气动乳化脱硫筒内气液两相流动的数值模拟

为直观地了解和分析脱硫筒内部气液两相的混合与流动规律,采用CFD仿真软件对某公司大型湿法脱硫塔内气动乳化脱硫筒内气液流动进行数值模拟,分析了加装湍流器、改变湍流器角度以及喷雾锥角对脱硫筒内气液两相流动混合的影响;选用可实现的k-ε湍流模型和DPM模型,结合SIMPLE算法对气、液两相进行数值模拟.模拟结果显示,增设湍流...     

湿式烟气脱硫喷淋塔内部流场数值模拟研究

以300MW机组湿法烟气脱硫喷淋塔为研究对象，利用计算流体力学通用软件对其内部两相流场进行模拟。气相湍流由标准κ-ε模型描述，喷淋液滴由拉格朗日颗粒轨道模型描述。预测了无喷淋和有喷淋2种条件下的气相湍流流场分布、沿塔高方向不同截面上的气速分布以及喷淋液滴的轨迹。模拟结果表明，引入喷淋液后，出口截面气速分布明显均匀化，其最大值由无喷淋时的12m／s降至6m／s。该最大值出现在靠近塔壁处，是由塔壁附近喷淋密度较低造成的，可通过改进周边喷嘴的布置方式及喷嘴型式进行优化。     

湿式烟气脱硫喷淋塔内部流场数值模拟研究

以300MW机组湿法烟气脱硫喷淋塔为研究对象,利用计算流体力学通用软件对其内部两相流场进行模拟。气相湍流由标准k 模型描述,喷淋液滴由拉格朗日颗粒轨道模型描述。预测了无喷淋和有喷淋2种条件下的气相湍流流场分布、沿塔高方向不同截面上的气速分布以及喷淋液滴的轨迹。模拟结果表明,引入喷淋液后,出口截面气速分布明显均匀化,其最大值由无喷淋时的12m/s降至6m/s。该最大值出现在靠近塔壁处,是由塔壁附近喷淋密度较低造成的,可通过改进周边喷嘴的布置方式及喷嘴型式进行优化。     

湍流器对湿法脱硫塔内热态流场影响的数值模拟

为了达到燃煤电厂超低排放的要求,运用CFD技术对装有3种不同孔隙率与不同湍流单元直径的湍流器的脱硫塔内热态流场进行数值模拟,分析速度、温度和压力分布随孔隙率和湍流单元直径的变化规律,揭示湍流器的作用机理。气、液两相分别选用RNG k-ε湍流模型和拉格朗日颗粒轨道模型,并结合SIMPLE算法进行数值模拟。模拟结果表明:安装湍流器可明显改善脱硫塔内烟气流场的均匀性,使横截面的速度标准方差减小到1.0以下,并有效延长浆液驻留时间,提高吸收区的气液接触概率及浆液利用率;在综合考虑流场分布、气液掺混程度与能量损失的情况下,安装孔隙率为50%、湍流单元直径为1.2 m的湍流器效果最佳。研究结果可为大型电厂脱硫塔中湍流器的优化及选用提供依据。     

伞罩型除尘脱硫塔内除雾器性能研究

除雾器是湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统内重要的设备之一,其性能对WFGD系统运行的可靠性有重要影响.利用Fluent6.2软件对新型伞罩型除尘脱硫塔内的三维两相流场进行数值模拟,气相采用RNG湍流模型,液相采用离散相模型,选择SIMPLE算法进行计算,分析塔内的折板除雾器和旋流板除雾器的速度场、压力场和液滴的分布情况.结果表明,烟气经过折板除雾器,产生了明显的压降,且在拐角区域湍流耗散强烈,是实现气液分离的关键区域;烟气经过旋流板除雾器,速度和压强分布具有良好的对称性,液滴被气流旋转抛向壁面实现气液分离.模拟结果对新型的WFGD除雾器的设计和运行具有一定的理论指导意义.     

循环流化床烟气脱硫塔入口结构改进的数值模拟

采用商用Fluent软件提供的k-ε湍流模型对循环流化床脱硫塔内部流场进行了数值模拟,重点考察入口结构对脱硫塔内气相速度分布均匀性的影响,并用速度不均匀度定量描述了流场的均匀性。结果表明,当前使用90°弯管进气结构的脱硫塔内部流场存在明显的不均匀性,主要是入口处气流90°转向造成的。为此采用组合弯管进气结构代替90°弯管进气结构,以改善脱硫塔内流场不均匀性。入口结构改为组合弯管进气结构后,脱硫塔内流场不均匀性得到很大改善,速度分布的不均匀度明显减小,因此组合弯管进气结构有利于烟气与脱硫剂的充分混合反应,提高脱硫效率。     

