宜都市PM2.5与O3季节性分布特征及潜在源区分析

为了解宜都市PM_2.5与O₃的污染特征及潜在来源,利用宜都市2020年3月至2022年2月在线监测数据及气象数据,对宜都市PM_2.5与O₃质量浓度变化特征、气象影响因素及潜在源区进行了分析,结果表明:宜都市PM_2.5质量浓度冬高夏低,日变化呈双峰特征,O₃质量浓度夏高冬低,日变化呈单峰特征。高湿、静稳的气象条件以及较强偏北风作用下的区域污染传输对PM_2.5污染有重要影响,高温以及中湿度对O₃污染过程有重要作用。春、夏、秋季偏南方向气流轨迹占主导,且携带较高的污染物浓度,冬季来自湖北东北及西南方向的气流占比较高且携带的PM_2.5浓度较高;宜都市PM_2.5、O₃的潜在源区具有季节性差异,总体来看,主要分布在河南南部、湖北东部及湖南的北部区域。     

2022年青岛市沿海区域臭氧污染特征及传输影响分析

基于2022年1—12月青岛市沿海区域臭氧（O₃）自动监测数据和气象观测资料,对O₃污染变化特征及影响因素进行了分析,结合后向轨迹聚类与潜在源区分析等方法,对O₃外来输送通道及潜在源分布情况进行分析研究。结果表明：青岛市沿海区域O₃污染主要集中在4—10月份,日变化特征呈单峰单谷趋势,峰值出现在15：00—16：00;气象因素中,地面短波辐射对O₃浓度变化的相对贡献最大,偏南风易导致O₃污染;受二氧化氮（NO₂）滴定作用以及海陆风转换影响,沿海区域O₃峰值与谷值均滞后青岛城区1 h左右;O₃生成整体处于VOCs控制区,1-丁烯、正丁烷与异戊烷是O₃污染期间导致O₃浓度上升的关键组分;O₃污染的主要潜在源区为长三角北部和黄海近岸海域,以及山东中南部地区。     

2015—2021年郴州城区臭氧污染特征、气象影响及输送源分析

在对2015—2021年郴州城区不同时间尺度臭氧（O₃ ）污染特征进行分析的基础上,进一步研究气象因素对O₃污染的影响,并采用潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）对郴州城区O₃污染传输路径及潜在污染源进行分析。结果表明：2015—2021 年郴州城区O₃质量类别主要为优和良,比例达到98.9%,O₃为首要污染物的天数呈波动上升趋势。O₃的年均质量浓度整体呈现波动上升趋势,2021年相对于2015年上升了6.0%,年内变化呈现“M”双峰型特征,日变化呈现单峰单谷分布,峰值出现在14：00—15：00。O₃质量浓度与日照时数及温度呈显著正相关,与相对湿度呈显著负相关;O₃质量浓度随风速的增加,先上升后下降。郴州城区O₃污染在超标日期间以短距离输送气流为主,占比达89.7%,主要为东北方及南方气流。在本地西南部污染贡献较大的基础上,受区域输送影响明显,主要为广东省西南部及西北部、江西省西北部、湖北省中部的污染排放。针对郴州城区O₃污染,须在严格控制本地污染排放的基础上,进一步加强区域联防联控。     

三亚市臭氧污染特征、输送路径及潜在源区分析

基于2015-2019年三亚市空气质量自动监测数据和气象观测资料,结合后向轨迹聚类与潜在源区分析等方法,分析了三亚市O₃污染特征。结果表明:2015-2019年三亚市O₃浓度总体优良,优良天数比例为97.9%(标准状态),超标天均为轻度污染,多发生在秋冬季。O₃浓度与平均相对湿度、气温和降水量呈负相关关系,与平均风速呈正相关关系,同时与风向密切相关。6-8月气温较高,主导风向为偏南风,O₃及其前体物以本地排放为主,O₃浓度较低;秋冬季盛行东北风,易受到来自内陆的污染传输影响,O₃浓度相对较高。当日最高气温为20~30℃、日均相对湿度为65%~85%、日均风速为3~8 m/s、主导风向为东北风时,三亚市发生O₃超标的概率较高。台风外围和冷高压南下是导致三亚市O₃超标的2种典型天气形势。经聚类分析得到,2019年2个污染过程气团输送路径均来自东北方向,潜在源区分析WPSCF与WCWT的高值区一致性较好,均表明珠三角地区是三亚市重要的O₃污染潜在源区,需要加强与珠三角地区O₃污染的联防联控。     

