采用Ti/PbO2阳极氧化进行污泥预处理的研究

提高市政污泥脱水性能是当前污泥预处理中的热点和难点.本文以毛细吸水时间(CST)作为衡量污泥预处理中脱水性能的指标,选用钛/二氧化铅网状极板为阴、阳电极,研究了电解电压、极板间距、电解质种类及电解质投加量等因素对电化学预处理市政污泥的影响.结果表明,电压对污泥脱水性能影响较大,在电压为20 V、极板间距为2 cm、电解质为0.6 g Na Cl的条件下,电化学处理市政污泥20 min效果最佳,污泥的CST下降率在90%以上.进一步探究表明,电解过程中污泥菌胶团结构首先被破坏,释放大量结合水,且菌胶团内的蛋白质和多聚糖释放到上清液中,二者浓度先升高;随后二者部分氧化分解,浓度降低,从而有效提高市政污泥脱水性能.     

电化学处理改善剩余污泥脱水性能

以毛细吸水时间（CST）作为衡量污泥脱水性能的指标,采用铱/二氧化钌电极板为阳极、钛/二氧化钌网状极板为阴极,对剩余污泥进行电化学处理,考察了电压、处理时间等因素对剩余污泥脱水性能的影响.结果表明,电压对污泥脱水性能影响较大,当电压为30V、极板间距为4cm、搅拌速率为100r.min-1、处理30min条件下污泥调理...     

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and its sludge dewaterability

To investigate the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and sludge dewaterability and further to probe into the influencing factors on sludge dewaterability, sludge flocs were stratified into four fractions: (1) slime; (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS); (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS); and (4) EPS-free pellets. The results showed that ultrasonic pretreatment increased the anaerobic digestion efficiency by 7%–8%. Anaerobic digestion without ultrasonic pretreatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, with the capillary suction time (CST) increased from 1.42 to 47.3 (sec L)/g-TSS. The application of ultrasonic pretreatment firstly deteriorated the sludge dewaterability (normalized CST increased to 44.4 (sec L)/g-TSS), while subsequent anaerobic digestion offset this effect and ultimately decreased the normalized CST to 23.2 (sec L)/g-TSS. The dewaterability of unsonicated sludge correlated with protein (p = 0.003) and polysaccharide (p = 0.004) concentrations in the slime fraction, while that of sonicated sludge correlated with protein concentrations in the slime and LB-EPS fractions (p < 0.05). Fluorescent excitationemission matrix analysis showed that the fluorescence matters in the LB-EPS fraction significantly correlated with sludge dewaterability during anarobic digestion.     

高铁酸钾-微波耦合对印染污泥脱水性能的影响研究

分别采用微波、微波耦合高铁酸钾对印染污泥进行脱水预处理.结果表明,适宜的微波辐射可改善污泥脱水性能.2320、3240、4000 W·L-1对应的最适时间分别是140 s、100 s和80 s.在3240 W·L-1的微波下辐射100 s后,污泥的沉降速率(SV30)、污泥比阻(SRF)和粘度较原污泥分别减少4.00%、18.89%、35.05%.同时,高铁酸钾的加入能更好地提高污泥脱水性能,其最佳投加量为0.1767 g·g-1(以SS计,下同),对应的污泥SV30、毛细吸水时间(CST)、粘度相比原污泥分别降低了13.50%、51.18%、40.79%.泥饼含固率相比原污泥则增加14.58%.微波耦合高铁酸钾能有效破坏污泥絮体结构.随着高铁酸钾投量增加,上清液的蛋白质含量持续增加,多糖含量则先增加后减少.     

