干湿交替灌溉制度下纳米修复材料对杂交籼稻籽粒Cd累积及产量的影响

干湿交替灌溉具有节水高产特性,但在重金属Cd污染稻田,干湿交替灌溉常导致稻米Cd含量>0.20 mg·kg^-1,通过添加钝化剂可能对水分高效利用及优质稻米生产具有显著的调控效应.为此,本研究以吸收能力较强的籼型亚种为试材,在前期筛选出的高积累品种（深两优1813）和低积累品种（两优6206）基础上,于Cd轻度污染稻田设置灌溉制度和钝化剂双因素多水平处理开展大田小区试验.结果表明,干湿交替灌溉下,成熟期土壤有效态Cd含量较移栽前降低17.13%~61.01%,而传统淹灌水稻的降低幅度为-43.45%~21.07%,干湿交替灌溉较传统淹灌表现出显著降低土壤有效态Cd含量（P<0.05）.水稻植株地上部各器官Cd含量则表现为干湿交替灌溉处理明显高于传统淹水灌溉处理.不同钝化剂处理相比较,多孔纳米陶瓷+石灰处理对于降低土壤有效态Cd含量和籽粒Cd含量效果最好,显著优于多孔纳米陶瓷、石灰+有机肥、石灰+生物炭、石灰及不施任何钝化剂处理（P<0.05）.深两优1813和两优6206在多孔纳米陶瓷+石灰组合修复模式下的籽粒Cd含量分别为0.23~0.24 mg·kg^-1和0.16~0.21 mg·kg^-1.产量在灌溉制度、品种、钝化剂处理间差异不显著（P>0.05）.干湿交替灌溉的籽粒Cd含量在多孔纳米陶瓷+石灰组合模式下存在超标风险（深两优1813品种为0.24 mg·kg^-1;两优6206品种为0.21 mg·kg^-1）,但通过选用低积累品种,籽粒Cd含量具有可预见性的达标（<0.20 mg·kg^-1）潜力.因此,干湿交替灌溉+多孔纳米陶瓷和石灰组合修复模式+低积累品种可视为Cd轻度污染稻田节水高产优质稻米的调优生产模式.     

三元土壤调理剂对田间水稻镉砷累积转运的影响

通过镉砷复合污染稻田的土壤调理剂原位治理,研究了三元土壤调理剂QFJ（羟基磷灰石+沸石+改性秸秆炭）对稻田土壤基本理化性质和水稻各部位镉砷累积转运的影响.结果表明,在土壤Cd总量3.58 mg·kg^-1,As总量124.79 mg·kg^-1污染程度下,施用QFJ后,水稻根际土壤pH值、阳离子交换量及有机质含量有增大的趋势;土壤交换态Cd和As含量可分别从0.37 mg·kg^-1、0.07 mg·kg^-1下降到0.12 mg·kg^-1、0.04 mg·kg^-1.QFJ的施用,可有效降低水稻各部位中Cd和As含量,在9.00 t·hm^-2施用量水平,可将糙米中Cd含量从0.46 mg·kg^-1下降到0.18 mg·kg^-1,无机As含量从0.25 mg·kg^-1降低到0.16 mg·kg^-1,同时低于国家食品污染物限量标准0.2 mg·kg^-1的要求,实现水稻安全生产.施用QFJ减少了水稻根系对Cd和As的富集,降低了水稻植株将Cd从地下部转运到地上部的能力,降低了根系转运Cd的能力以及茎叶、谷壳转运As的能力.     