曝气条件对浸没式膜生物反应器内流场的影响

为深入研究流场动力学特性对浸没式膜生物反应器系统内膜面污染的控制,应用fluent软件对浸没式膜生物反应器内气液两相流动进行了三维数值模拟研究。采用标准k-ε湍流模型和欧拉多相流模型,考察了改变曝气条件对膜面气液速度场及气含率分布的影响。模拟结果表明,在相同曝气强度下,1 mm曝气孔径下膜面气液两相的速度增加较孔径2mm、3 mm的快;曝气孔径为1 mm时,膜面的液相速度随着曝气强度的增加逐渐增大;曝气孔径为1 mm时,曝气量为5.5m3/h所形成的漩涡区较大,膜面气含率值较高且分布较均匀,气液两相接触面积较大,膜面冲刷效果较好;模拟观察到反应器底部靠近壁面局部气含率较低,不利于活性污泥中微生物的生长,需要进一步优化曝气和反应器结构。     

PCF型湿式脱硫除尘器入口结构优化

以PCF型湿式脱硫除尘器为物理模型,利用Fluent软件包,采用RNGк-ε湍流模型和SIMPLEC算法,对装置内三维流场进行数值模拟.模拟结果发现,原倾斜入口(A)的装置内烟气分布不均匀.提出了水平入口(B)、左入口(C)、右入口(D)3种优化结构,并分别对A、B、C、D入口装置内气流速度、湍流强度与压降进行了模拟分析.结果表明,C、D入口使装置内气流速度分布更加均匀,且增强了装置内湍流强度,但C入口会导致压降增加,因此最佳入口为D.最后,针对入口D装置中的低速区,模拟分析了30°、45°与54°3种不同切入角度,得出45 °效果最佳.     

气升式反应器气液两相流流态特性模拟

为了研究曝气强度对气升式反应器内气液两相流特性的影响,组合多相流Eulerian—Eulerian模型和液相Standardk-ε湍流模型,运用Fluent软件建立了气升式反应器内气液两相流的三维非稳态数值模拟。在曝气管布局方式一定的情况下,模拟计算获得了反应器内x轴截面处不同径向位置的气含率、液速分布情况,计算结果表明,在本文研究的曝气强度范围内,气含率随着曝气强度增加而增加,越靠近曝气池底部,升流区局部气含率越高,且气含率值波动较大;随着曝气强度的增加,曝气孔附近液速增加较明显,但随着气液两相流的上升,液速增加幅度降低;同时采用粒子图像测速（PIV）技术对液相速度进行了实验研究,实验结果与模拟结果吻合性较好。     

新型湿法除尘除有害气体斜板塔的流场分析

研究对象为2种新型湿法除尘除有害气体的斜板塔:矩形斜板塔和伞罩形斜板塔.为了观察塔内流场分布规律,运用CFD(计算流体力学)软件,气相采用标准K-ε湍流模型描述,液相采用颗粒轨道模型描述,对2种新型塔内气液两相流动进行了数值模拟.预测了无喷淋和有喷淋两种情况下的气相湍流流场,不同空塔气速不同液气比的塔内压力损失.结果表明:采用中心出口的圆柱型塔可以有效地避免气体"死区"的产生;新型斜板塔能有效地增大气液接触面积,延长气体的塔内停留时间;加入喷淋液体以后,气相流场明显均匀化.该模拟也为塔体的进一步优化设计提供了依据.     

SMBR内气液两相流三维CFD模拟

应用CFD软件Fluent对浸没式膜生物反应器(submerged membrane bioreactor,SMBR)内气液两相流进行数值模拟研究,重点考查曝气系统的改变对气液两相流态的影响,并结合PIV实验验证模拟结果,从而为反应器的优化设计及膜污染的控制提供理论依据。模拟结果表明,SMBR内曝气强化了气液两相紊动,膜表面液相速度沿反应器高度增加且形成循环流动,有利于膜面污染物的脱落;反应器内气含率分布不均匀,出现死区,不利于微生物的生长;经实验验证,模拟结果吻合良好。     

新型离心式脱硫塔气液两相流数值模拟

利用FLUENT软件和SIMPLE算法对新型旋流脱硫塔的气液两相流场进行了数值模拟。计算中气相采用了RSM湍流模型,颗粒相采用了Lagrange坐标系下的随机轨道模型。分析结果表明,气相流场具有强旋流特性;喷射液滴的直径、喷淋量和烟气流速影响其在塔内的分布:喷射液滴粒径越大、喷射量越小、烟气流速越大,入口段降温越少;塔体上方截面平均浓度随液滴粒径的增加而降低,随液气比的增加而增加,随烟气流速的增加会先增加至最高值然后降低。喷淋液滴在其他运行参数不变时,平均粒径范围为0.5～1 mm,会对进口烟气起到较好的净化与降温的作用,并使塔体上方喷淋液滴在截面z=4.15 m处浓度分布均匀且覆盖率高;在保证液滴粒径较小时,通过降低烟气流速或增加喷淋量可提高液滴喷淋覆盖率,使得烟气与喷淋充分接触。计算得到的气相流场分布与实测值吻合较好,证明了数学模型的合理性,为进一步优化分离器结构提供了可靠依据。     

