试论环境监测数据审核机制的建立及运作

环境监测数据审核是环境监测质量管理的重要一环。在对环境监测数据审核重要性的认识，及其内容，依据分析解释的基础上建立了环境监测数据审核运行机制。并提出了几点措施，确保环境监测数据在获取过程中得到了有效监控，把监测数据差错率消除在监测过程的各个环节。     

环境监测数据审核体系的回顾与展望

回顾了中国环境监测数据审核体系发展历程,指出了当前环境监测数据审核在国家、运作和研究层面上存在的问题。提出,在国家层面上,应建立健全环境监测数据QA/QC法律体系;在运作层面上,环境监测机构应建立健全环境监测数据审核管理机制;在研究层面上,应开展监测数据合理性、相关性审核研究。     

计算机在环境监测数据辅助审核中的应用

以地面水环境监测数据为例,对实现环境监测数据计算机辅助审核的可行性以及审核的方法等进行了研究.指出实现环境监测数据计算机辅助审核是完全可行的,环境监测数据计算机辅助审核不仅能减轻数据审核人员的工作量,也有利于提高环境监测数据审核工作的技术水平和工作质量.     

论环境监测数据审核的相关性

在环境监测工作中,数据审核发挥着十分重要的作用。监测数据的准确性和合理性直接关系到监测工作的质量,做好数据审核是保证环境监测质量的有效手段和重要环节。数据审核的方法有许多种,本文从水质监测数据中各环境指标之间的相关性分析出发,探索加强数据审核的相关措施。     

执法环境监测数据的有效性审核要点

简述了环境监测数据在环境执法中的证据效力,指出,环境监测数据作为环境执法依据和行政处罚证据时,应对监测机构资质、监测样品、分析方法、仪器设备、质控措施、监测记录及结果等进行有效性审核。结合案例,分析了环境监测资料中存在的问题和改进措施,提出,环境监测数据作为证据资料提交给法庭时,需要所有与此项监测工作有关的资料作为支撑,监测机构在提交监测数据之前必须进行严格的审核和把关,只有合法有效的环境监测数据才具备证据能力,真正服务于环境执法和环境管理。     

环境监测超标数据的审核确认

环境监测数据审核是环境分析质量保证工作的一个重要环节,此项工作对监测数据是否准确可靠有一定影响。简述了环境监测超标数据审核确认的必要性以及超标数据的审核确认方式,针对目前存在的监测指标定性定量不准确、标准物质存在衰减状况、评价标准选择不准确等问题,提出,监测部门对于超标数据必须严格审核和把关,确保监测数据的真实性和准确性,真正服务于环境执法和环境管理。     

浅谈授权签字人对环境监测数据报告的审核

根据计量认证和中国实验室国家认可工作中对授权签字人能力的考核以及通过认证／认可的实验室对授权签字人赋予的职责和权利,针对目前环境管理、环境执法以及社会公众对环境监测数据不断增长的需要,结合监测数据报告审核的体会,探讨了授权签字人在环境监测数据报告审核中应采取的审核程序与方法及重点关注的问题。     

建立多层次的监测数据审核制度

1 建立多层次数据审核的必要性环境监测试样由于成份复杂多变,在时间、空间、量级上分布广泛,因而不易准确测量.要使监测数据准确可靠,具有代表性,需要建立一整套质量保证体系,而数据审核是其中必不可少的一环.数据审核不仅要审核实验室内的分析数据、质控数据和数据处理这一过程,而且需审核试样采集的现场记录以及现场测定的整个过程.目前大多数基层实验室内部数据审核制度不够健全和规范.复核、审核流于形式,错报、漏报等现象时有发生.至于室外现场数据审核更显得不足.此外,一些基层监测站实验室以外直接影响数据准确性、可比性、代表性的质量控制措施没有引起足够重视,尤其对现场操作记录,现场观测记录、现场监数据审核等更欠管理.     

