苏州河梦清园人工湿地净化效果模拟研究

人工湿地数学模型和计算机模拟在国内外逐渐成为评估湿地污染物去除效果的有效工具.为可靠有效的预测较大型人工湿地对各污染物的长期去除效果,科学优化人工湿地的设计方法,深入系统和定量化研究人工湿地对各污染物的去除机理,采用美国陆军工程兵团开发的PREWET湿地模型软件,通过将城市大型人工湿地--苏州河梦清园的TSS、BOD、TN和TP出水实测结果与模拟值比较,以及调整参数对模型进行率定和验证,对人工湿地处理过程进行了模型模拟研究,取得了较好的预测结果.讨论了人工湿地的优化设计.     

潜流人工湿地氮循环生态动力学模型研究

人工湿地作为一种新型的处理技术,在水环境保护中具有重要的意义和广阔的应用前景。然而目前人工湿地的设计和运行主要是建立在统计数据和经验公式的基础上,对人工湿地去除污染物的内在机制尚缺乏定量化的认识。通过对潜流人工湿地氮循环生态动力学模型的研究,系统地分析了潜流人工湿地中氮素的去除机制,对将来完善人工湿地处理技术的设计、运行和预测方法具有一定的借鉴意义。     

人工湿地去除特殊污染物的研究进展

人工湿地具有投资少、运行费用低、能耗低、去污效率高的特点,已被广泛应用于各种类型污水的净化处理中。人工湿地除了对常规污染物如氮、磷等有良好的去除效果,近年来,随着环境中特殊污染物的不断涌现,国内外人工湿地去除该类特殊污染物效果及机理的相关研究与应用也日益增多。针对人工湿地用于去除芳香族化合物、各类农药、医药品和个人护理品以及重金属等特殊污染物的研究与应用,综述了人工湿地去除特殊污染物的效果及相应的影响因素,同时对相关研究进行了展望,以期为我国人工湿地治理污染物的研究及应用提供参考。     

人工湿地中污染物去除的数学模型

讨论了人工湿地三种常用的数学模型(衰减方程、一级动力学模型和生态动力学模型),并对其研究历史、发展应用、理论基础、基本形式、建立方法,及其各自的优缺点做了分析。从中可以看出,人们对人工湿地去除污染物的内在机制尚缺乏定量化的了解,目前还很难对其的设计、运行和预测做出准确的评价,因此影响了这一高效低耗的生态污水处理技术的推广和应用,而人工湿地生态动力学模型的不断完善可以从根本上解决这一问题。     

微污染饮用水源水潜流人工湿地预处理的效能研究

以济南玉清湖水库为例,采用水平潜流人工湿地系统对沉砂后的微污染黄河水进行了预处理试验,考察了湿地系统对污染物的去除效率及其变化趋势.同时,根据实验数据,构建了潜流人工湿地系统COD、TN、TP的一级动力学模拟方程.结果表明,水平潜流人工湿地系统对COD、TP、TN和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为49.89%、50.44%、53.41%和48.45%;人工湿地对污染物的处理是物理、化学和生物及其协同作用的过程.人工湿地沿程及不同高度污染物浓度变化试验结果表明,人工湿地系统对污染物的降解沿人工湿地水流方向逐渐降低,污染物主要在人工湿地床体前部被去除,潜流人工湿地床体上部对污染物的去除效果更好.     

Pseudomonas flava WD-3对人工湿地污染物的去除及Monod模型模拟

为确保寒冷地区冬季人工湿地的污水处理效果,采用从南四湖人工湿地中分离筛选出的耐低温菌Pseudomonas flava WD-3为研究对象,研究其在冬季不同梯度接种量(菌悬液的浓度为4.575×108个·m L-1)和水力停留时间时在复合垂直流人工湿地中连续3个月内的污水处理效果,采用简化的Monod动力学模型对该菌在人工湿地中对污染物的去除进行模拟并验证,并讨论了该菌的投加量和水力停留时间与污染物去除的关系.结果表明,Pseudomonas flava WD-3对污水中的有机污染物以及氮磷等营养物具有明显的去除效果.菌株的最佳投加量为6.0%,且其对污水中COD、NH3-N、TP的去除率分别介于:85.82%~87.00%、73.91%~84.18%和82.04%~85.38%,平均去除效率分别为未投加该菌的1.49、1.46、1.76倍,最佳水力停留时间为7d.简化的Monod模型对Pseudomonas flava WD-3在冬季对人工湿地中污染物去除的预测较为准确,同时,该菌的投加量和水力停留时间均与去除率呈正相关的一级反应关系.     