膜生物反应器内流场动力学特性的PIV实验研究

浸没式膜生物反应器系统内膜面附近的气液两相流动力学特性对控制浓差极化和膜污染具有重要影响。应用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术对浸没式膜生物反应器内近膜面的液相流场动力学特性进行了研究。采用相分离技术灰度分辨法将通过PIV技术得到的气液两相流场图像中的液相速度场进行辨别,得到膜面附近的液相流场数据,并应用Tecplot软件计算得出液相流的涡量特性。在3 mm曝气孔径,2.5、3.0、3.5、4.5、5.5和6.5 m3/h 6种曝气强度下分析了膜面附近的液相速度场和涡量场。结果表明,曝气强度对液相流场和涡量场的影响较大,在一定范围内增加曝气强度可以使得液相速度和涡量增加,同时,分析了3 mm孔径下圆帽状气泡的动力学特性。研究结果为膜生物反应器系统的优化设计提供了研究经验和实验数据。     

水力旋流器速度场的PDPA测试研究

应用相位多普勒粒子分析仪(PDPA)对液液水力旋流器模型的内部流场进行了测试,分析了旋流器内部速度场的特点。通过进口流量的变化,测试了该模型的不同截面上的速度场分布情况。测试结果表明:随着流量的增大,旋流器轴截面上的速度都增大,旋流变大,有利于连续相和分散相的分离;旋流器中连续相和分散相速度分布趋势相同,但在管芯处,两者速度滑移明显。     

Catalytic destruction of 1,2-dichlorobenzene on V2O5-WO3/Al2O3-TiO2 catalyst

Studies on the catalytic destruction of 1,2-dichlorobenzene were carried out on a specially constructed semi-technical equipment whose most important element was a catalytic reactor with a monolithic catalyst in the form of 150 x 150 x 100 mm cubes. A catalyst made from cordierite with an active layer composed of Al2O3 - 64 wt%, TiO2 - 26 wt%, V2O5 - 6.6 wt% and WO3 - 3.4 wt% was used. The reactor made it possible to carry out the process in the temperature range 150-350 degrees C, at variable catalyst loading and different velocities of gas flow through the reactor. The content of 1,2-dichlorobenzene in the air was analysed by a chromatographic method. A significant effect of catalyst loading and temperature on 1,2-dichlorobenzene destruction efficiency was observed and no effect of the linear flow velocity through the catalyst on o-dichlorobenzene destruction efficiency was reported. The applied vanadium-tungsten catalyst on a monolithic carrier made from TiO2/gamma-Al2O3 revealed very good activity that resulted in an over 80% efficiency of 1,2-dichlorobenzene destruction at the temperature around 250 degrees C at a very high catalyst loading reaching ca. 8200 h(-1). Additionally, in this study the kinetics of 1,2-dichlorobenzene decomposition was determined, specifying the order of reaction and dependence of the decomposition rate constant on temperature, using a simple power-rate law model.     

Multispectral image analysis method to determine dynamic fluid saturation distribution in two-dimensional three-fluid phase flow laboratory experiments

The need for measuring dynamic fluid saturation distribution in multi-dimensional three-fluid phase flow experiments is hampered by lack of appropriate techniques to monitor full field transient flow phenomena. There is no conventional technique able to measure dynamic three-fluid phase saturation at several array points of the flow field at the same time. A multispectral image analysis technique was developed to determine dynamic NAPL, water and air saturation distribution in two-dimensional three-fluid phase laboratory experiments. Using a digital near-infrared camera, images of sand samples with various degrees of NAPL, water and air saturation were taken, under constant lighting conditions and within three narrow spectral bands of the visible and near-infrared spectrum. It was shown that the optical density defined for the reflected luminous intensity was a linear function of the NAPL and the water saturation for each spectral band and for any two and three-fluid phase systems. This allowed the definition of dimensionless lump reflection coefficients for the NAPL and the water phase within each spectral band. Consequently, at any given time, two images taken within two different spectral bands provided two linear equations which could be solved for the water and the NAPL saturation. The method was applied to two-dimensional three-phase flow experiments, which were conducted to investigate the migration and the distribution of LNAPL in the vadose zone. The method was used to obtain continuous, quantitative and dynamic full field mapping of the NAPL saturation as well as the variation of the water and the air saturation during NAPL flow. The method provides a non-destructive and non-intrusive tool for studying multiphase flow for which rapid changes in fluid saturation in the entire flow domain is difficult to measure using conventional techniques.     