计算机在环境监测数据辅助审核中的应用

以地面水环境监测数据为例 ,对实现监测数据计算机辅助审核的可行性以及审核的方法等进行了研究。指出实现监测数据计算机辅助审核是完全可行的。监测数据计算机辅助审核不仅将大大减轻数据审核技术人员的工作压力 ,也有利于提高监测数据审核工作的技术水平和工作质量     

新形势下如何开展环境监测质量体系内部审核工作的几点体会

质量体系内部审核工作是对内部质量体系运行持续有效性的检查,是质量管理的重要手段,也是发现、分析、解决环境监测环节出现问题的有效途径,在质量就是生命的环境监测领域更是发挥着不可替代的作用。通过内部审核工作可以实现质量管理体系持续改进,有效的保证环境监测数据质量。     

城市空气质量周报效用分析

介绍了世界上一些发达国家的空气污染预报的做法和采取的措施,阐述了我国开展空气质量预报的方针和方法,指出了周报是预报的基础工作。叙述了我国空气质量周报的污染参数的选取、污染指数的分级及其浓度限值和污染指数计算及确定,分析并总结了开展城市空气质量周报所发挥的效用是提高公众的环保意识,加大了治理污染的力度,转变了环境监测的职能,促进了环境监测事业的发展     

锅炉烟尘测试中锅炉负荷率的计算方法探讨

GB5468 -91规定 ,锅炉烟尘测试时 ,必须对锅炉的运行负荷进行测试 ,而实际监测过程中 ,许多锅炉房不具备测试的计量条件 ,为了解决这一问题 ,文章提出利用烟气量和空气过剩系数计算锅炉负荷率。在实际监测工作中 ,该方法方便、易于操作 ,所得结果和标准规定方法所得结果有很好的一致性     

水中总硬度测量不确定度的评定

采用EDTA滴定法测定水质总硬度的测量不确定度评定。充分考虑测量重复性、标准溶液的配制、滴定等过程对测量的影响,计算水中总硬度的测量相对合成标准不确定度为1·81×10-3。     

“湖泛”恶臭物质分析及来源浅析

介绍了中国南方"湖泛"中的恶臭物质及检测情况,采用常规分析和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对"湖泛"水样进行检测,认为"湖泛"恶臭物主要是氨和硫醚类物质。根据"湖泛"发生的时间及频次,结合南方地区农业水稻秧田的农药使用情况,推断氨基甲酸酯类农药的使用可能是"湖泛"发生的诱因。     

Fractionation of heavy metals and assessment of contamination of the sediments of Lake Titicaca

Chemical weathering is one of the major geochemical processes that control the mobilization of heavy metals. The present study provides the first report on heavy metal fractionation in sediments (8–156 m) of Lake Titicaca (3,820 m a.s.l.), which is shared by the Republic of Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Both contents of total Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Zn and also the fractionation of these heavy metals associated with four different fractions have been determined following the BCR scheme. The principal component analysis suggests that Co, Ni, and Cd can be attributed to natural sources related to the mineralized geological formations. Moreover, the sources of Cu, Fe, and Mn are effluents and wastes generated from mining activities, while Pb and Zn also suggest that their common source is associated to mining activities. According to the Risk Assessment Code, there is a moderate to high risk related to Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Co, and Ni mobilization and/or remobilization from the bottom sediment to the water column. Furthermore, the Geoaccumulation Index and the Enrichment Factor reveal that Zn, Pb, and Cd are enriched in the sediments. The results suggest that the effluents from various traditional mining waste sites in both countries are the main source of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Lake Titicaca.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施GB/T15481-2000 idt ISO/IEC17025:1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》的过程中,通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析,识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节,提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法,对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

