CO_2转化成甲烷和醋酸新技术

ＣＯ＿２转化成甲烷和醋酸新技术资源环境对策，２９［２］，４０（１９９３）日本群马大学工学部黑田正和的研究小组用固定有厌氧微生物的电极，把水中的ＣＯ２载化为甲烷和醋酸的技术获得成功。使用的厌氧微生物是能消化吸收ＣＯ２的厌氧甲烷生成菌和高醋酸生成菌，将Ｃ...     

一种处理高浓度有机废水的厌氧序批式活性污泥工艺

该专利公开了一种处理高浓度有机废水的厌氧序批式活性污泥工艺。其特征是：采用两级厌氧序批式反应器（ASBR）串联，实现甲烷菌群优化，用A段反应器和B段反应器分别完成吸附过程和生物降解反应。在A段、B段反应器中分别选择性地培养和发展各自的优势菌，在A段反应器中培养以甲烷八叠球菌为优势菌的颗粒污泥，在B段反应器中培养以甲烷丝菌为优势菌的颗粒污泥，使A段、B段两反应器在相差悬殊的负荷下分别以吸附-生物降解和生物降解的模式运行，     

厌氧消化中硫酸盐毒性的控制

探讨了厌氧消化中硫酸盐还原菌与产甲烷菌对分子氢的两种竞争作用及硫酸盐的致毒机制，归纳分析了目前对含硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理可能采用的几种毒性控制对策及其存在问题。     

国外厌氧生物法处理工业废水的进展

本文简要叙述了近年来国外对有机物厌氧生物降解反应机理的研究和工业废水厌氧处理装置的发展概况,并对各种处理装置的特征进行了简单介绍和评价,认为当前应着重推广上流式厌氧污泥床反应器法,并进一步研究开发固体停留时间长效率高的厌氧反应器和适于低浓度废水的厌氧处理方法。     

石化废水剩余污泥厌氧消化预处理技术

石化废水剩余污泥在厌氧消化时,污泥停留时间长,且产气量较低,并且反应器容积较大,所需资金投入较高.污泥厌氧消化预处理能够改变污泥特性,缩短了后续消化时间,提高甲烷产量,减少剩余污泥量.综述了各种污泥预处理技术的最新进展,分析了石化污泥厌氧消化预处理的可行性.     

国外化工废水厌氧生物处理技术的新进展

根据有关文献,对难生物降解有机污染物的厌氧降解性、国外化工废水厌氧处理,以及化工废水厌氧处理毒性问题作了综述。     

国外动态

Miles Laboratories公司采用Bacardi公司开发的一种新式厌气处理技术,处理柠檬酸和工业酶生产废水。这种技术优于混合床厌气系统,具有耐毒性冲击的特点。微生物是固定在聚乙烯薄板上,生物膜的厚度为1—8英寸,万一发生有毒物物质冲击,仅最外层200微未内的微生物被杀死或被抑制,下层的微生物不会受到损害,可以继续处理废水。而混合床系统,毒物冲击常常会杀死或抑制所有的细菌,系统必须停止运转重新接种。这种新方法利用的是假单胞菌属或其它厌气菌。这些细菌将有机物转化成脂肪酸,产甲烷菌再将这些酸转化成50—60%甲烷(其余大部分为二氧     

发光细菌法测定有机工业废水综合毒性

应用发光细菌法对啤酒、酿造、印染、化纤、造纸废水进行了生物毒性测定；根据水质毒性分级标准对水样毒性进行了评价。结果表明，不同行业废水的生物毒性与其TOC值之间不存在相关性，只有将二者相结合，才能正确反映废水的实际毒性大小。发光细菌法用于工业废水毒性评价具有快速、简便、灵敏和准确的优点。     

厌氧消化法处理石油化工废水剩余活性污泥的研究

辽阳石油化纤公司采用两段厌氧消化工艺处理石油化工废水剩余活性污泥,引进鞍山市城市污水处理厂的厌氧污泥作为种泥,中温驯化约110天,投配率为4.7％,消化达到平衡时的有机物去除率为31％、产气量为0.22米~3/公斤有机物(产气中的甲烷含量为68％)、有机物负荷为1.1公斤/米~3日。污泥两段消化与传统消化处理的对比试验结果表明,前者的处理效果优于后者。     