鼠李糖脂-热对污泥厌氧发酵中脱水性能的影响

为了探究鼠李糖脂以及低温热水解预处理污泥厌氧发酵过程对污泥脱水性能的改变,利用毛细吸水时间（CST）表征脱水性能指标,有机物溶出、粒径分布以及三维荧光光谱分析阐明脱水性能变化机制.研究发现在厌氧发酵之前,预处理后污泥脱水性能均会降低;厌氧发酵之后原污泥脱水性能降低,经过热水解的污泥脱水性能改善;粒径分布变化表明粒径减小是预处理污泥脱水性能变差的部分原因,发酵之后粒径增大对于污泥脱水性能改善不明显.溶解性有机物（SCOD）、溶解性碳水化合物（SC）以及溶解性蛋白质（SP）的溶出情况发现粒径的减小是由于预处理手段对污泥的有效破解.三维荧光平行因子分析（PARAFAC）表明,污泥预处理且厌氧发酵前后溶解性有机质（DOM）均包含类腐殖酸C1（386nm/462nm）和C3（342nm/438nm）、酪氨酸类蛋白C2（278nm/306nm）以及色氨酸类蛋白C4（290nm/358nm）.其中,类腐殖酸的增多是热水解污泥脱水性能变差的主要原因,厌氧发酵之后酪氨酸蛋白的积累是原污泥脱水性能变差的原因,类腐殖酸的分解是热水解污泥发酵后改善的原因.     

微生物营养剂浓度对生物沥浸法促进城市污泥脱水性能的影响

通过实验室摇瓶试验和实际工程应用试验研究了不同污泥浓度(2%～5%)下,营养剂加入量对生物沥浸促进城市污泥脱水性能的影响,同时分析了pH值和营养剂利用率的变化.结果表明,生物沥浸过程中,不同浓度污泥各处理下pH值均呈直线下降后趋于稳定的趋势;生物沥浸2 d后,各处理中营养剂几乎都被微生物完全利用;2%、3%、4%、5%浓度污泥比阻随着沥浸时间的延长先迅速减小后逐渐回升,且浓度越高回升幅度越大,各浓度污泥选择最佳营养剂浓度分别为3.0、4.5、8.3和12.8 g.L-1,此时污泥最低比阻分别为0.61×1012、1.22×1012、3.09×1012和4.83×1012m.kg-1.通过工程应用试验表明,将5%浓度城市污泥稀释成3%浓度再生物沥浸的方法不仅能够改善生物沥浸污泥脱水性能,表现在比阻从3.29×1012m.kg-1下降到1.10×1012m.kg-1,同时还可以缩短污泥停留时间(从4 d缩短为2.35 d)及降低运行成本.这为生物沥浸工艺处理高浓度污泥运行参数的优化提供了科学依据.     

基质投加量对生物调理改善污泥脱水性能的影响

通过在剩余污泥中投加FeSO_4及S~0的生物基质进行生物调理的方法改善污泥脱水性质.在确定两者的投加质量比为7∶3(FeSO_4的质量以Fe~(2+)计)的条件下,分别投加质量为污泥干重的10%、15%、20%、25%、30%的混合基质,结果表明当基质投加量为污泥干重的20%时,污泥的脱水性能最佳.其中,毛细吸水时间(CST)较对照组降低了38.71%,粘度下降了81.91%,泥饼含固率为对照组的135.19%.同时,污泥中的胞外聚合物(EPS)总量有了显著的下降,污泥絮体中的有机质从与污泥细胞更紧密结合的紧密型EPS(TB-EPS)中释放到较外层的疏松型EPS(LB-EPS)中,且Zeta电位接近中性,从而使得污泥脱水性能得到改善.     

活化过硫酸盐对市政污泥调理效果的影响

常规污泥脱水技术只能将市政污泥含水率降到80%左右,难以满足日益严格的污泥处理处置要求.活化过硫酸盐产生硫酸根自由基SO4·-具有强氧化性,可用于破坏污泥的絮体结构.本研究利用Fe2+活化过硫酸钠(SPS)的方法进行污泥调理,以到达改善污泥的脱水性能的目的.结果表明,当Fe2+与S2O2-8投加量(以绝干污泥计)分别为25.88 mg·g-1、80 mg·g-1(Fe2+与S2O2-8摩尔比为1.1∶1)时,污泥毛细吸水时间CST和污泥比阻SRF降低率最大,滤液中蛋白质和多糖浓度达到最大.进一步的研究表明,污泥Zeta电位值由负向正变化,颗粒比表面积增大,絮体由密集的团状变成结构松散的层状结构,污泥脱水性能提高.     