人工湿地系统及其在河流污染治理中的应用研究

人工湿地污染处理系统作为一项完整的生态系统,在河流污染治理等方面得到了广泛的应用。本文着重从人工湿地的种类、系统的构造以及污染物的去除机理等方面进行了阐述,并对影响人工湿地效果影响因素的分析,结合案例,提出了人工湿地系统在河流污染治理中的应用优势和下一步研究重点。     

微曝气垂直流湿地污染物去除动力学模型分析

通过对自主研发的微曝气垂直流湿地系统长期运行观测数据的统计分析,在参考填充塔模型基础上,利用质量衡算方程建立了微曝气垂直流湿地污染物去除动力学模型,并利用该模型对湿地在气水比分别为0.5:1、1:1、2:1和3:1时的污染物去除效果和去除动力学常数k值进行了计算和分析.结果表明,在处理水质稳定、水量恒定的情况下,微曝气垂直流湿地对各种污染物的去除过程动力学常数k值均随工艺参数气水比的增大而增大,即对污染物的去除能力随气水比的增大而增强;各水质指标的反应动力学常数变化曲线形状有所不同,动力学常数与气水比的关系主要有线性关系和对数关系.综合各个水质指标的曲线形式与变化规律可以得到微曝气垂直流湿地的最佳气水比设计值为2:1,对应BOD5和NH4+-N的k值分别为3.8d-1和4.1d-1.     

人工湿地对病原体去除的研究概况

对人工湿地污染物去除的研究多集中在污水中悬浮物、有机污染物、氮和磷等方面,关于人工湿地对病原体去除的研究则相对较少,文章从人工湿地对病原体的去除效果、影响因素和去除机理等三方面的研究进行综述,并对这一领域的研究做出了总结和展望。     

提高潜流式人工湿地氮去除率的方法研究进展

潜流式人工湿地能够有效地去除含碳有机污染物,但一般对含氮污染物的去除效果相对较弱.针对这一问题,在参考国内外前人研究的基础上,总结并提出了提高污水中氮去除率的方法.指出应根据实际情况选择合适的植物和基质来构造湿地系统,通过增加一些必要的工程措施和改变一些管理手段如间歇运作及其他方法可增加湿地系统内部的溶解氧量来创造去除氮所需环境,还可通过对湿地系统进行工艺优化设计等措施来提高潜流式人工湿地氮去除率.     

Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in cold climate — A review

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been successfully used for treating various wastewaters for decades and have been identified as a sustainable wastewater management option worldwide. However, the application of CW for wastewater treatment in frigid climate presents special challenges. Wetland treatment of wastewater relies largely on biological processes, and reliable treatment is often a function of climate conditions. To date, the rate of adoption of wetland technology for wastewater treatment in cold regions has been slow and there are relatively few published reports on CW applications in cold climate. This paper therefore highlights the practice and applications of treatment wetlands in cold climate. A comprehensive review of the effectiveness of contaminant removal in different wetland systems including: (1) free water surface (FWS) CWs; (2) subsurface flow (SSF) CWs;and (3) hybrid wetland systems, is presented. The emphasis of this review is also placed on the influence of cold weather conditions on the removal efficacies of different contami-nants. The strategies of wetland design and operation for performance intensification, such as the presence of plant, operational mode, effluent recirculation, artificial aeration and in-series design, which are crucial to achieve the sustainable treatment performance in cold climate, are also discussed. This study is conducive to further research for the understanding of CW design and treatment performance in cold climate.     

人工湿地在景观水处理技术中的应用研究——以上水湾东湖山领地人工湿地为例

目前,中国水资源短缺日益严重,中水回用是解决水资源短缺的有效途径。人工湿地作为一种污水处理工艺,近年来得到了人们的广泛注意。在景观水处理中采用人工湿地污水处理技术对污废水进行处理后再回用,可以完美地将“中水处理”和“水景绿化”结合在一起。本文即是以上水湾东湖山领地人工湿地污水处理工程为例,对人工湿地处理景观水的工艺流程、工艺特点、经济效益和社会效益进行了分析,并对人工湿地在处理景观水时存在的问题和解决方法进行了阐述。     

