究了乙酸、苯甲酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸对几种污染土中Cu的解吸及介质条件(如pH值、支持电解质)对其解吸的影响.结果表明,4种有机酸对污染土中Cu解吸的影响强弱为柠檬酸>酒石酸>乙酸≈苯甲酸;随着有机酸浓度升高,乙酸、苯甲酸、酒石酸对污染土中Cu的解吸率先降低后升高,柠檬酸对Cu的解吸率则一直升高;随着解吸液起始pH值由2升至8,柠檬酸对污染土中Cu的解吸率呈降低-升高-降低的变化,酒石酸对污染土中Cu的解吸率则一直降低;随着支持电解质浓度升高,酒石酸对污染土中Cu的解吸率趋于增大,且KCl为支持电解质时的解吸率略高于KNO₃.     

电子垃圾处理地土壤中芳烃受体效应物质的分布规律

利用大鼠肝癌细胞H4IIE离体生物测试(EROD测试)评估了位于我国南方的典型电子垃圾处理地(某镇)三个自然村共23个土壤样品有机提取物的芳烃受体效应,并研究了这些地区土壤中芳烃受体效应物质的污染水平和空间分布规律.结果表明,在所研究地区中.塑料回收村芳烃受体效应最高,其次是电路板回收村和电器拆解村.与文献数据相比,该镇土壤有机组分的芳烃受体效应较传统工业城市天津的污染土壤高,且空间分布规律与该镇电子垃圾处理业的区域分工在某种程度上有密切关系.研究结果表明,粗放型的电子垃圾处理手段导致了芳烃受体效应物质在该镇土壤环境中的积累,且离体生物效应标记方法可用来快速筛选和甄别芳烃受体效应物质污染的高风险区.     

场地土壤中有效态砷的稳定化处理及机理研究

分别以生石灰和亚铁盐作为辅助剂与稳定剂对2种砷污染的土壤进行稳定化处理,通过化学浸出、形态及结构研究,揭示土壤中有效砷的稳定效率和机理.结果表明,外源铁添加量与土壤砷含量(Fe/As)的物质的量比达到6:1~8:1,CaO投加比例为0.05%~0.1%(w/w)时,土壤中有效态砷的稳定效率超过85%.土壤有效砷的稳定化处理主要是将砷从非专性吸附态和专性吸附态转化为弱结晶的铁铝或铁锰水化氧化物结合态、结晶铁铝或铁锰水化氧化物结合态.稳定处理后2种污染土均有新物相羟砷铜矿(As2Cu5H4O12)生成.     

多氯联苯复合污染农田土壤的植物协同修复效应

采用田间微域试验,初步研究了紫花苜蓿与海州香薷、伴矿景天在不同栽培模式下对多氯联苯(PCBs)复合污染农田土壤的协同修复作用.结果表明,紫花苜蓿与海州香薷、伴矿景天混作对PCBs复合污染土壤的修复效果明显高于紫花苜蓿单作,其中紫花苜蓿-海州香薷混作、紫花苜蓿-海州香薷-伴矿景天混作种植120d后,土壤中PCBs含量比紫花苜蓿单作时分别降低43.0%和47.8%,强化效果显著.与紫花苜蓿单作相比,紫花苜蓿与海州香薷、伴矿景天混作可有效提高植株总生物量,增强植物对土壤中PCBs的吸收富集能力.土壤PCBs同系物分析结果表明,种植植物可有效降低土壤中低氯代PCBs含量,植物混作栽培模式可以促进高氯代PCBs组分向低氯代PCBs组分的转变.可见,紫花苜蓿与海州香薷、伴矿景天混作对多氯联苯复合污染农田土壤具有较好的协同修复作用.     

Microbial changes in rhizospheric soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons after bioremediation

Effects of bioremediation on microbial communities jn soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons are a scientific problem to be solved. Changes in dominate microbial species and the total amount of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi in rhizospheric soils after bioremediation were thus evaluated using field bioremediation experiments. The results showed that there were changed dominant microorganisms including ] ] bacterial strains which are mostly Gram positive bacteria and 6 fungal species which were identified. The total amount of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi increased after bioremediation of microbial agents combined with planting maize. On the contrary, fungi in rhizospheric soils were inhibited by adding microbial agents combined with planting soybean.     

石油污染土壤生物修复的中试系统构建与运行效果

构建了石油污染土壤生物修复中试系统,考察了中试规模下石油烃生物降解效率、矿化过程在生物降解中的作用.揭示生物修复过程中的系统微生物特性及其降解活性的关系,为现场污染土层生物修复工程评价和关键技术参数选择提供技术依据.结果表明,经过93d的运行,石油烃去除率达25.8%,其中典型轻质组分烷烃生物降解率最高,可达43.12%.中试系统运行稳定后,与现场调研的土壤微生物相比,其数量提高了1个数量级,活性提高了1.5倍.