不同污泥在微波预处理-厌氧消化过程中抗性基因分布及菌群结构演替

城市污水厂剩余污泥是抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARG）的重要储存库,污泥处理过程中ARG的转归趋势及其与菌群结构变化的关系仍需人们深入研究.本研究考察了A²O和A²O-MBR工艺的城市污水厂剩余污泥的ARG与细菌群落结构在微波预处理-厌氧消化处理过程中的演变规律,结果表明,两种原污泥的菌群结构及携带的ARG丰度分布区别较大;虽然微波预处理不会显著改变菌群结构,但预处理-厌氧处理后的消化污泥菌群结构有显著差异;无论有/无预处理,厌氧消化过程对污泥中ARG和MGE的分布有趋同性的作用;ermF、qnrS和bla_NDM-1是厌氧消化过程中易于增殖传播的抗性基因;污泥特性中,生物量、氨氮和正磷对ARG和MGE分布的影响力最大;污泥性质对细菌群落结构、尤其是部分功能菌属变化有重要影响.本研究结果可为人们进一步了解污泥厌氧消化过程中ARG的传播与控制提供科学参考.     

微波及其组合工艺强化污泥厌氧消化研究

为提高剩余污泥的厌氧消化效能和脱水性能,考察了微波及其组合污泥预处理工艺的强化污泥厌氧消化效果,同时考察了预处理-厌氧消化过程的污泥理化特征及其脱水性能.结果表明,微波及其组合工艺可以强化污泥厌氧消化产甲烷,其中微波-过氧化氢-碱(0.2)的强化效果最为显著,不仅30 d累计产甲烷量比对照组增加了13.34%,而且产甲烷速率也得到了提升.与单独微波处理相比,过氧化氢、碱的投加显著提高了溶解性COD的释放量,这表明微波、过氧化氢、碱之间的协同作用能有效破碎污泥,进而强化厌氧消化效果;微波-酸预处理后的污泥具有良好的脱水性能,毛细吸水时间(CST)只有9.85 s,污泥脱水性能的改善与其表面电性、粒径分布的变化密切相关;不同预处理条件下的污泥经过厌氧消化后,污泥脱水性能较为接近.     

改善污泥脱水性能的丝状真菌的分离及其促进污泥脱水的机制初探

探讨污泥中丝状真菌对污泥脱水性能的影响及其机制,对生物法强化污泥脱水技术的发展具有重要意义.本研究从剩余污泥中分离筛选可以提高污泥脱水性能的丝状真菌,并分析其改善污泥脱水性能的具体机制.结果表明,在剩余污泥中存在着可以促进污泥脱水性能改善的丝状真菌,从中分离筛选出1株毛霉属的真菌Mucor circinelloides ZG-3,该菌对改善污泥脱水性能具有良好的效果.该丝状真菌处理剩余污泥过程中污泥的脱水性能改善效果主要受到接种方式、接种浓度和污泥含固率的影响,其最适接种方式为菌丝体接种,最适接种浓度为10%,最适污泥含固率约为4%.在最适条件下处理污泥可使污泥比阻降低75.1%,显著改善污泥的脱水性能,并且处理后污泥溶液的COD值约为310 mg·L-1,处理后的污泥仍具有良好的沉降性能.M.circinelloides ZG-3处理剩余污泥过程中,污泥脱水性能的改善主要与污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的降解和污泥p H的降低有关.因此,采用M.circinelloides ZG-3处理剩余污泥是一种非常有潜力的新型污泥调理技术.     

同时回收氮磷提高碱性发酵污泥脱水性能的机制研究

同时回收氮磷可以显著提高碱性发酵污泥的脱水性能,但是目前对其机制尚不清楚.通过批式试验,研究了ζ电位、二价离子、胞外聚合物、溶解性聚合物以及鸟粪石对碱性发酵污泥脱水性能的影响.结果表明,在最佳回收条件下(pH=10.0,n(P)/n(N)=1.3 mol.mol-1,n(Mg)/n(N)=1.9 mol.mol-1),镁离子不仅能使|ζ|电位减小到14 mV以下,而且使一价阳离子与二价阳离子比例降低到9 mol.mol-1以下;同时回收氮磷可以显著降低溶解性多聚物和胞外聚合物的含量,尤其是溶解性蛋白质和松散型胞外聚合物的含量;这些变化都促进了碱性发酵污泥的脱水.此外,鸟粪石的形成也有助于提高脱水效果.     

