福建省沿海地区海盐和大气污染物反应的致酸作用

本文着重研究福建省沿海地区盐和大气污染物反应的致酸作用,从源排放估算、致酸前体物观测、大气气溶胶组成分析、降水离子特征分析四个层次进行讨论,结果表明ＨＣｌ人为排放源仅占ＳＯ２,ＮＯｓ的４％;大气中活性氯;ＨＣｌ最大浓度为４．２３μｇ／ｍ＾－３,Ｃｌ２最大浓度为３．９７μｇ．ｍ＾－３,气溶胶中Ｃｌ＾－／Ｎａ＾＋比和降水中Ｃｌ／Ｎａ＾＋比背离,降水中过量氯与Ｈ浓度呈现正相关,过量氯对Ｈ浓度最大贡献达３     

兰州市大气颗粒物中水溶性离子研究

本文对兰州市不同季节大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的主要理化特性及其与降水的关系进行了研究，认为大气颗粒物中水溶性离子是当地降水中ＳＯ４＾２－，Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｃｌ＾－等主要离子的来源。在１３种被测的水溶物中，ＳＯ４＾２－和Ｃａ＾２＋离子所占比例较高，分别占总离子的３１．４％和２７．８％，年均浓度值为１０．７２μｇ／ｍ＾３和３．９６μｇ／ｍ＾３。同时大气颗粒物中水溶物浓度与ＳＯ２，ＴＳＰ等大气污染物浓度之间也     

水样品中重碳酸根离子排斥色谱法研究

本文研究了用离子排斥色谱法分析了水样品中重碳酸根的最佳色谱条件，分离方式和流动相的选择，样品溶液ｐＨ值与峰高的关系，实验结果显示，该方法具有简便，用样量少，灵敏度高于和干扰少等优点，测量下限为０．１２μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１ＨＣＯ＾－３在１－１０μｇ．ｍ＾－１和１０－１００μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１浓度范围内，ＨＣＯ３浓度与峰高的线性相关系数在０．９９５以上，该方法用于自来水和油田水样品的分析获得较好的结果。     

雨水中S（Ⅳ）的离子色谱分析及其保护方法的研究

本文研究了用离子色谱法分析雨水中Ｓ（Ⅳ）的色谱条件和含Ｓ（Ⅳ）样品的保存方法，采用ＨＰＩＣ＿ＡＳＡ分离柱、用２ｍｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１Ｎａ２ＣＯ３／３ｍｍｏｌ．ｌ＾０１ＮａＯＨ溶液作淋洗液、０．０１２５ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１Ｈ２ＳＯ４为再生液、电导检测的方法，具有无干扰和灵敏度高等优点，而且在Ｓ（Ⅵ）的浓度秋－２８μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１范围内，其浓度与响应值之间呈现出良好的线性关系，其线性相关系数在０．９９９５以上     

烟气中N2O生成反应的动力学研究

采用静态法 模拟道气中对Ｎ２Ｏ生成有影响的组分ＮＯ,ＳＯ２和Ｈ２Ｏ,以及温度进行了动力学研究。结果表明,随着ＮＯ,ＳＯ２和Ｈ２Ｏ浓度的增加反反应时间的加长,Ｎ２Ｏ的生态量增加,反应温升高,Ｎ２Ｏ的生成速率下降。将实验数据用尝试法和微分法进行处理,得到如下结果在Ｎ２Ｏ的生成反中对ＮＯ,ＳＯ２和Ｈ２Ｏ均为一级反应,反应速率常数分别为：２．０＊１０＾－５,８．９＊１０＾－６,８．８＊１０＾－８ｍ＾３．ｍ     

三种空气微生物采样方法的比较

在室内自然条件下，对三种空气微生物采样方法进行比较。结果表明，ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ采样器法，ＬＷＣ－１笄样器法和平皿沉降法测定的室内空气微生物粒子浓度分别为２６３４个／ｍ＾％３，２３９５个／ｍ＾３和１３８０个／ｍ＾３，ＬＷＣ－１型和ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ二种采样器的采样结果之间没有明显差异，二种采样器的采样结果均明显高于平皿沉降法的采样结果。ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ采样器的采样效率高，且可同时测定空气微生物粒子的浓     

Ag—Mn,Ag—Co和Ag—Ce复合氧化物上CO,丙酮和吡啶的催化燃烧

本文考察了Ａｎ－Ｍｎ，Ａｇ－Ｃｏ和Ａｇ－Ｃｅ复合氧化物上ＣＯ，丙酮和吡啶的催化氧化性能，结果表明，双组分Ａｇ－Ｍｎ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３和Ａｇ－Ｃｏ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂的氧化活性均高于单组分Ａｇ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３．在Ａｇ－Ｃｅ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上，ＣＯ氧化反应的速率言程可用ｒ＝ｋＰｏ２＾ｍＰＣＯ来表示，随着催化剂中氧化铈含量的增加，对氧的反应级数明显下降。     

活性炭纤维吸附／热解吸／毛细管气相色谱法测定低浓度VOCs的方法

本文以活性炭纤维为吸附材料,建立了活性炭纤维吸附／二次热解吸 缩／毛细管气相色谱法测定空气中ＶＯＣＳ的方法,讨论了吸附剂的安全采样体积,湿度控制及分析方法的精密度,检出限和回收率。本法对苯,甲苯,四氯乙烯,对－二甲苯和苯乙类的最低可测浓度分别为０．１３,０．０２,０．１２,０．０５和０．０５μｇ．ｍ＾－３,适用于低浓度ＶＯＣＳ样品的测定。     

多聚磷酸盐的离子色谱法分析研究

本文以美国ＤＩＯＮＥＸ公司Ｏｍｎｉ Ｐａｃ ＰＡＸ－１００为分离柱，氢氧化钠为淋洗液，甲醇为有机改进剂，梯度淋洗分离多聚磷酸盐（正磷酸盐ＰＯ＾３－４，焦磷酸盐Ｐ２Ｏ＾４－７，三聚磷酸盐Ｐ３Ｏ＾５－１０）。研究了分离机理和流动相的选择、色谱条件的最佳化、降低基线噪音的方法和多聚磷酸盐的稳定性。建立了同时测定ｐｐｂ级（μｇ／ｌ）多聚磷酸盐的离子色谱新方法。对样品的测定结果回收率均在９７．４９％—１０６     

生物质燃烧释放N2O的测定及其分布

本文报导了实验室规模的生物质封闭燃烧系统及稻草、玉米秸、麦杆燃烧过程中Ｎ２Ｏ排放因子的测定结果，测定结果表明：稻草、麦杆及玉米秸燃烧排气中Ｎ２Ｏ的排放因子分析是８４．４ｇ／ｔ，２７．３ｇ／ｔ，１３２ｇ／ｔ。用Ｎ２Ｏ－Ｎ占生物全氮的百分含量表示，稻草及玉米秸分别上０．５９％，０．８７％。用实验得到的Ｎ２Ｏ的排放因子计算出了生物质燃烧产生Ｎ２Ｏ在全国各省、直辖市、县的年排放量，并作出了全国年排放的分布     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.