农药工业废水治理技术

农药工业废水是环境严重污染源之一。我国农药品种有百余种,据统计,全国农药厂全年排放高浓度废液约220万吨,废水5000万吨,其中有机磷农药废水2000多万吨。这些农药工业废水具有毒性大,污染物浓度高,生物降解     

次氯酸钠氧化预处理草甘膦生产废水

利用次氯酸钠对草甘膦生产废水进行预处理，废水ｐＨ对处理效果影响不大，可将次氯酸钠直接投入到原碱性废水中，在其用量相当理论量的４０％、氧化时间为４ｈ时，草甘膦的去除率为９８％。预处理后的废水对厌氧消化过程不再产生抑制作用。     

燃煤电厂脱硫废水的零排放处理技术

采用化学沉淀—混凝—软化工艺对江苏某燃煤电厂湿法烟气脱硫废水进行物化法预处理,预处理后的废水再进行蒸发结晶,回收工业盐及冷凝水,最终实现了电厂脱硫废水的零排放。实验结果表明:在化学沉淀p H为9、混凝剂聚合硫酸铝铁(PAFS)加入量为2.5 m L/L、絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)加入量为2.0 m L/L的条件下,废水浊度可降至4.13 NTU,废水中的重金属、氟离子以及悬浮物被有效去除,预处理后废水的水质可达到GB8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》;蒸发结晶处理得到的工业盐和冷凝水分别符合GB/T 5462—2003《工业盐》的国家精制工业盐二级标准和GB 1576—2008《工业锅炉水质》的给水标准;脱硫废水的工业盐产率量为30 g/L。     

Anaerobic biodegradation of cellulosic material: Batch experiments and modelling based on isotopic data and focusing on aceticlastic and non-aceticlastic methanogenesis

Utilizing stable carbon isotope data to account for aceticlastic and non-aceticlastic pathways of methane generation, a model was created to describe laboratory batch anaerobic decomposition of cellulosic materials (office paper and cardboard). The total organic and inorganic carbon concentrations, methane production volume, and methane and CO₂ partial pressure values were used for the model calibration and validation. According to the fluorescent in situ hybridization observations, three groups of methanogens including strictly hydrogenotrophic methanogens, strictly aceticlastic methanogens (Methanosaeta sp.) and Methanosarcina sp., consuming both acetate and H₂/H₂CO₃ as well as acetate-oxidizing syntrophs, were considered. It was shown that temporary inhibition of aceticlastic methanogens by non-ionized volatile fatty acids or acidic pH was responsible for two-step methane production from office paper at 35 °C where during the first and second steps methane was generated mostly from H₂/H₂CO₃ and acetate, respectively. Water saturated and unsaturated cases were tested. According to the model, at the intermediate moisture (150%), much lower methane production occurred because of full-time inhibition of aceticlastic methanogens. At the lowest moisture, methane production was very low because most likely hydrolysis was seriously inhibited. Simulations showed that during cardboard and office paper biodegradation at 55 °C, non-aceticlastic syntrophic oxidation by acetate-oxidizing syntrophs and hydrogenotrophic methanogens were the dominant methanogenic pathways.     

工业含钒废水处理工艺的研究进展

针对大量企业采用传统提钒法制备钒产品产生的工业含钒废水的处理问题,综述了工业含钒废水处理工艺的研究进展,分别详述了沉淀法、溶剂萃取法、离子交换法、电解法、吸附法和生物法的处理工艺,并对比分析了它们的优势与不足。指出:工业含钒废水的处理既是环保的要求,又可实现有价资源的回收利用;在实际应用时,可依据工业含钒废水的p H选择相应的处理工艺及处理试剂。     

有机固体废物生物法制氢的研究进展

综述了利用有机固体废物生物法制氢的原理和研究现状。城市有机固体废物、农业有机废物、工业有机废物是生物法制氢的主要原料。暗发酵制氢是利用有机废物厌氧消化的产酸阶段而产氢，pH、温度、水力停留时间、氢气分压、原料性质、微量元素含量、产甲烷微生物抑制剂等均影响氢气产率。光发酵制氢是利用光合厌氧细菌将挥发性有机酸转化为氢气和二氧化碳。暗发酵和光发酵制氢时，生物固定化有利于高速连续产氢。在有机废物处理和生物法制氢方面，暗发酵一光发酵、暗发酵一微生物燃料电池的组合工艺是具有前景的技术。今后的研究方向是原料的预处理技术、选育高效产氢菌株、发明高效反应器、优化处理工艺和处理条件等。     

