兰州市大气污染现状分析及防治对策建议

从兰州市大气污染的治理状况出发,叙述了兰州市特殊自然条件下的的大气污染现状,经过分析得出兰州市大气污染的主要类型为可吸入颗粒物;根据兰州市的具体情况得出造成兰州市大气严重污染的多方面原因,并进一步分析得出燃煤污染是兰州市大气污染的主要来源,地理气象因素是污染物难以扩散,污染持续加重的原因.同时,文章对兰州市现行的环境治理政策体系相关措施进行评价,分析了兰州市有关大气污染治理相关政策的效果.最后,根据兰州市本身具体的环境情况,提出关于兰州市大气污染治理的几点建议.     

兰州市大气污染气象潜势预报研究

介绍了大气污染气象潜势预报方法和兰州市大气污染气象潜势预报系统。通过2001年9－12月兰州市空气质量预报检验分析，表明该系统对首要污染物等级预报准确率在60％以上，对兰州空气质量预报具有较好的指示性。     

兰州市大气污染成因与防治途径

兰州市大气污染比较严重，是典型的煤烟型污染，本文就城市煤烟型大气污染的成因及防治途径作一探讨。     

兰州市大气污染特征与污染预报技术研究

结合兰州市大气污染特征,采用国际上较为先进的污染预报模式,分别建立了实时资料与数值产品相结合的实用统计预报模型.其系统预报结果准确程度较好,实用性强,时研究兰州市大气污染来源及政府决策都起着重要的作用.     

兰州市区大气污染治理方案的初步研究

兰州是国内大气污染最严重的几个大城市之一，煤烟型污染是其主要原因，根据兰州的自然环境、技术、经济条件，认为采用集中供热、煤制气、型煤等工程为主要技术措施，制定大气污染治理方案是适宜的，初步计算表明其环境效益是明显的。     

兰州市大气污染对绿化树种叶绿素含量的影响

为了筛选出兰州市大气污染的抗性树种和敏感监测树种,对树种的叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量进行了测定,运用spss11.5软件分析。研究发现:同一绿化树种在不同功能区的叶绿素含量不同,存在极显著性的差异。随着功能区污染程度的加深,绿化树种的叶绿素含量(ωa、ωb、ωa+ωb)呈现减小的趋势,但叶绿素ωa/ωb值却呈现增大的趋势。绿化树种抗污染能力为:杨树小叶黄杨椿树国槐圆柏,兰州市主要功能区的污染程度为:兰炼厂区兰化厂区橡胶厂西关西站交大兴隆山。     

兰州市空气污染对儿童肺功能影响的前瞻性研究

从不同的角度阐述了室内外空气污染对儿童肺功能 ,特别是小气道功能的影响及其影响程度的前瞻性研究结果。并通过多因素、多指标的综合分析 ,揭示了一些影响儿童肺功能的主要因素。指出了从保护人体健康的角度来说 ,好的环境空气质量和良好的室内空气质量同样重要     

兰州市功能区大气细菌污染和城市绿地系统杀菌效应分析

在测定兰州市城市不同功能区和不同类型绿地系统空气细菌数量的基础上,分析了各功能区空气细菌污染状况,以及人流量和车流量与空气细菌数量之间的关系;探讨了不同绿地系统的杀菌效应,指出各绿地系统杀菌能力:乔、灌、草>乔、灌>草、灌>草坪。     

室外空气污染对成人呼吸系统健康影响的分析

报告在广州、武汉、兰州、重庆市 8所小学共 80 0 0余名学生父母患呼吸系统疾病的病症率受空气污染影响的分析结果。每个城市城区污染点的成人感冒咳嗽和咳痰、未感冒咳嗽和咳痰、支气管炎等病症的发生率均高于相应城市的郊区对照点 ,且男性比女性更高。呼吸系统的病症率与空气 PM1 0 、PM2 .5 污染呈正相关。调整了混杂因子的影响后 ,这种相关关系仍保持不变。结论是 :空气中 PM1 0 的污染与成人 (男女 )的感冒或未感冒时咳嗽、男性未感冒时咳痰、哮喘、支气管炎有明显正相关关系 ;空气 SO2 污染与成人 (男女 )感冒时咳嗽、咳痰呈显著正相关 ;空气中 NOx 污染对成人呼吸系统病症率的影响相对较弱     