Enhancing sewage sludge dewaterability by bioleaching approach with comparison to other physical and chemical conditioning methods

The sewage sludge conditioning process is critical to improve the sludge dewaterability prior to mechanical dewatering. Traditionally, sludge is conditioned by physical or chemical approaches, mostly with the addition of inorganic or organic chemicals. Here we report that bioleaching, an efficient and economical microbial method for the removal of sludge-borne heavy metals, also plays a significant role in enhancing sludge dewaterability. The effects of bioleaching and physical or chemical approaches on sludge dewaterability were compared. The conditioning result of bioleaching by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans on sludge dewatering was investigated and compared with the effects of hydrothermal (121℃ for 2 hr), microwave (1050 W for 50 sec), ultrasonic (250 W for 2 min), and chemical conditioning (24% ferric chloride and 68% calcium oxide; dry basis). The results show that the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) or capillary suction time (CST) of sludge is decreased by 93.1% or 74.1%, respectively, after fresh sludge is conditioned by bioleaching, which is similar to chemical conditioning treatment with ferric chloride and calcium oxide but much more effective than other conditioning approaches including hydrothermal, microwave, and ultrasonic conditioning. Furthermore, after sludge dewatering, bioleached sludge filtrate contains the lowest concentrations of chroma (18 times), COD (542 mg/L), total N (TN, 300 mg/L), NH₄⁺-N (208 mg/L), and total P (TP, 2 mg/L) while the hydrothermal process resulted in the highest concentration of chroma (660 times), COD (18,155 mg/L), TN (472 mg/L), NH₄⁺-N (381 mg/L), and TP (191 mg/L) among these selected conditioning methods. Moreover, unlike chemical conditioning, sludge bioleaching does not result in a significant reduction of organic matter, TN, and TP in the resulting dewatered sludge cake. Therefore, considering sludge dewaterability and the chemical properties of sludge filtrate and resulting dewatered sludge cakes, bioleaching has potential as an approach for improving sludge dewaterability and reducing the cost of subsequent reutilization or disposal of dewatered sludge.     

生物淋滤-PAC与PAM联合调理城市污泥

采用生物淋滤-聚合氯化铝(PAC)与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)联合使用工艺对城市污泥进行了调理研究.结果表明,在固定单质硫投量为3 g.L-1的条件下,投加亚铁离子能明显加快污泥生物淋滤速率;FeSO4.7H2O投量为8 g.L-1时,污泥pH降至2约需1.5 d.生物淋滤显著改善了污泥的脱水性能,生物淋滤后使污泥比阻从6.45×1010 s2.g-1降到1.45×1010 s2.g-1,降低了77.52%,但污泥仍属于难脱水污泥.回调淋滤污泥pH至6,投加PAC及PAM对淋滤污泥进行强化调理.结果表明,单独使用PAC与PAM的最佳投量分别为200 mg.L-1和50 mg.L-1;联合使用PAC与PAM时,PAC与PAM的最佳投量分别为100mg.L-1和25 mg.L-1,污泥比阻和滤饼含水率分别为2.02×108 s2.g-1和74.81%,污泥属于易脱水污泥.与单独使用PAC与PAM相比,PAC与PAM联合使用调理污泥费用低、处理效果好.     

生物沥浸处理中微生物菌群和胞外聚合物对城市污泥脱水性能的影响

探讨城市污泥生物沥浸过程中微生物菌群和胞外聚合物(EPS)变化对污泥脱水性能的影响,对进一步揭示生物沥浸法提高污泥脱水性能机理具有重要意义.本研究通过摇瓶试验探讨了硫杆菌和异养微生物菌群数量的变化及EPS在生物沥浸法提高城市污泥脱水性能中的作用.试验结果表明,在生物沥浸处理的前2 d内,由于硫杆菌A.ferrooxidans LX5和A.thiooxidans TS6的大量生长,导致生物沥浸污泥的pH从初始的4.62显著下降至2.47,进而导致污泥中异养菌数量从初始的2.65×108CFU·mL-1下降至8.20×106CFU·mL-1,污泥中EPS含量从初始的28.18 mg·g-1(以VSS计,下同)显著下降为13.53 mg·g-1.A.ferrooxidans LX5和A.thiooxidans TS6的大量生长、异养微生物细胞的死亡破裂及EPS含量的下降共同促使污泥的结合水含量从初始的37.28%下降至21.10%,最终导致污泥比阻从初始的5.14×1012m·kg-1显著下降至6.92×1011m·kg-1.通过验证试验发现,原始污泥在剥离EPS后其比阻仅为原来的11.23%,其脱水性能与生物沥浸2 d后的污泥在0.05水平上没有显著性差异.因此,污泥中A.ferrooxidans LX5、A.thiooxidans TS6和异养微生物菌群数量的改变及EPS含量的减少是生物沥浸法提高污泥脱水性能的两个重要因素.     

