基于GIS格网模型的银川市土地生态安全评价研究

为探索市域范围内土地生态安全的粒度特性及其空间效应,论文结合PSR理论框架构建评价指标体系,以公里格网为评价单元,采用熵权法计算区域土地生态安全综合指数。银川市的实证分析表明,2014年整个区域土地生态安全指数为0.488 2,市域范围内土地生态安全存在着空间异质性和结构功能分化的双重特征。从宏观行政区划层面来看,3个中心辖区表现相对较为均衡,2个郊区县差异性较大,仅有贺兰县（0.557 7）高于全市均值;从微观格网尺度来看,北部和城市中心的综合指数较高且呈离散分布,城市边缘区较低且呈集聚分布;从土地利用功能区的角度来看,农业区、城市建城区、湿地和自然保护区的核心区域综合指数较高,而功能边缘区与交叉区较低,土地生态安全和土地利用方式存在耦合关系。通过ESDA空间分析表明,格网尺度下土地生态安全全局Moran’s I指数为0.780 4,生态安全的空间格局表现出空间连续性和聚集效应。因此,从空间建构的视角来看,应充分利用“高高聚集”区的空间扩散和溢出效益,并通过逐步改善影响“低低聚集”区的限制性因子,实现区域内部土地生态安全格局的优化配置。     

云南省能源消费碳排放时空演变及其影响因素

双碳背景下，低碳试点地区的碳排放状况是当下需要关注的热点问题。该文基于“类NPP-VIIRS”夜间灯光数据和相关能源数据，以云南省16个地州市为研究对象，测算并分析了2010-2020年云南省能源消费碳排放时空格局演变，并借助地理探测器识别影响碳排放的关键因素及其时序变化。结果表明：（1）2010-2020年云南省能源消费碳排放总量呈波动中递增的变化趋势，各州市年均增长率最高和最低为昭通市、玉溪市。（2）空间上呈现出中东部高，西北部、西部、西南部低的分异特征；各州市能源消费碳排放总量高值区以滇中城市群为主，低值区主要分布在滇西、滇西南城镇群。（3）影响云南省能源消费碳排放的主要因素为经济发展水平、路网密度和对外开放程度；各因素在不同时期对碳排放的影响程度各不相同。总体来看，云南省能源消费碳排放整体呈现收敛态势，增长速率有所下降，但仍未达到碳峰值。     

张家口市排污工业点源空间分布格局

基于工业污染源普查数据,采用缓冲区分析和热点分析法,分析冀西北张家口市工业点源空间分布格局,结果表明:(1)工业点源集中分布在以主城区为中心的东南—西北轴上的邻近区县。张北县和宣化区工业点源污染负荷最重。(2)工业点源在永定河水系分布最多,并在洋河流域形成带状分布,高负荷工业点源分布具有临河性、临城性,污染物排放高密度区在张北县、宣化区和万全区。(3)大型、中型、小型和微型企业都主要集中分布在坝下永定河水系,其次是内陆河水系。重度污染行业集中排放源分布在张北、沽源和康保县,轻度污染行业集中排放源分布在坝下永定河水系中洋河与清水河交汇处。通过分析工业点源空间分布格局,以期为政府部门调整规划工业和重点治理水污染区提供依据。     

城乡融合背景下北京能源消费与碳排放时空变化

能源消费和CO2排放是综合反映生态环境建设及城乡融合发展的重要指标,透过能源消费和CO2排放及其时空变化,不仅可以检视人类活动及其行为是否符合环境安全与可持续发展要求,还可以检视城乡融合发展与区域协调发展是否处在预期状态。本文在对能源消费及CO2排放数据整理和计算的基础上,先后分析了北京能源消费总量及不同品种能源消费量变化、北京能源消费所形成的CO2排放总量、主要产业与分行业以及不同城区的CO2排放情况,最后针对"燕山石化"异地迁建、实施"交通节能降耗减排战略""将房山、顺义、通州和大兴作为全市节能降耗减排重点监管区"以及"将建筑节能和社区节能作为微观节能降耗减排重要领域"等提出了相应对策与建议。     

澜沧江流域云南段道路网络对生态承载力的影响研究

澜沧江流域道路工程的建设影响着区域土地利用格局和生态系统的空间分布,并进一步影响着区域的生态承载力,辨析道路对生态承载力的影响对区域生态管理具有重要意义.以谰沧江流域各县(市)为研究对象,利用生态足迹法研究了澜沧江流域生态承载力的时空及动态变化;以县域、市域为尺度.提取流域道路网络的结构特点,并进一步利用回归分析研究了道路的网络结构与生态承载力的关系.结果表明,谰沧江流域生态承载力存在着空间分布的不均衡,并呈现逐年降低的趋势;流域道路阿络中不同等级道路的组合结构变化明显,道路密度空间差异显著;县域尺度的回归分析表明,生态承载力与不同等级道路长度符合Gaussian模型、Reciprocal模型.与道路密度均能用ExponentiM Fit模型表示,生态承载力随道路密度的增加而减小;市域尺度上,生态承载力与道路密度的关系与县域尺度相一致.     