3种基质材料对高浓度养殖废水处理效果及降解过程

养殖场直排废水负荷高,易造成湿地植物无法生长、处理效率低等问题.为使养殖废水通过前端生态治理技术,出水达到湿地植物耐受范围,探索高效利用作物秸秆,降低污染负荷的可行性,开展野外控制实验,对比分析了三大粮食作物秸秆——麦秸、稻草和玉米秆对猪场废水N、P的吸附去除效率.三级基质池各填充12. 5 kg干秸秆,设定连续式进水,水力停留时间7 d.结果表明,在进水COD、TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和TP平均质量浓度分别为1 652. 83、371. 31、303. 51、0. 67和65. 22 mg·L~(-1)时,麦秸对COD、TN和TP的去除效果最好,去除率分别为32. 1%、40. 9%和33. 3%,稻草对NH_4~+-N的去除效果最好,去除率达到43. 4%.经180 d处理后3种基质材料木质素、纤维素和半纤维素均未完全分解.各种基质材料木质素降解速率低于纤维素与半纤维素,且稻草中木质素和纤维素降解最快,麦秆中半纤维素降解最快.结果表明,麦秆和稻草对去除高浓度养殖废水污染物效果均好于玉米秆,并且建议基质材料更换周期为5个月,可为生物基质材料运用于养殖废水处理提供数据支撑.     

Pilot-scale studies of domestic wastewater treatment by typical constructed wetlands and their greenhouse gas emissions

Three typical constructed wetlands (CWs) including Vertical Flow (VF), Free Water Surface (FWS), and Subsurface Flow (SF), and combined VF-SF-FWS constructed wetlands were investigated for the treatment of domestic wastewater with low C/N ratio. The performance of nutrient removal and the characteristics of greenhouse gas emissions, such as CH₄ and N₂O, from these CWs were compared. The results indicated that the four types of CWs had high removal efficiencies for organic matter and suspended solid (SS). The combined wetland also showed a comparatively good performance for nitrogen and phosphorus removal, and the removal efficiencies for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were 81.3% and 84.5%, respectively. The combined CWs had a comparative lower global warming potential. The FWS CW had the highest tendency to emit CH₄ and led to a higher global warming potential among the four types of CWs, which was about 586 mg CO₂/m²·h.     

Application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in tropical and subtropical regions (2000–2013)

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been successfully used for treating various wastewaters for decades and have been identified as a sustainable wastewater management option for developing countries. With the goal of promoting sustainable engineered systems that support human well-being but are also compatible with sustaining natural (environmental) systems, the application of CWs has become more relevant. Such application is especially significant for developing countries with tropical climates, which are very conducive to higher biological activity and productivity, resulting in higher treatment efficiencies compared to those in temperate climates. This paper therefore highlights the practice, applications, and research of treatment wetlands under tropical and subtropical conditions since 2000. In the present review, removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solid (TSS) was shown to be very efficient and consistent across all types of treatment wetlands. Hybrid systems appeared more efficient in the removal of total suspended solid (TSS) (91.3%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (84.3%), and nitrogen (i.e., 80.7% for ammonium (NH)₄-N, 80.8% for nitrate (NO)₃-N, and 75.4% for total nitrogen (TN)) as compared to other wetland systems. Vertical subsurface flow (VSSF) CWs removed TSS (84.9%), BOD (87.6%), and nitrogen (i.e., 66.2% for NH₄-N, 73.3% for NO₃-N, and 53.3% for TN) more efficiently than horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) CWs, while HSSF CWs (69.8%) showed better total phosphorus (TP) removal compared to VSSF CWs (60.1%). Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) showed comparable removal efficiencies for BOD (70.7%), NH₄-N (63.6%), and TP (44.8%) to free water surface (FWS) CW systems.     