贵州省旱地土壤和玉米As含量特征及其种植安全性评估

为了解贵州省旱地土壤和玉米籽粒As含量分布特征,并评估其玉米种植的安全性,采集自然土壤样品468个,旱地表层土壤样品1260个,相应玉米籽粒样品980个,测定其As含量和土壤基本理化性质,运用单因子污染指数法对样品污染程度进行评价.结果表明:①旱地土壤ω(As)范围为0.35~758.53 mg·kg^-1,几何平均值为23.28 mg·kg^-1,经独立样本T检验,贵州省旱地土壤的ω(As)显著高于自然土壤的21.29 mg·kg^-1(P<0.05),表明旱地土壤存在As累积效应;与《农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 15618-2018)筛选值相比,土壤样品超标率为33.81%.②玉米籽粒ω(As)范围为0.001~0.868 mg·kg^-1,几何平均值为0.064 mg·kg^-1,0.61%的玉米籽粒样品超过《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2017)的限值,超标点位分布于毕节市、黔西南州和铜仁市.③将玉米籽粒作为饲料和粮食使用时,贵州省旱地土壤均可以安全种植玉米.研究表明贵州省旱地土壤As污染较严重,整体上可实现玉米安全种植,但涉As有色金属矿区周边种植玉米需要加以关注.     

微碱性土壤施用烟秆生物炭与磷酸盐降低小麦籽粒镉积累

为探究烟秆生物炭（TSB）和磷酸氢二铵（DHP）对微碱性土壤镉（Cd）迁移转化机制,通过盆栽试验调查了其施用对土壤pH、有效态Cd、Cd赋存形态和小麦Cd积累的影响.结果表明：① TSB和DHP显著降低了土壤有效态Cd含量,10.12 t·hm^-2TSB可降低微碱性土壤（pH 7.8）有效态Cd含量的44%.② TSB和DHP显著改变了土壤Cd的赋存形态,6.75 t·hm^-2和10.12 t·hm^-2TSB分别降低可交换态Cd含量的48%和42%,分别增加铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量的47%~67%和22%~38%.所有处理均增加了残渣态Cd含量,以TSB和DHP配施增幅最大,为115%~217%.③ TSB和DHP显著降低小麦根系、叶片、叶鞘、茎秆、颖壳和籽粒Cd含量.10.12 t·hm^-2 TSB小麦籽粒Cd含量降低56%,产量不受影响.10.12 t·hm^-2TSB和DHP配施小麦可增产32%,籽粒Cd含量降低53%.结果说明在微碱性土壤上施用TSB和DHP可促进土壤Cd的形态转化,降低土壤Cd的生物有效性,降低小麦籽粒Cd积累.     

不同镉水平下纳米沸石对土壤pH、CEC及Cd形态的影响

通过室内培养试验及土培试验研究了不同镉水平（1、5、10和15 mg·kg^-1）下纳米沸石和普通沸石对土壤pH、CEC及Cd形态的影响.结果表明,室内培养试验中,施用沸石（5、10和20 g·kg^-1）均显著提高了不同镉（1、5、10和15 mg·kg^-1）处理中的土壤pH和土壤CEC值,降低了土壤可交换态镉含量,增加了碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态、有机态和残渣态镉含量,以纳米沸石（20 g·kg^-1）对土壤可交换态镉的降低效果最好.土壤pH、土壤CEC与土壤可交换态镉含量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与铁锰氧化态镉含量均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.土培试验中,在1 mg·kg^-1和5 mg·kg^-1 Cd条件下,施用沸石（5、10和20 g·kg^-1）使土壤可交换态镉FDC降低了6.4%~63.2%,使大白菜地上部去离子水提取态镉和乙醇提取态镉的分配比例分别降低了2.1%~56%和11.8%~100%,相同沸石使用量下的降低效果以纳米沸石优于普通沸石.在1 mg·kg^-1 Cd条件下,大白菜地上部镉形态的FDC与土壤CAB-F和OM-F的FDC有显著相关性（P<0.05）;在5 mg·kg^-1 Cd条件下,大白菜地上部镉形态的FDC主要与土壤OM-F和RES-F形态的FDC存在显著相关性（P<0.05）.     