合肥市典型臭氧污染特征及成因分析

综合利用环境空气质量常规监测、挥发性有机物(VOCs)在线监测,以及后向轨迹聚类分析、权重潜在源区分析和正交矩阵因子分解法等多种监测分析方法,基于合肥市经历的一次典型臭氧(O₃)污染过程(2020年9月1—10日),系统分析了合肥市O₃污染的典型特征及成因。结果显示,此次污染过程的O₃小时平均浓度高达96 μg/m³,且O₃浓度波动较大,在9月6日13:00达到了224 μg/m³,呈现出快速生成、快速消耗的污染特征,并在夜间呈现出非典型的二次峰值过程。污染期间,合肥市基本处于VOCs控制区,芳香烃对O₃生成潜势的贡献最大(45.2%),其次是烷烃(31.8%)和烯烃(21.5%);污染阶段的VOCs主要来自机动车排放源(44.1%)、燃烧源(21.3%)、工业源(15.3%)、溶剂使用源(12.4%)和天然源(6.9%),累积阶段和污染阶段均受机动车尾气排放和溶剂使用的影响较大。此外,台风外围下沉气流和高温、低湿、低风速等气象条件是引发此次O₃污染过程的主要外因,而合肥市周边的高污染区域则是此次O₃污染过程的潜在外部源区。     

嘉善前体物与气象因子对臭氧生成的影响及臭氧潜在源区分析

利用2017年嘉善善西超级站臭氧（O₃）及其前体物（NO_x和VOCs）以及气象因子（温度、湿度、风速）逐小时数据,分析了2017年全年NO_x和O₃的变化特征以及春季（4—5月）、夏季（7—8月）NO_x和气象因子对O₃生成的影响,利用O₃生成潜势（OFP）评估了VOCs大气化学反应活性,并通过潜在源区贡献（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）方法分析了嘉善春、夏季O₃潜在源区贡献特征。研究发现：O₃日变化特征为单峰结构,NO_x为弱双峰结构。O₃浓度在3—9月较高,春、夏季O₃浓度峰值分别出现在15：00和14：00,春、夏季的NO_x、O₃日变化与2017年全年日变化趋势基本一致。NO_x对O₃存在滴定作用,且低湿高温有利于O₃浓度的升高。春、夏季O₃生成潜势贡献均表现为烯烃 > 芳香烃 > 烷烃,由于烯烃光化学活性较高,夏季烯烃浓度升高导致其贡献较春季增长约18.1个百分点,且夏季VOCs平均最大O₃增量反应活性高于春季。PSCF和CWT分析结果表明,嘉善春季的潜在源区主要为本地、西南方向和东南方向,夏季的潜在源区主要为本地、西北方向、西南方向以及东南方向。     

滁州市臭氧污染特征及一次连续臭氧污染过程分析

利用滁州市环境空气质量监测数据和气象观测数据,分析了滁州市O₃污染基本特征,并着重分析了一次连续O₃污染过程中气象因素、VOCs以及其他污染物对于O₃浓度的影响。结果表明:滁州市环境空气污染类型正由"PM_2.5型"向"PM_2.5和O₃混合型"转变,O₃污染程度呈现加重趋势,污染持续时间有所拉长。9月4—9日一次连续O₃污染过程中O₃呈单峰状;受到光化学生成和区域传输共同影响,峰值时气温大多在30℃以上,相对湿度较小,风速大多处于小风区(WS≤1 m/s),也有部分处于风速较大区域(WS>3 m/s);VOCs/NO_x比值法和O₃/NO_x比值法均反映此次连续O₃污染为VOCs控制;体积分数较大的VOCs物种主要为烷烃,其中单个体积分数最大的物种是乙烷;烯烃是对O₃生成贡献最大的关键活性组分,对O₃生成潜势的贡献为53.5%,控制1-戊烯、反2-戊烯、异戊二烯、间/对二甲苯等物种可以有效控制光化学生成对此次O₃污染过程的影响。     

2014年“国家公祭日”保障期间南京PM2.5中碳组分污染特征

利用2014年“国家公祭日”期间南京市草场门测点OC和EC在线监测仪器,分析了PM_2.5中碳组分污染特征,结果表明：“国家公祭日”保障期间OC、EC的平均质量浓度为9.6 μg/m³和3.9 μg/m³,两者占PM_2.5质量的19%,是PM_2.5的重要组成部分;“国家公祭日”期间OC/EC（质量浓度比）的平均值为2.47,表明大气中存在二次反应生成的SOC,通过分析管控不同阶段EC与OC以及EC与SO₂、NO₂的相关性,表明两者受本地机动车影响较大;通过气流后向轨迹聚类分析表明,“国家公祭日”管控期间来自周边安徽、江苏、浙江交界处的气流对应的EC浓度最高,为7.14 μg/m³,进一步运用浓度权重轨迹（CWT）方法分析EC的潜在贡献源区,表明对南京EC输送强潜在源区主要在安徽省东南部,集中在芜湖、宣城、黄山一线,其贡献可超过8 μg/m³。     