Application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in tropical and subtropical regions (2000-2013)

Constructed wetlands(CWs) have been successfully used for treating various wastewaters for decades and have been identified as a sustainable wastewater management option for developing countries. With the goal of promoting sustainable engineered systems that support human well-being but are also compatible with sustaining natural(environmental)systems, the application of CWs has become more relevant. Such application is especially significant for developing countries with tropical climates, which are very conducive to higher biological activity and productivity, resulting in higher treatment efficiencies compared to those in temperate climates. This paper therefore highlights the practice,applications, and research of treatment wetlands under tropical and subtropical conditions since 2000. In the present review, removal of biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) and total suspended solid(TSS) was shown to be very efficient and consistent across all types of treatment wetlands. Hybrid systems appeared more efficient in the removal of total suspended solid(TSS)(91.3%), chemical oxygen demand(COD)(84.3%), and nitrogen(i.e.,80.7% for ammonium(NH)4-N, 80.8% for nitrate(NO)3-N, and 75.4% for total nitrogen(TN))as compared to other wetland systems. Vertical subsurface flow(VSSF) CWs removed TSS(84.9%), BOD(87.6%), and nitrogen(i.e., 66.2% for NH4-N, 73.3% for NO3-N, and 53.3% for TN)more efficiently than horizontal subsurface flow(HSSF) CWs, while HSSF CWs(69.8%)showed better total phosphorus(TP) removal compared to VSSF CWs(60.1%). Floating treatment wetlands(FTWs) showed comparable removal efficiencies for BOD(70.7%),NH4-N(63.6%), and TP(44.8%) to free water surface(FWS) CW systems.     

芦苇根际微环境对潜流人工湿地氮与COD去除性能的影响

构建了3个小型潜流人工湿地,一个不种植物作为对照;另2个栽种芦苇,其中一个湿地在芦苇根部埋设300目尼纶网制成的根袋,以区分根际与非根际环境.采用人工配水,研究了稳定运行期的人工湿地对COD、N的去除性能.结果表明,3个湿地对COD、N的去除场所主要位于湿地前端,且COD与N的去除具有沿程同步性.在进水C/N=5时,对照湿地、芦苇湿地和根袋湿地对NH⁺₄-N和TN的去除效率分别为66.2%、94.2%、82.2%和67.2%、90.7%、76.1%,具有同步硝化反硝化现象;对COD的去除效率分别为56.2%、80.9%、72.7%.试验中,3个湿地沿程水样的C/N值均大于5,表明碳源供应较充足.通过在湿地中预埋铂电极和土壤溶液采样器的方法,测定了根际土壤与非根际土体土壤ORP以及土壤溶液中的有机物含量（以TOC表征）.结果表明,湿地前端根际土壤ORP明显高于空白湿地和湿地土体土壤,差值分别为11～311 mV、62～261 mV.根系分泌物显著增加了植物湿地中有机碳的供应,根际土壤与非根际土体土壤中TOC含量分别为21.3～54.6 mg·L^-1和6.65～12.0 mg·L^-1.正是湿地植物根际环境中较高的氧化还原电位以及充足的碳源供应,使得植物湿地的脱氮效果好于对照湿地.     

构建湿地系统水力学参数的设计模型研究

构建湿地污水处理系统的水力学参数对于其功能的发挥起着非常重要的作用。在探讨构建湿地主要水力学设计参数的基础上,根据描述构建湿地污染物去除的几类机理模型:一级动力学模型、连续完全混合反应器模型、Monod动力学模型、Ergun公式以及对流-弥散模型,分别导出了相应的构建湿地污水处理系统水力学设计参数的计算模型并分析了不同设计模型的特点。     

人工湿地处理农村生活污水

采用无动力厌氧生化池+人工湿地模式处理某农村生活污水,运行结果表明,CODcr的去除率为80％,BOD5的去除率为85％,SS去除率为77％,出水水质均达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级排放标准的要求.该工艺具有运行费用低、出水水质好、操作方便等优点.     

废砖块作为人工湿地填料的除磷能力研究

对废砖块的物理化学特性进行了分析,并对其进行了磷素吸附能力试验,结果表明,废砖块适于湿地微生物的富集和植物的生长且具有较高的磷素吸附能力.通过构建以废砖块为填料的垂直流人工湿地系统考察并初步探索了其对生活污水中磷素的去除效果和去除机制.结果表明,当水力负荷为5 cm·d-1、运行时间为1 a时,湿地系统除磷效率在90%以上,且效果稳定;废砖块的吸附沉淀作用是湿地系统除磷的主要途径,而植物和微生物直接吸收所起的作用不大;被截留磷素在湿地填料层中具有明显的空间特征,对废砖块中的无机磷形态分析结果表明,废砖块中能与磷素发生沉淀反应的元素含量和其在废砖块中的化学形态是影响其吸附沉淀磷素作用途径的重要因素.因此,废砖块是人工湿地污水处理系统构建过程中较为理想的填料.