贵州黔东南州三板溪水库春季拟多甲藻水华特征

2011年3月13日对贵州省黔东南州三板溪水库进行春季浮游植物调查的结果表明,三板溪水库Ⅱ号采样点(下革东)发生以佩纳形拟多甲藻为优势种的拟多甲藻水华,细胞密度高达1.15×10⁷cell/L;板溪水库总氮的最低值为2.09 mg/L,总磷的最低值为0.95 mg/L,三板溪水库的总氮、总磷含量较丰富,不存在总氮或总磷是限制性因子;通过SPSS16.0统计软件分别进行Pearson 积距相关系数分析表明,氮磷比是三板溪水库发生拟多甲藻水华的主要影响原因。     

Evaluation of method of preparation of passive diffusion tubes for measurement of ambient nitrogen dioxide

This study was carried out in response to suggestions that the measurement of NO(2) by Palmes-type passive diffusion tubes (PDT) is affected by the method of preparation of the triethanolamine (TEA) absorbent coating on the grids. The following combinations of factors were investigated: TEA solvent (acetone or water), volume composition of TEA in solvent (50% or 20%), and grid coating method (dipping in solution prior to assembly or pipetting solution on after assembly). Duplicate PDTs prepared by each of the 8 methods were exposed in parallel, in urban air, for a total of 80 separate 1 week exposures. NO(2) concentrations derived from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were significantly less precise than concentrations from dipping methods, with mean RSDs for duplicate measurements of 13.8% and 8.5%, respectively (n= 316 each category). Pipetting methods using solutions of 50% TEA composition were particularly imprecise (mean RSD 17.2%). Data from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were systematically more poorly correlated with each other and with data from co-located chemiluminescence analysers, than corresponding data from PDTs prepared by dipping methods, indicating that more consistent accuracy was also obtained by the latter PDTs. The statistical evidence suggested that PDTs prepared by pipetting 50% TEA in water generally gave lower NO(2) concentrations. Although this is in agreement with a previous study, it is also possible that such an observation here may be a statistical artefact given the demonstrably poorer precision of this method. The general tendency of PDTs to show positive bias in NO(2) measurement in urban air in 1 week exposures was again evident in this study (mean biases at roadside and urban centre locations of +35% (n= 475) and +18% (n= 112), respectively) consistent with augmentation of within-tube NO(2) flux by chemical reaction between co-diffusing NO and O(3). Overall, it is recommended that the pipetting method of PDT grid preparation is avoided, or at least investigated further, because of the apparent degradation in precision and accuracy of NO(2) measurement. Potential reasons for the effect are discussed.     

Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Ozone to the Neuston of the Sea-Surface Microlayer of the Gulf of Mexico

Substantial amounts of NOx (146 000 t/y) and total hydrocarbons (294 000 t/y) are released to the marine atmosphere by the large number of oil and gas operations over Federal waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Under appropriate meteorological conditions these emissions react to form ozone (0–54 g/m3 over-water) which can affect the marine environment. Using a dry deposition model, this work examines the amount of ozone derived from oil and gas offshore operations and deposited in the sea surface of the Gulf of Mexico, and assesses its impact on the neuston of the sea-surface microlayer. Surface integrated estimates of ozone deposited from oil and gas operations over the sea surface ranges from 400 kg to 1800 kg which results in sea surface concentrations of 15 g/m3. This estimate and the actual toxic ozone levels suggest no acute, toxic impacts to the neuston. However, indirect effects may occur through changes to the pelagic foodwebs and organic carbon pathways. Another potential pathway for ozone impacting the environment is through the production of bromate. Based on the concentrations and time scales (11–139 days) only sublethal effects appear to occur, but uncertainties associated with this assessment need to be further studied. From an ecological perspective, the environmental impacts and risks of NOx and VOC discharges from offshore platforms need to be assessed for neuston and other components of the marine ecosystem.     

污染源监测报告有效期问题的探讨

环境监测是环境管理的基础性工作,污染源监测报告(数据)的有效性是保证环境执法严肃、公正的重要条件,也是是守法企业展示良好社会形象的基本保证。依照国家的相关规定,并结合行业技术规范的要求,探讨污染源监测报告的有效期问题,以利于相关各方严肃、科学、合理地使用污染源监测数据。