响应面法优化污泥电渗透脱水工艺参数

以泥饼含固率作为衡量污泥脱水效果的指标,采用响应面法进行污泥电渗透脱水工艺参数的优化研究。结果表明,最佳反应条件为初始污泥含固率为8.58%,初始电压梯度为20.88 V/cm,初始污泥厚度为2.25 cm,此条件下得到的污泥含固率为48.82%(预测值为48.45%)。方差分析结果表明,回归模型达到显著水平,在研究区域(初始污泥含固率:5%~10%、初始电压梯度12~30 V/cm、初始污泥厚度:1~2.5 cm)内拟合较好,与实验结果吻合度较高。     

电渗透脱水对污泥热干燥特性的影响

以污水厂机械脱水后的污泥作为研究对象,提出了采用电渗透-热干燥结合进行深度脱水的方法。通过对原泥以及电渗透脱水至不同含水率(67%、71%和76%)的污泥在热干燥过程中含水率和干燥速率的测定,分析电渗透脱水对污泥热干燥特性的改善规律。结果表明,经电渗透脱水至含水率为67%和71%的污泥在热干燥过程中的传热传质速率及干燥速率有明显提高,且干燥温度越高,电渗透后污泥的干燥速率与原泥的干燥速率差距越大。相同电压梯度及相同温度下电渗透至67%后进行热干燥耗能最少。实际应用中应结合能耗分析选择合适的电渗透程度及干燥温度,以达到最优效果。     

超声辅助对污泥电脱水的特性改进

采用自制的超声波辅助电场污泥脱水装置进行实验,考察了超声波声强和作用时间等因素对污泥含水率的影响。结果表明,在固定频率20 k Hz条件下,在相同电场(电压60 V,作用时间5 min)和压力场(压力0.1 MPa,作用时间5.5 min)作用下,通过变换超声波声强和作用时间,得出最优处理条件为声强0.255 W/cm2,作用时间3.5 min。为了消除初始含水率与系统误差的影响,将脱水率作为比较各作用工况的重要指标。在上述最佳工艺条件下,污泥含水率由83.26%降低至72.90%,与单纯电渗透脱水相比,脱水率由4.88%增大到12.44%,同时减缓电流衰减的速率,增加电渗流量上升速率,增强了电渗透脱水效果。     

电渗透耦合Fe2+-过硫酸钠污泥脱水过程中EPS的变化特性

为了考察电渗透耦合Fe~(2+)-过硫酸钠污泥深度脱水的机制,采用自制装置对市政污水处理厂的污泥进行了脱水研究。系统研究了在不同电压梯度、机械压力、过硫酸钠投加量、Fe~(2+)与过硫酸钠比例、阴阳极间距等操作条件下,污泥中胞外聚合物(EPS)的组成及分布对污泥脱水效果的影响。结果表明,电渗透耦合Fe~(2+)-过硫酸钠可以改善污泥的脱水效果,过硫酸钠经过Fe~(2+)和热活化作用产生的硫酸根自由基对污泥中EPS的破坏作用明显,从而造成EPS特性改变。其中,紧密型胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)中的蛋白质和多糖、松散型胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)中的蛋白质及各层EPS中的蛋白质/多糖与污泥脱水效果存在显著相关性;黏性胞外聚合物(S-EPS)和LB-EPS中的多糖与污泥脱水效果存在显著相关性。TB-EPS、LB-EPS及其中含有的蛋白质和多糖含量是影响污泥电渗透耦合Fe~(2+)-过硫酸钠脱水效果的主要因素。     

吸附分离辅助电渗透脱水过程中污泥的特性

电渗透技术对于城市污水厂污泥的深度脱水是非常有效的,但相对较高的能耗制约了它的广泛应用。为此,针对污泥电渗透脱水过程中阴极排水困难引起能耗高的问题,提出了吸附分离辅助电渗透脱水,同时考察了吸附分离辅助电渗透脱水过程中污泥中水分的运动特点、pH的变化以及离子的迁移规律。结果显示,吸附分离可以极大地提高污泥电渗透脱水的效果。且脱水过程中阳极附近污泥的含水率、pH均迅速减小;阴极附近污泥的含水率稍有减少,但pH却迅速增大;而中间层污泥的含水率及pH均没有发生变化。此外,电渗透脱水技术对于污泥中目标离子的去除非常有效,但同时容易导致非目标离子的去除。     