利用计算流体力学模拟技术对某水解酸化池的改进

利用计算流体力学模拟技术,采用三维、稳态、k-ε紊流模型,结合多重参考系模型、弥散相模型及组分输运和化学反应模型,对江苏某污水处理厂水解酸化池进行了模拟。结果表明：水解酸化池内流速分布很不均匀;池内存在大片回流区域以及流速几乎为零的区域,区域总体积占池容的50%以上;平均水力停留时间约为1 480 s,远达不到设计值。结合模拟结果,提出了改进方案。改进后的模拟结果表明：水解酸化池内水流流速分布均匀性大大提高;大片的回流区域消失,速度几乎为零的区域面积也大大减小;水解酸化池的空间得到充分利用,水下推进器的作用也更加明显;平均水力停留时间约为15 340 s,和设计值十分接近。但是仍存在一些不足：水流流速分布的均匀性仍存在一定缺陷;只考虑了单相流,没有考虑池中污泥的作用。     

Oxygen deficit determinations for a major river in eastern Hong Kong, China

Determination of oxygen deficit in the Hong Kong Shing-Mun River was based on the oxygen uptake by water, algal respiration and river sediment and the oxygen supplied to the river by surface reaeration and algal photosynthesis. A systematic study was conducted to examine the effect of water temperature, flow velocity and water depth on both the oxygen demands and the oxygen supplies. The oxygen budget of a water column in a selected section of the river was modeled. The results of the oxygen budget analysis showed that when water temperature was around 10 degrees C (the lowest temperature in the river), no deficit was observed. When water temperature was 10 degrees C to 20 degrees C, a small oxygen deficit appeared, especially in the deeper water. At the highest water temperature (30 degrees C), the oxygen deficit was maximal, -6.84 g O2/m2/day, in the night-time during the Spring tide period.     

基于正交实验的颗粒移动床烟气脱硫工艺参数优化

石灰石颗粒移动床脱硫工艺参数是影响脱硫效率和操作压降变化的重要因素,考虑到工艺参数对脱硫过程的影响,基于正交实验方法,通过直观分析和方差分析得到喷淋密度、空床气速、SO2浓度、烟气温度和床层下移速度对脱硫效率影响程度的主次顺序和脱硫效率与各因素之间的关系,并且分析了各因素对脱硫效率的影响规律。研究发现,各因素对脱硫效率的影响程度依次是空床气速>喷淋密度>SO2浓度>烟气温度>床层下移速度。喷淋密度对脱硫效率的影响高度显著,呈正相关;空床气速对脱硫效率的影响高度显著,呈负相关;SO2浓度和烟气温度对脱硫效率有影响但不显著,呈负相关。床层下移速度与脱硫效率呈正相关。     

Chemical climatology of high elevation spruce-fir forests in the southern Appalachian mountains

The physical and chemical climatology of high elevation (> 1500 m) spruce-fir forests in the southern Appalachian mountains was studied by establishing a weather and atmospheric chemical observatory at Mt Mitchell State Park in North Carolina (35 degrees 44' 05" N, 82 degrees 17' 15"W). Data collected during the summer and autumn (May-October) of 1986, 1987, and 1988 are reported. All measurements were made on or near a 16.5 m walk-up tower extending 10 m above the forest canopy on Mt Gibbes (2006 m msl), which is located approximately 2 km SW of Mt Mitchell. The tower was equipped with standard meteorological instrumentation, a passive cloud water collector, and gas pollutant sensors for O3, SO2, NOx. The tower and nearby forest canopy were immersed in clouds 25 to 40% of the time. Non-precipitating clouds were very acidic (pH 2.5-4.5). Precipitating clouds were less acidic (pH 3.5-5.5). The dominant wind directions were WNW and ESE. Clouds from the most common wind direction (WNW) were more acidic (mean pH 3.5) than those from the next most common wind direction (ESE, mean pH 5.5). Cloud water acidity was related to the concentration of SO4(2-), and NO3- ions. Mean concentration of H+, NH4+, SO4(2-), and NO3- ions in the cloud water varied from 330-340, 150-200, 190-200 and 120-140 micromol litre(-1) respectively. The average and range of O3 were 50 (25-100) ppbv (109) in 1986, 51 (26-102) ppbv in 1987, and 66 (30-140) during the 1988 field seasons, respectively. The daily maximum, 1-h average, and 24-h average concentrations were all greatest during June through mid-August, suggesting a correlation with the seasonal temperature and solar intensity. Throughfall collectors near the tower were used to obtain a useful estimate of deposition to the forest canopy. Between 50-60% of the total deposition of SO4(2-) was due to cloud impact.