钛盐混凝剂调理对活性污泥絮体理化性质的影响作用机制

研究了预制的不同形态钛盐混凝剂对污泥的调理效果,结果表明不同碱化度[B值,即n(OH)/n(Ti)]聚合氯化钛(PTC)单一调理污泥时,在相同投加量时,PTC_(0.5)调理后污泥比阻、可压缩性以及EPS中有机物含量均低于其他形态钛盐,其最佳投加量以TSS计,为0.005 g·g~(-1),该投加量远低于传统的铁盐和铝盐混凝剂.不同B值PTC调理污泥脱水能力的强弱顺序为:PTC_(0.5)PTC_(1.5)Ti Cl_4PTC_(2.5).同时分析了调理过程中污泥絮体粒径(d_(0.5))和分形维数(D_F)的变化特征.采用三维荧光光谱和高效体积排阻色谱,解析了钛盐混凝剂对污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)分布和组成的影响,EPS蛋白峰的荧光强度和有机物相对分子质量峰分布变化规律与污泥比阻、可压缩性和脱水能力变化规律有一定相关性.     

生物沥浸对精对苯二甲酸化工污泥脱水性能的提高及其重金属脱除效果

通过摇瓶培养试验研究了生物沥浸处理对精对苯二甲酸(PTA)化工污泥脱水性能和重金属去除效果的影响.研究表明,PTA污泥经生物沥浸后脱水效果得到了较好的改善,且营养剂最佳投加量为5g·L-1.经生物沥浸2d后污泥的pH从7.37下降到2.29,比阻从62.64×1012m·kg-1下降到2.36×1012m·kg-1,降低了96.23%.在最佳处理条件下对该化工污泥进行多批次生物沥浸中试试验,并对沥浸后污泥采用厢式压滤机脱水.结果表明,经生物沥浸处理后污泥静置24h,污泥沉降率可从2%提高到33%,厢式压滤脱水后泥饼含水率下降到45.9%,与对照相比,污泥体积减少了91.1%.泥饼中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Co的去除率分别为95.15%、85.20%、42.11%、82.59%和64.42%;滤液中COD和氨态氮去除率分别为42.82%和74.98%.可见,生物沥浸法不仅能够较好地改善化工污泥的脱水性能,还能脱除污泥中的重金属.这对生物沥浸技术在PTA化工污泥上的应用和推广具有重要意义.     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K₂FeO₄ oxidation and KMnO₄ oxidation. The degree of disintegration (DDCOD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K₂FeO₄ oxidation was more efficient than KMnO₄ oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and increased slightly with KMnO₄ oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and did not changed with KMnO₄ oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K₂FeO₄ oxidation and KMnO₄ oxidation. The degree of disintegration (DD_COD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K₂FeO₄ oxidation was more efficient than KMnO₄ oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and increased slightly with KMnO₄ oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and did not changed with KMnO₄ oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.     

污泥焚烧过程中氯化物对Cd迁移行为的影响

采用固定层燃炉及向污泥中添加Cd方式,分别研究了污泥焚烧过程中有机氯(PVC)与无机氯(NaCl)对Cd迁移转化行为的影响,同时考察了不同焚烧条件下Cd的迁移及分布规律.结果表明,污泥焚烧过程中不同氯化物的加入均增强了Cd向飞灰或者烟气中迁移,但随着氯化物加入量的增加,Cd挥发增加的趋势并不明显.随温度的升高,有机氯(PVC)与无机氯(NaCl)均使得Cd在底渣中的分布减少,而焚烧时间及初始浓度对Cd迁移分布没有显著影响.底渣和飞灰的SEM-EDS和XRD分析表明,污泥焚烧过程中NaCl的加入导致Cd易与氯化物形成CdCl2、Na2CdCl4、K2CdCl6、K2CdSiO4和NaCdO2,而PVC的加入,除了与Cd形成Na2CdCl4和CdCl2外,还生成了K4CdCl6和K6CdO4氯化物,可见有机氯(PVC)与无机氯(NaCl)对Cd迁移转化影响主要与Cd的生成物种类及形态有关.