Nanosilver impact on methanogenesis and biogas production from municipal solid waste

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, nanosilver) released from industrial activities and consumer products may be disposed directly or indirectly in sanitary landfills. To determine the impact of AgNPs on anaerobic digestion of landfill waste, municipal solid waste (MSW) was loaded in identical landfill bioreactors (9L volume each) and exposed to AgNPs (average particle size=21nm) at the final concentrations of 0, 1, and 10mgAg/kg solids. The landfill anaerobic digestion was carried out for more than 250 days, during which time the cumulative biogas production was recorded automatically and the chemical property changes of leachates were analyzed. There were no significant differences in the cumulative biogas volume or gas production rate between the groups of control and 1mgAg/kg. However, landfill solids exposed to AgNPs at 10mg/kg resulted in the reduced biogas production, the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (including acetic acid), and the prolonged period of low leachate pH (between 5 and 6). Quantitative PCR results after day 100 indicated that the total copy numbers of 16S rRNA gene of methanogens in the groups of control and 1mgAgNPs/kg were 1.97±0.21×10(7) and 0.90±0.03×10(7), respectively. These numbers were significantly reduced to 5.79±2.83×10(5)(copies/mL) in the bioreactor treated with 10mgAgNPs/kg. The results suggest that AgNPs at the concentration of 1mg/kg solids have minimal impact on landfill anaerobic digestion, but a concentration at 10mg/kg or higher inhibit methanogenesis and biogas production from MSW.     

微量营养物质影响活性污泥法处理难降解工业废水效果的研究进展

针对工业废水难生物降解的问题,综述了通过添加微量营养物质影响活性污泥法处理难降解工业废水效果的研究进展,介绍了微量营养物质的分类,总结了微量金属元素和维生素等不同种类微量营养物质及其适宜浓度对微生物生长的作用以及对污泥法处理难降解工业废水效果的影响。指出:补充必要的微量营养物质是提高难降解工业废水处理效果的可行的优化策略,但是需要针对工业废水可生化性和营养需求的特点有的放矢地进行补充;另外需要对各种微量营养物质促进污染物降解的代谢途径进行研究。     

微波消解法测定农药废水中的总磷

介绍了一种测定农药废水中总磷的新的预处理方法－微波消解法。其消解时间从传统法的40min缩短到8min，精确度和准确度与传统的消解法相比无显著性差异。     

Comparison of selected aerobic and anaerobic procedures for MSW treatment

This paper considers selected efficiency rates and process data of aerobic and anaerobic procedures for the treatment of municipal solid waste and residual waste. Data are exclusively related to mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) procedures for generating waste appropriate for landfilling. The following aspects are regarded: general framework conditions for the application of MBT, efficiency of decomposition and of stabilisation, air and water emissions and energy balances. The presented data can be used for more efficient planning. In comparison to aerobic processes, anaerobic digestion can be ecologically advantageous, particularly with regard to exhaust emissions and energy balances. On the other hand, the wastewater emissions and the wastewater treatment required must be regarded as disadvantageous. Due to the relatively short period of operational history of most anaerobic processes for mechanical-biological waste treatment and thus limited experiences, operational reliability of anaerobic processes is slightly lower. Extensive biological stability of the treated waste for low-emission disposal cannot be reached by anaerobic digestion alone, but only in combination with additional aerobic post-treatment. In connection with the utilisation of renewable energies and the rising relevancy of climate protection, it can be affirmed that anaerobic digestion for the treatment of municipal solid waste has a high potential for further development.     

Operating problems in anaerobic digestion plants resulting from nitrogen in MSW

Organic waste and municipal solid waste usually contain considerable amounts of different nitrogen compounds, which may inhibit anaerobic degradation processes and cause problems in the downstream and peripheral devices. This refers particularly to the different process stages of anaerobic digestion, to wastewater treatment, and to exhaust air treatment. Neither the knowledge about nitrogen problems nor the technologies for elimination of nitrogen compounds from the wastewater or the exhaust air of anaerobic digestion can be regarded as state-of-the-art. Most of the technologies in question have already been applied in other areas, but are barely tested for application in anaerobic digestion plants. The few performance data and experiences at hand were mainly derived from pilot and demonstration facilities. In this paper, the problem of nitrogen will be discussed in detail according to the separate problem fields based on the authors' experience, as well as on the basis of a review of the relevant literature. Furthermore, possible solutions will be proposed and the need for further research and development will be formulated.