兰州市气溶胶中金属与非金属元素的污染规律

通过对兰州市空气飘尘中粗、细颗粒物上化学元素的分布规律与特征的分析 ,指出了细颗粒物 (PM2 .5 )是一些有毒有害元素的主要携带者。这是可以在肺泡沉积 ,并能直接进入血液循环 ,对人体产生危害的重要部分     

能源结构变化对兰州市大气质量的影响

将2001—2010年的主要能源材料消耗、主要污染物变化及主要行业分布进行了相关性分析,结果表明:兰州市大气4种主要污染物中除烟尘呈下降趋势外,废气总量、SO2、NOx仍呈上升趋势;主要污染源为燃煤,主要污染行业为电力、蒸汽热水产供业;废气和SO2排放总量与燃煤和燃气呈强正相关,而NOx排放只与燃气呈强正相关。建议发挥兰州地域优势,加大以水电供应为主的能源结构调整,对改善当地空气质量有重要价值。     

乌鲁木齐市重污染天气与气象因素变化的影响分析

利用乌鲁木齐市近年来的空气污染监测资料和同期气象观测资料,研究乌鲁木齐市重污染天气的变化特征及其与气象条件的关系,并从气象特点、局地因子等方面的变化分析污染严重的成因,进一步研究造成重污染的物理机制,为今后乌鲁木齐市空气污染综合治理提供科学依据与建议。     

The effect of atmospheric pollution on α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in the satin moth (Leucoma salicis (L.))

The purpose of this study was to investigate how various combinations of atmospheric pollutants may affect -GPDH activity in the satin moth. Enzyme activity was measured in crude larva and pupa as well as in hoogenates from the fat body and thoracic muscles of adults. The insects were divided into five groups and treated with dust (containing heavy metals) and gaseous pollutants (SO₂, NO_x) in different concentrations. Specific activity of -GPDH was the highest in thoracic muscles of adult satin moth and was significantly higher in males, regardless of their origin. Low concentration of SO₂ caused stimulation of enzyme activity but simultaneous action of SO₂, NO_x and heavy metal containing dust with accompanied acid precipitation caused inhibition of -GPDH activity, probably as the result of sulphite bounds with pyridine and flavin nucleotides.     

Pine needles as sensors of atmospheric pollution

Neutron Activation Analysis of pine needles from trees growing in areas of relatively high and low airborne pollution has been performed. Needles of three different species, and from several sequential year's crops, have been studied. The purpose of the study was to determine the type of distribution governing the elemental concentrations, the inter-and intrasite differences, and the degree of dependence on soil vs airborne elemental sources. A log normal distribution was found for those elements considered to be well determined. The results indicate that pine needles can be used as an air pollution monitor provided that sufficient sampling is done to compensate for natural variation in elemental concentrations.     

Wmo's activities on background atmospheric pollution and integrated monitoring and research

As early as 1968, WMO decided to start a programme on atmospheric pollution. Consequently, a Panel of Experts on Meteorological Aspects of Atmospheric Pollution was established. It was also decided to operate a network of background air pollution monitoring stations. With increasing public concern on environmental pollution impacts, a growing number of WMO Members joined the programme. The Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme, as well as the World Climate Programme launched in the late seventies, will provide information on a possible influence of pollution on climate.When the network of background ait pollution monitoring started, some Members had already proposed to carry out multimedia monitoring at suitable stations. Later on, it became obvious that more information is required on levels and trends of pollutants in media interacting with the atmosphere and a project on integrated monitoring was established, the purpose of which is to define the objectives and uses of integrated monitoring and to establish procedures for routine standardized integrated monitoring of the of the environment.Pilot projects presently being carried out in a few Member countries are meant to provide most of the information required for the implementation of global background integrated environmental monitorting.     

沙尘暴--一种跨区域的大气环境污染物

文章对十多年来发生在我国西北地区的较大沙尘暴,沙尘暴尘的沉降量、沉降范围、化学组分、粒径分布、对大气环境降尘背景值的影响等问题进行了调查、分析,综述了这方面的一些研究成果。