中山市臭氧污染来源解析与敏感性分析

利用数值天气预报模式和嵌套网格空气质量预报系统的来源解析模块（WRF NAQPMS/OSAM）对中山市2019年9月1次臭氧（O₃）污染过程进行了模拟分析，并对O₃来源进行了解析。结果表明，WRF-NAQPMS/OSAM模型能较好地模拟出该时段的O₃浓度。此次污染过程区域传输对中山市O₃浓度贡献显著，平均贡献比例为82.9%，本地平均贡献比例为17.1%，对中山市O₃贡献最大的2个来源分别是溶剂源和交通源，平均贡献占比分别为43.0%和42.7%。另外，工业源的贡献也不可忽略，平均贡献占比为11.0%。中山市O₃总体上处于挥发性有机物（VOCs）控制区，结合臭氧生成潜势（OFP）分析和源解析结果，溶剂源、交通源和工业源排放的甲苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、1，2，3-三甲苯、正丁烷和异戊烷对O₃形成贡献显著，是中山市O₃污染治理应注意的重要前体物。建议中山市建立以VOCs控制为主导，VOCs和氮氧化物（NO_X）协同控制的长期O₃防控策略。     

基于Matlab小波分析的南京北郊大气O3浓度变化特征研究

以2008年南京北郊大气中O₃ 质量浓度观测资料和常规观测资料为基础,利用Matlab小波分析工具,对O₃浓度的年时间序列进行分析,得出该地区的O₃ 日均浓度的变化特征：春、夏季节O3浓度大于秋、冬季节,最高浓度出现在春末夏初,最低浓度出现在冬季;并且全年共有5个突变点;弱高压的天气系统、较高的温度、较低的湿度和晴朗少云的天气是造成南京北郊O₃浓度突变的主要气象因素。结合HYSPLIT气流后向轨迹模拟,对污染源来源进行追踪,结果表明：南京北郊O₃高浓度污染来源主要分为本地局地污染和外来污染物输送两类;垂直方向上,O₃的区域尺度或中尺度的输送主要稳定在混合层的底层。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.     

Impact of Pollution Caused by Uranium Production on Soil Macrofauna

Thirty years of mining and milling activities of the Priargunsky Mining-Chemical Production Company (South-Eastern Siberia, Russia) have resulted in an enrichment of uranium in adjacent steppe soils by a factor of up to 600. A number of attendant pollutants (thorium, arsenic and heavy metals) also have high concentrations in the soil. To estimate the effects of this pollution on soil-living macroinvertebrates, pitfall trapping and core sampling were applied. The element composition of four beetle species was analysed. Soil macroinvertebrates had 3–37 times lower abundance and biodiversity at the contaminated sites compared with the control. Ground beetle communities at the contaminated sites were reduced compared to the control site. The concentrations of uranium and arsenic in beetles collected at the contaminated sites were 2–41 and 2–26 times higher, respectively, than at the control site. There is strong evidence that the contamination caused by uranium production has severe negative biological effects on important groups of the soil food web.     

Eutrophication and Sedimentation Patterns in Complete Exploitation of Water Resources Scenarios: An Example from Northwestern Semi-arid Mexico

Water requirements to supply human needs lead water stakeholders to store more water during surplus periods to fulfil the demand during – not only – scarcity periods. At the reservoirs, mostly those in semi-arid regions, water level then fluctuates extremely between rises and downward during one single year. Besides of water management implications, changes on physical, chemical and biological dynamics of these drawdown and refilling are little known yet. This paper shows the results, throughout a year, on solids, nutrients (N and P), chlorophyll-a, and sedimentation changes on the dynamics, when the former policy was applied in a reservoir from the semi-arid Northwestern Mexico. Water level sinusoidal trend impinged changes on thermal stratification and mixing, modifying nutrient cycling and primary producer responses. According to nitrogen and phosphorus concentration as well as chlorophyll-a, reservoir was mesotrophic, becoming hypertrophic during drawdown. Nutrient concentrations were high (1.22 ± 0.70 and 0.14 ± 0.12 mg P l⁻¹), increasing phosphorus and lowering N:P significantly throughout the study period, although no intensive agricultural, no urban development, neither industrial activities take place in the watershed. This suggests nutrient recycling complex mechanisms, including nutrient release from the sediment–water interface as the main nutrient pathway when shallowness, at the same time as mineralization, increases. Outflows controlled nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the ecosystem while organic matter depended on river inflows. As on other subtropical aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen limited primary productivity (Spearman correlation R = 0.75) but chlorophyll-a seasonal pattern showed an irregular trend, prompting other no-nutrient related limitants. Shallowness induced a homogeneous temporal pattern on water quality. This observed temporal variability was mainly explained statistically by changes on solids (mineral and organic), chlorophyll-a and flows (62.3%). Annual sedimentation rates of total solids ranged from 11.73 to 16.29 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ with organic matter comprising around 30%. N:P ratio on sedimentation rates were as high as could be expected in a resuspension dominated ecosystem, and spatially inverse related with N:P ratio on bottom sediments. Distance from river inlet into the reservoir reveals a marked spatial heterogeneity on solid and nitrogen sedimentation, showing the system dependence on river inflows and supporting resuspension as the main phosphorus pathway. Accretion rates (2.19 ± 0.40 cm year⁻¹) were not related to hydrological variability but decreased with the distance to the river input. Total sediment accumulation (9,895 tons km⁻² year⁻¹) denotes siltation as other serious environmental problem in reservoirs but possibly not related with operational procedures.