胺鲜酯与螯合剂GLDA联合强化柳枝稷吸收积累镉效果

为探究己酸二乙氨基乙醇酯（胺鲜酯,DA-6）与谷氨酸二乙酸四钠（GLDA）联用对柳枝稷修复镉（Cd）污染土壤的影响,通过田间试验研究不同DA-6浓度（0和10μmol·L^-1）与不同GLDA施用方式（60 d内将600、1200和2400 kg·hm^-2依次分为1、2和4次施加,分施2和4次的单次间隔时间分别为30 d和15 d）联合对土壤pH及可溶性有机碳（DOC）、柳枝稷生物量及Cd含量、Cd提取量、土壤总Cd及有效态Cd（DTPA-Cd）的影响.结果表明：① DA-6与GLDA联用能提高土壤pH和DOC,且pH和DOC随着GLDA施用量增加而显著增加;②DA-6与GLDA联用能显著提高柳枝稷生物量及Cd含量,其中DA-6和GLDA的施用量与施用次数是影响生物量及Cd含量的最关键因素;③柳枝稷Cd提取量在DA-6浓度为10μmol·L^-1和分4次施加1200 kg·hm^-2GLDA时最高,为22.18 g·hm^-2,较CK（不施加DA-6和GLDA）及10D0（仅叶喷10μmol·L^-1 DA-6）分别提高了1.93倍和1.23倍;④土壤总Cd在DA-6浓度为10μmol·L^-1和分2次施加2400 kg·hm^-2GLDA时最低,为0.529mg·kg^-1,较CK与10D0分别降低21.04%和18.23%.因此,DA-6与GLDA联用能进一步强化柳枝稷修复Cd污染农田.     

化肥减量有机替代对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮磷养分及作物产量的影响

化肥减量配施有机肥是实现环境友好,保持耕地质量的国家战略,对防治土壤污染和实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义.以三峡库区紫色土旱坡地为研究对象,通过田间试验研究了在油菜/玉米轮作模式下,对照处理、常规施肥、优化施肥、生物炭（化肥减量配施生物炭）及秸秆还田（化肥减量配施秸秆还田）这5个处理对土壤氮、磷形态、作物氮磷含量、肥料利用率及作物产量的影响.结果表明,土壤铵态氮含量在油菜季的秸秆处理最高,为4.51 mg·kg^-1.各处理玉米季的土壤铵态氮和碱解氮含量均明显高于油菜季.化肥减量配施有机肥可以保障并提高土壤全氮的含量.其中,秸秆处理的油菜季和玉米季土壤全氮含量均最高,分别为0.56 g·kg^-1和0.60 g·kg^-1.秸秆处理的油菜季土壤有效磷含量最高（0.76 mg·kg^-1）.化肥减量配施有机肥的土壤全磷含量较常规处理没有显著差异（P>0.05）.化肥减量配施有机肥表现出略有增产的趋势,其中生物炭处理的油菜产量最高（2328 kg·hm^-2）;常规处理的玉米产量最高（5838 kg·hm^-2）.无论油菜季还是玉米季,各化肥减量处理较常规处理都普遍提高了氮肥和磷肥的农学利用率.在紫色土地区中,化肥减量配施生物炭和秸秆还田均有利于改善土壤养分、提高化肥利用率,达到减少氮肥、磷肥施用量和提高作物产量的效果.     

棉秆炭对碱性水稻土壤-水稻中镉迁移转化的阻控作用

为研究棉花秸秆生物质炭添加对碱性水稻土壤-水稻体系中镉迁移转化的影响,通过室外盆栽试验,以水稻品种特丰优2号为试验材料,在添加外源镉含量为0、1、4和8 mg·kg^-1的碱性水稻土中分别施入炭土质量比分别为0%、1%、2.5%和5%的棉花秸秆生物质炭,待水稻收获后,分析不同含量镉胁迫处理下,施用不同量棉秆炭对碱性水稻土壤pH、养分和水稻体内镉富集、转移情况及镉在土壤中的赋存形态的影响.结果表明：①添加棉秆炭可以显著提高土壤养分（P<0.05）,其中5%量的棉秆炭添加后,相比于对照组土壤有机质增加了25.74~47.53%,速效钾提高了3.16~4.25倍.②施用生物质炭可以显著降低土壤及水稻体内镉含量（P<0.05）,尤其5%量的棉秆炭施用后,Cd4和Cd8含量下糙米镉含量分别由0.31 mg·kg^-1和0.43 mg·kg^-1降低到0.15 mg·kg^-1和0.10 mg·kg^-1,达到国家标准范围.生物质炭可以显著降低镉在土壤-水稻体系的富集、转移系数,并使残渣态镉含量增多,弱酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态镉含量显著降低（P<0.05）.③土壤pH、电导率和养分各指标与水稻体内镉含量和土壤中弱酸提取态、可还原态和可氧化态镉含量有极显著负相关关系,与残渣态镉含量呈正相关关系（P<0.05）.上述研究结果说明,棉秆炭的施用可增加土壤养分,对碱性水稻土和水稻体内镉的富集、转化有显著的阻控作用.     

