Variation in photosynthetic photon flux density within a tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, south-western China

Introduction Photosyntheticphotonfluxdensity(PPFD)withinforestcanopiesisintrinsicallyheterogeneousinspaceandtime.Becausesomespeciesaregenotypicallysuitedforspecificlightregimes,understandingtheheterogeneityofthelightregimewithinaforestcanopyisimportantfor…     

中国中南部典型酸雨区森林土壤酸化现状分析

对重庆铁山坪(TSP)、湖南蔡家塘(CJT)、广东流溪河(LXH)和贵州雷公山(LGS)4个观测站土壤样品的研究结果表明,4个观测站均属于土壤严重酸化区,酸化强弱顺序为TSP>CJT>LXH>LGS,阳离子交换量(CEC)和盐基饱和度(BS)均随土层加深而降低,而吸附态SO42-量和铝离子饱和度(AlS)均随土层加深而升高.4个观测站的BS与AlS呈负相关性,说明Al3+对盐基离子有较强的置换能力.     

Fluxes of CH4 and N2O from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

CH4 and N2O fluxes from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China were measured for one year using closed static chamber technique and gas chromatography method. Three treatments were set in the studied field: (A) litter-free,(B) with litter, and (C) with litter and seedling. The results showed that the soil in our study was a sink of atmospheric CH4 and source of atmospheric N2O. The observed mean CH4 fluxes from treatments A, B, and C were -50.0±4.0, -35.9±2.8,-31.6±2.8 μgC/(m2·h),respectively,and calculated annual fluxes in2003 were -4.1,-3.1,and -2.9kgC/hm2,respectively.The observed mean N2O fluxes from treatments A,B,and C were 30.9±3.1,28.2±3.5,50.2±3.7μgN/(m2·h),respectively,and calculated annual fluxes in 2003 were 2.8, 2.6, and 3.7 kgN/hm2, respectively. Seasonal variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were significant among all the three treatments. The presence of litter decreased CH4 uptake during wet season (P ＜ 0.05), but not during dry season. There was a similar increase in seedlings-mediated N2O emissions during wet and dry seasons, indicating that seedlings increased N2O emission in both seasons. A strong positive relationship existed between CH4 fluxes and soil moisture for all the three treatments, and weak relationship between CH4 fluxes and soil temperature for treatment B and treatment C. The N2O fluxes correlated with soil temperature for all the three treatments.     

中国中南部典型酸雨区森林土壤酸化现状分析

对重庆铁山坪(TSP)、湖南蔡家塘(CJT)、广东流溪河(LXH)和贵州雷公山(LGS)4个观测站土壤样品的研究结果表明,4个观测站均属于土壤严重酸化区,酸化强弱顺序为TSP>CJT>LXH>LGS,阳离子交换量(CEC)和盐基饱和度(BS)均随土层加深而降低,而吸附态SO42-量和铝离子饱和度(AlS)均随土层加深而升高.4个观测站的BS与AlS呈负相关性,说明Al3+对盐基离子有较强的置换能力.     

Effects of litter removal on plant species diversity: a case study in tropical Eucalyptus forest ecosystems in South China

The removal of litterfall in the Eucalyptus plantations in South China affected the plant biodiversity in these ecosystems was found based on the field observation and lab analysis.The protection times of species diversity of three Eucalyptus communities were different (Community Ⅰ with no protection,Community Ⅱ with 7-year-protection,Community Ⅲ with 35-year-protection).The total numbers of species in these communities(from Community Ⅰ to Ⅱ to Ⅲ)are 1,6,and 17,respectively.The tesults showed that the protection of litterfall from being taken out of the ecosystem is important and can increase plant species diversity.This study ombined biomass data,the chemical and physical properties of the soil,and the diversity of microbes in the communities.It is concluded that the mechanism of the effects of litter removal on biodiversity includes three factors:removing the suitable habitat of microbe and animal,decreasing the soil mutrient, and changing the special habitat for the germination and growth of invading plants.These results should have important implications for managing these Eucalyptus forest ecosystems in South China.     

Sensitivity of soils to acid rain in South China

This paper deals with the sensitivity of soils to acid rain in 5 provinces, South China. Based on field work and literature, and taking soil pH, CEC, and the types of residua into account, the authors classified the sensitivity into 4 categories: highly sensitive, sensitive, slightly sensitive, and non-sensitive. By overlapping the maps of soil pH, CEC, and types of residua, the map of soil sensitivity in South China has finally resulted.The authors try to summarize the regularity of soil sensitivity to acid rain in this area. The sensitivity of different soil types in the studied area has also discussed.The seriousness and its prospects of acid rain in this area have been pointed out in order to draw the attention of relevant authorities.     

Effects of acid rain on forest ecosystem in Southwestern China

The study of effects of acid rain in Southwestern China on forest ecosystems .has been inrestigated since 1984. The results have shown that the ecosystem of Pinus massoniana forest has been damaged severely by acid rain. Comparing the areas where the annual mean pH value is lower than 4.5 with that higher than 4.5, the productivity of the ecosystems decreased 50 percent. Both the percentages of the green leaves and the content of chlorophyll cut down; the acidity of soil increased a bit and the fertility showed the tendency to lower. The microbial population components in surface soil were changed and the total number of soil microbes reduced from 63.5 to 92.6 percent. Besides the direct effects of acid rain, the insect pest, especially, Blastophagus piniperdoz and Monochamus galloprovincialis, seized the opportunity to enter and reproduce in it so as to aggravate the forest dieback of P.massoniana in the areas where the annual average pH value is lower than 4.5.Additionally, the simulation study on the     

Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.     

海南岛北部海湾沉积物重金属来源、分布主控因素及生态风险评价

基于海南岛北部海口湾、铺前湾、东寨港和木兰湾海域159站位表层沉积物地球化学测试分析,查明沉积物中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn分布特征.运用数理统计方法研究重金属来源并明确其分布主控因素,建立主控因素与重金属含量间定性或半定量关系.评价各重金属元素及其总体污染状况和潜在生态风险.结果表明,研究区海域沉积物重金属中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn含量平均值分别为8.40、0.06、32.50、8.32、0.02、18.77和35.87μg·g-1.Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn含量高值区主要分布于近岸河流入海口及港湾内部,As由南向北其含量逐渐增加,Cd主要聚集于海口湾内.沉积物中Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb、Cr和Cd主要来自陆源输入,包括人为污染和母岩风化产物运移两方面因素,As或有海外物质来源.沉积物中Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb和Cr含量分布主控因素为沉积物粒度,即沉积物粒度越细,其所吸附并积累重金属含量越高;As高含量主要受控于自然地质背景;Cd含量分布则反映了城市发展进程对地区污染差异性影响.所调查159站位表层沉积物中As、Cr分别有3站位和6站位属Ⅱ类海洋沉积物,污染程度中等,其余各站位及重金属元素含量均为Ⅰ类沉积物,污染程度低,单因子污染影响程度依次为AsCrPbZnCuCdHg.沉积物重金属总体为低程度污染,总体潜在生态风险低,研究区海域底质生态环境优良.各重金属元素潜在生态危害程度低,生态危害影响依次为AsHgCdPbCuCrZn,As是最主要的生态风险因子.