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森林与径流关系——一致性和复杂性 总被引:17,自引:1,他引:16
@论文综述国外近一个世纪以来在配对集水区研究方面所取得的结论,从水的自然属性出发,从森林变化对径流(年径流量、洪峰与枯水径流)的影响,径流响应的干扰临界值及水文恢复各方面探讨森林变化与径流关系的一致性与复杂性。森林变化与径流关系的一致性主要表现在由较长时间尺度表达的年径流量上。绝大多数的配对集水区的试验研究表明,采伐森林就会增加年径流量,而在荒地上造林就会减少年径流量。而由较短时间尺度表达的洪峰径流与枯水流量则呈现较大的复杂性和难预估性。综述表明,对径流特别是洪峰与枯水径流的定义及分析方法的不同也是造成森林与径流关系复杂性的重要原因。森林与径流关系的复杂性要求人们在研究及应用其关系时就必须有系统观,必须考虑植被、径流与其它过程(土壤变化、气候变化等)的相互作用。论文还认为尽管配对集水区试验作为一种研究方法为研究者提供了许多可靠的结论,但由于许多研究者只把集水区看作是“黑箱”Q从而对认识森林与径流关系的复杂性有一定的局限性。未来的研究应把配对集水区的试验与其它对过程的研究技术(同位素、GIS等技术)结合起来。 相似文献
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完善的法律法规体系与相得益彰的技术规范是土壤质量保护与污染防治工作的基础与保障。借鉴国外先进的土壤污染防治技术与管理经验,对我国土壤污染风险防控和修复治理工作具有重要的指导意义。全面系统地阐述了发达国家与我国土壤污染防治法律法规及技术规范的特点,并总结国外先进经验,分析我国土壤污染防治存在的问题与挑战,对我国土壤污染防治工作提出对策与建议。我国虽然形成了以风险管控为核心,以“预防为主,防治结合”为原则,涵盖污染预防、调查监测、风险评估与管控、修复治理、开发再利用等多方面的法律法规体系,但各阶段的法律细节有待完善,且缺乏针对不同类型污染场地的专门立法,应加快健全我国土壤污染防治法律法规体系。此外,我国现行的土壤污染防治技术规范部分滞后或空白,已不能满足当前土壤环境管治的现实需要,需不断扩充和趋严。
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从雾和霾形成的原因以及与机动车尾气的关系等方面的论述,阐述了机动车尾气对人体健康的危害,提出了对机动车尾气的预防、治理办法。 相似文献
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中国瑞典环境影响评价和战略环境影响评价比较分析 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
环境影响评价作为各国预防和控制环境污染的一项制度和技术,都与政府的环境管理机制有着直接的关系。中瑞两国的环评制度都体现了“环评为先,项目决策在后”原则。所不同的是,在瑞典,政策颁布前必须进行战略评价;环评审查按A、B、C类项目分别由不同机构负责;公众参与的方式也更为多样。 相似文献
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真菌和细菌对染料的吸附脱色及再生能力的研究 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
进行了真菌和细菌共培养对染料的吸附脱色和吸附脱色能力再生的研究。结果表明,青霉菌G-1首先对偶氮染料S-119、蒽醌染料艳紫KN-B(C.I.Reactive violet 22)水溶液中染料进行快速吸附去除,菌丝对同种染料的吸附速度随菌丝培养液中葡萄糖浓度的增加而加快,吸附染料的G-1菌丝在与细菌的共培养中完成对染料的脱色降解,脱色速度受培养液中葡萄和氮源浓度影响较大,从吸附速率和完全脱色时间综合评价,以葡萄糖浓度为5g/L、酒石酸铵为20mmol/L的培养基中培养的菌丝对染料的吸附脱色效果最好,吸附在菌丝上的艳紫KN-B脱色后菌丝吸附脱色能力得到再生,菌丝对100mg/L的艳紫KN-B染料水溶液可重复处理4次。青霉菌G-1对酸性染料废水处理3h,色度去除率为75.9%,吸附染料的菌丝在与细菌共培养中完成对染料的脱色,对试验所用染料废水,菌丝的处理能力获得1次再生。 相似文献
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韩文峰 《安全.健康和环境》2011,11(3):40-43
以某联合站为例,根据油气集输联合站站场功能,将联合站划分为油气处理、储运及污水处理3个单元,对各单元发生火灾爆炸事故的可能条件进行分析,并利用DNV公司的SAFETI软件对事故后果进行模拟计算,根据事故影响范围数据,提出相应的安全措施。 相似文献
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Fuellen G 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2008,95(6):469-481
The analysis of the ever-increasing amount of biological and biomedical data can be pushed forward by comparing the data within and among species. For example, an integrative analysis of data from the genome sequencing projects for various species traces the evolution of the genomes and identifies conserved and innovative parts. Here, I review the foundations and advantages of this "historical" approach and evaluate recent attempts at automating such analyses. Biological data is comparable if a common origin exists (homology), as is the case for members of a gene family originating via duplication of an ancestral gene. If the family has relatives in other species, we can assume that the ancestral gene was present in the ancestral species from which all the other species evolved. In particular, describing the relationships among the duplicated biological sequences found in the various species is often possible by a phylogeny, which is more informative than homology statements. Detecting and elaborating on common origins may answer how certain biological sequences developed, and predict what sequences are in a particular species and what their function is. Such knowledge transfer from sequences in one species to the homologous sequences of the other is based on the principle of 'my closest relative looks and behaves like I do', often referred to as 'guilt by association'. To enable knowledge transfer on a large scale, several automated 'phylogenomics pipelines' have been developed in recent years, and seven of these will be described and compared. Overall, the examples in this review demonstrate that homology and phylogeny analyses, done on a large (and automated) scale, can give insights into function in biology and biomedicine. 相似文献