4种钝化剂对污染水稻土中Cu和Cd的固持机制

为揭示钝化剂阻控后Cu和Cd二次活化的风险程度,本文采用石灰石（LS）、麦饭石（MF）、生物炭（BC）和铁改性生物炭（Fe-BC）这4种钝化剂,研究其施用后土壤及土壤胶体中Cu和Cd形态变化和内源铁氧化物类型、形貌变化归趋.结果表明,钝化剂对土壤Cu和Cd的固持效果表现为LS>MF>Fe-BC>BC.LS和MF处理后土壤可交换及碳酸盐结合态Cu质量分数分别减少8.19%和2.33%,易还原铁锰结合态Cu质量分数分别增加8.00%和2.69%,二次活化的风险较高;BC和Fe-BC处理后,易还原铁锰结合态Cu质量分数分别减少2.21%和5.90%,有机结合态Cu质量分数分别增加4.75%和3.48%,钝化效果更稳定.LS、MF、BC和Fe-BC处理后,土壤可交换及碳酸盐结合态Cd质量分数分别减少7.64%、8.34%、2.37%和6.73%,残渣态Cd质量分数分别增加8.27%、9.18%、5.73%和9.60%,说明钝化处理后,Cd二次活化的风险较低.胶体中Cu和Cd的含量分别为489.92mg·kg^-1和2.57mg·kg^-1,远高于土壤中Cu和Cd的含量239.98mg·kg^-1和1.93mg·kg^-1,且4种钝化剂施用后,土壤胶体中非晶质氧化铁结合态Cu和Cd含量显著增加,说明这是重金属生物有效性降低的主要原因和路径.     

纳米氢氧化镁对不同类型土壤镉形态的影响

采用28 d室内连续培养实验,以纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁（100、200和300 mg·kg^-1）为镉污染土壤钝化剂,研究了纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁对不同类型镉污染土壤（1、5、10和15 mg·kg^-1）中镉形态的影响.结果表明,在中性土壤上,1、5、10和15 mg·kg^-1镉处理中土壤交换态Cd （EX-Cd）形态分布比例FDC为66.7%~81.8%,为土壤镉主要形态.土壤镉含量大小顺序为EX-Cd > 碳酸盐结合态Cd（CAB-Cd） > 残渣态Cd （RES-Cd） > 铁锰氧化态Cd （FeMn-Cd） > 有机结合态Cd （OM-Cd）.培养第14d时,土壤EX-Cd FDC达到最低值.培养0~28 d期间,在1、5、10和15 mg·kg^-1镉处理下,纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁处理的土壤EX-Cd FDC较对照（CK）分别降低了11.4%~67.7%、7.8%~37.2%、7.7%~36.4%、5.0%~28.8%（纳米氢氧化镁）和0.5%~49.5%、0.6%~15.0%、1.0%~18.1%、0.7%~14.6%（普通氢氧化镁）.碱性土EX-Cd含量均在培养的第7 d时达到最低;酸性土在1、5和10 mg·kg^-1镉处理中土壤EX-Cd含量在第21d时达到最低值.纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁均降低了中、酸、碱性土壤EX-Cd含量,且随氢氧化镁施加量的增加,土壤EX-Cd含量呈降低趋势.相同用量下,钝化土壤活性镉的效果以纳米氢氧化镁优于普通氢氧化镁.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.