电渗透脱水污泥干燥特性曲线及干燥模型

通过电渗透脱水技术及自然风干技术两种预处理方式降低污泥含水率,当污泥初始含水率相近时,研究经两种方式处理后污泥的干燥特性曲线,并对电渗透脱水污泥干燥特性曲线的优势情况进行探讨。在40—120℃的低温条件下,研究电渗透脱水污泥（泥饼厚度为3．5mm）的干燥特性曲线并分析其干燥特性。通过所得电渗透脱水污泥的干燥特性曲线,引人薄层污泥干燥模型进行数值分析。结果表明,在实验条件下,电渗透脱水污泥的干燥速率要优于自然风干污泥的干燥速率。随着温度的升高,电渗透脱水污泥的干燥速率随之升高,干燥到所需含水率的时间则随之减少。Logarithmic模型比其他模型更适合描述薄层电渗透脱水污泥在低温条件下的干燥特性。     

电渗透脱水污泥干燥特性曲线及干燥模型简

通过电渗透脱水技术及自然风干技术两种预处理方式降低污泥含水率,当污泥初始含水率相近时,研究经两种方式处理后污泥的干燥特性曲线,并对电渗透脱水污泥干燥特性曲线的优势情况进行探讨。在40~120℃的低温条件下,研究电渗透脱水污泥（泥饼厚度为3.5 mm）的干燥特性曲线并分析其干燥特性。通过所得电渗透脱水污泥的干燥特性曲线,引入薄层污泥干燥模型进行数值分析。结果表明,在实验条件下,电渗透脱水污泥的干燥速率要优于自然风干污泥的干燥速率。随着温度的升高,电渗透脱水污泥的干燥速率随之升高,干燥到所需含水率的时间则随之减少。Logarithmic模型比其他模型更适合描述薄层电渗透脱水污泥在低温条件下的干燥特性。     

动电技术去除城市污泥中Pb的试验研究

以福州快安污水处理厂的污泥为研究对象,通过3种电压梯度0.5、1.0和1.5 V/cm的系列试验得出：污泥中Pb的动电去除率均沿动电电流方向逐渐减低,其中1^#点总去除率最高,对应3种电压梯度分别为：18.2％、27.4％和28.3％;动电处理后污泥中残余Pb量分别为267.1、237.0和234.1 mg/kg干污泥,处理后污泥的Pb含量达到农用标准,同时动电处理后污泥的有机质含量没有发生明显变化,这保证了处理后的污泥仍具有农业利用的价值。     

电压强度对污泥电脱水效能及滤液有机物特征的影响

为优化污泥电脱水过程控制及明确其关键影响因素,考察了不同电压强度(0、15、35和55 V)对污泥电脱水效果的影响,并基于三维荧光光谱和分子质量分布的分析,研究了阴阳两极滤液中溶解性有机物的含量和组分变化。研究结果表明,随着电压强度增加,污泥脱水效果得到提升,在55 V电压强度下,阳极脱除滤液量相较于无电压作用下的48 mL增加到60 mL,阴极滤液量由对照的90 m L增加到102 mL。电场的作用可使污泥絮体中蛋白质类大分子有机物向阴极迁移。因此,电场辅助具有提升机械压滤脱水效果的作用,这种作用与电场作用下污泥絮体中蛋白质类有机物的迁移有关,并且,电压越强,这种作用越显著。而蛋白质的迁移导致其对水分子的束缚以及絮体间的静电平衡的改变,可能是污泥机械脱水效率得到提升的重要原因。     

双室污泥微生物燃料电池产电的影响因素

为了提高污泥产电的效率,研究了以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为基质的双室微生物燃料电池产电的4个影响因素:电极面积、电极间距、污泥浓度和污泥起始pH。研究结果表明,小电极面积电池的输出电压比大电极面积电池低,而电池的输出功率则正好相反;电极间距较小时(4.5 cm),电池的输出电压比电极间距较大(7.75 cm和13 cm)时高;实验的3个污泥浓度中,13.0 g/L为最佳污泥浓度,污泥浓度的升高或降低均会降低利用污泥产电的输出电压和单位污泥的产电功率,不利于污泥产电;当阳极室污泥的起始pH处于碱性时,电池的输出电压更高,污泥产电更好,其中pH为10.0时最好。极化曲线分析表明,这4个因素均会影响以污泥为基质的双室微生物燃料电池的性能。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.