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以泉水来源的伊宁市城市水系,具有特有城市标志的同时对伊宁市起着重要的生态、景观、润泽作用。近年来,城市建设的快速发展给伊宁市水系带来了新的问题。文章以如何保护好伊宁市城市水系为出发点,以现场调查及相关数据为基础,对现状问题进行分析,提出了城市水系保护方面的一些建议对策。 相似文献
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This paper draws ten lessons from analyses of adaptation to climate change under conditions of risk and uncertainty: (1) Socio-economic systems will likely respond most to extreme realizations of climate change. (2) Systems have been responding to variations in climate for centuries. (3) Future change will effect future citizens and their institutions. (4) Human systems can be the sources of surprise. (5) Perceptions of risk depend upon welfare valuations that depend upon expectations. (6) Adaptive decisions will be made in response to climate change and climate change policy. (7) Analysis of adaptive decisions should recognize the second-best context of those decisions. (8) Climate change offers opportunity as well as risk. (9) All plausible futures should be explored. (10) Multiple methodological approaches should be accommodated. These lessons support two pieces of advice for the Third Assessment Report: (1) Work toward consensus, but not at the expense of thorough examination and reporting of the "tails" of the distributions of the future. (2) Integrated assessment is only one unifying methodology; others that can better accommodate those tails should be encouraged and embraced. 相似文献
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Pesticides and trace elements in cannabis: Analytical and environmental challenges and opportunities
Caley B. Craven Nicholas Wawryk Ping Jiang Zhongshan Liu Xing-Fang Li 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2019,31(11):82-93
Cannabis is increasingly used for both medicinal and recreational purposes with an estimate of over 180 million users annually. Canada has recently legalized cannabis use in October 2018, joining several states in the United States of America (e.g., Colorado, California, and Oregon) and a few other countries. A variety of cannabis products including dry flowers, edibles, and oil products are widely consumed. With high demand for cannabis products worldwide, the quality of cannabis and its related products has become a major concern for consumer safety. Various guidelines have been set by different countries to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of cannabis products. In general, these guidelines require control of contaminants including pesticides, toxic elements, mycotoxins, and pathogens, as well as residual solvents in regard to cannabis oil. Accordingly, appropriate analytical methods are required to determine these contaminants in cannabis products for quality control. In this review, we focus on the current analytical challenges and method development for detection of pesticides and toxic elements in cannabis to meet various guidelines. 相似文献
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A total of 2931 women randomized to either transabdominal CVS, transceirvical CVS, or amniocentesis were studied. Unless intended or unintended abortion had occurred, they had completed up to 28 weeks of pregnancy. No significant difference was seen between total fetal loss in the transabdominal CVS group and the amniocentesis group (6.5 and 6.8 per cent, respectively, SE difference = 0.92 per cent, p = 0.01). The total fetal loss in the transcervical CVS group was 10.1 per cent. After pooling our data with data from the Canadian randomized study and the American non-randomized study, the difference in risk between trans-cervical CVS and amniocentesis was 1.8 per cent (SE difference = 0.64 per cent, p = 0.8). When the number of failed procedures and those cases evaluated as infeasible for the assigned method-for anatomical reasons-are compared, the overall sampling efficacy is poorer transcervically than transabdominally. 相似文献
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装置施工和检修中法兰、垫片的更换和选择 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
李燕瑾 《石油化工环境保护》2002,25(3):58-59
文章对法兰、垫片泄漏对石油化工企业的安全、环保造成的威胁进行了分析,提出在设计中合理选用管道器材是保证管道和设备正常运行的关键。 相似文献