区域客运交通能源消费量预测方法研究

为探索区域内交通行业实施节能减排及低碳化发展的路径和措施,评估区域内交通行业的节能潜力,需要对将来某一时点区域交通能源消费量进行预测,文章针对区域客运交通能源消费量的预测方法进行了研究。计算过程中关键的数据基础在于区域客运周转量与交通工具单位能耗,文章构建了一个简单规范的自上而下模型用于预测区域客运周转量;在确定各交通工具的单位能耗时,考虑了在同一种交通工具中使用不同燃料的比例,并以线性复合的方式得出了每种交通工具的复合单位能耗,基于此,可计算出区域客运交通能源消费量。以预测2020年中新广州知识城客运能源消费量为例对计算过程进行具体说明,计算结果显示,2020年知识城客运交通能源消费总量约为5.27万t标准煤。     

基于“要素-景观-系统”框架的江苏省长江沿线生态修复格局分析与对策

在当前中国生态文明建设和绿色发展征程中,实施尺度、要素、途径复合的国土空间生态修复是解决区域系统性生态问题的重要途径。针对江苏省长江沿线地区这一生态保护与经济发展矛盾突出区域,基于“要素-景观-系统”框架构建生态修复潜力评价体系,采用K-means聚类分析、Getis-Ord G_i^*热点分析等方法识别生态修复分区与热点,构建由点、线（带）、面组成的生态修复格局,提出生态管控与修复对策。研究结果表明：（1）生态修复具有多尺度性、对象复合性及途径多样性,在宏观、中观、微观尺度下具有不同的对象、目标与途径,并可以通过不同级别与类型规划进行衔接;（2）研究区要素层生态修复潜力平均值为0.460,空间分布呈“大分散、小集聚”的特征,景观层生态修复潜力热点区分布于环长江入海口区域,冷点区分布于扬泰平原区,根据系统层评价指标可将研究区划为5个聚类分区;（3）根据评价结果可以构建“五区、三带、两核心”生态修复总体格局,并在发展导向、空间管控策略、工程措施等方面提出生态修复对策。本文可为江苏省沿江区域生态修复规划编制、生态修复内涵与实施范式探索提供参考借鉴。     

湟水流域水污染源排放清单及空间分析研究

基于流域水环境精细化管理的需求,结合当前流域水污染物排放管控体系尚不健全、高精度水污染物排放清单研究不足的问题,以湟水流域为例,基于环境统计数据和社会经济数据,构建了包括工业源、城镇生活源、畜禽养殖源等点源与农村生活源、农业种植面源及城市径流面源的全口径水环境污染物排放清单,并在此基础上,利用空间分析方法分析了污染物排放的空间分布与热点区域。结果表明：湟水流域生活源与农业种植面源已取代工业源成为主要污染物排放来源,污染源沿主要河流呈条带状分布,热点区域位于北川河中下游、云谷川河下游和小南川河下游等区域;2015年以来湟水流域水污染物排放量与污染负荷呈明显降低。研究结果表明,湟水流域亟需针对性地控制农业面源污染和制定水系带状污染的防治措施。     

城市低碳与生态环境

快速城市化伴随的环境污染和生态失衡引发社会关注，生态环境与城市发展互为条件，借鉴中国传统城市建设的自然观思想，构建人与自然生命共同体，通过统筹城乡、协调功能、产业布局、低效用地、综合交通、建筑节能、海绵城市、城市绿化、河湖整治、清洁能源、资源利用策略及优化改良，改善城市治理，引导低碳生产生活，实现城市低碳健康可持续发展。     

碳减排背景下我国与世界主要能源消费国能源消费结构与模式对比

选取2020年世界能源消费量累积占比达80%的前23个国家作为研究对象,通过从一次能源清洁化率、化石能源清洁利用率和电能占终端能源消费率角度对其能源消费结构进行对比研究,从单位GDP能耗、人均能耗和单位国土面积能耗角度,结合产业结构和分部门能源消费构成,对其能源消费强度进行深入分析,探讨各国在社会经济运行与生产生活中的能源消费模式,提出能源消费自然碳汇承载负荷比概念,指出我国在碳达峰与碳中和目标下能源消费模式转型面临的优势与挑战.结果表明,我国一次能源清洁化率、发电用能占比、化石能源清洁化利用率和电能占终端能耗比分别达到15.90%、53.48%、37.51%和26.54%,均在世界主要能源消费国家中处于前列,已经架构起良好的能源集约化和清洁化利用结构基础;非工农业能源消费占比尤其是仅为14.09%的交通能源占比在主要能源消费国中最低,已经形成了具有相对优势的绿色低碳能源消费模式;基于产业结构优化潜在的总体能源生产率还有较大提升空间;但相对较短的碳达峰与碳中和目标期对清洁能源发展速度与规模提出了巨大挑战,碳排放约束下的国际形势对我国通过优化调整产业结构实现降碳目标也增加了难度.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.