降解褐煤菌种选育及降解产物研究

通过对分离自洗煤厂的一株青霉菌进行人工诱变,选育出一株具有较强降解褐煤能力的突变株．将褐煤加到平板培养的该菌株上,经过３６ ｈ 开始被降解．将该菌株用摇瓶培养３ ｄ ,其培养液也能降解褐煤．元素分析结果表明,降解物中 Ｈ、 Ｏ、 Ｎ 的元素质量分数（ ｗ／ ％ ） 比原煤均有所升高,而ｗ（ Ｃ）／ ％ 明显下降．降解产物的经验分子式可写为 Ｃ１００ Ｈ１４４ Ｏ５８ ．２ Ｎ１０ ．０ Ｓ１ ．１８ ,经凝胶过滤法测,定其 Ｍｒ 分布在（２ ～８） ×１０４ 之间; 其红外吸收光谱与原煤相比也有一定的变化． 这些结果说明生物降解过程中褐煤的组成和结构发生了一定的变化     

微生物降解苯胺的特性及其降解代谢途径

从活性污泥中分离得到的一株细菌 Ａ Ｎ３ ,能以苯胺为唯一碳、氮源和能源生长,苯胺的最高降解浓度５０００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 以上,鉴定为食酸丛毛单胞菌（ Ｃｏｍａｍｏｎａｓ ａｃｉｄｏｖｏｒａｎｓ） ． Ａ Ｎ３ 还可降解乙酰苯胺,但不利用其他取代类苯胺,该菌株的生长细胞和完整细胞降解苯胺的最适ｐ Ｈ７ ．０ ,最适温度３０ ℃,且完整细胞降解苯胺的活性比生长细胞高得多．９ 种金属离子对该菌株的生长细胞和完整细胞降解苯胺均有不同程度的抑制作用,尤以 Ａｇ ＋ 和 Ｈｇ２ ＋ 为明显． Ａ Ｎ３ 含有苯胺加双氧酶、邻苯二酚２ ,３加双氧酶等一系列与苯胺降解有关的酶类,它们均为诱导酶．对苯胺降解的关键酶进行了酶动力学特性的研究,根据这些结果提出了该菌株降解苯胺的代谢途径．     

有机磷农药降解菌的紫外诱变育种

有机磷农药降解菌地衣芽孢杆菌（ Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ） 经紫外线诱变后,筛选出突变菌株Ｐ１２ ．在θ＝３０℃,溶解氧ρ（Ｏ２） ＝２ ．５ ｍｇ Ｌ－１ 的培养条件下,３ ｄ 内对甲胺磷的降解率为８０ ．１％ ,比出发菌株提高了将近１０％的降解率．农药斜面连续传代１０ 次,降解活力保持稳定．     

皮革废物铬革屑的微生物学处理研究Ⅰ:降解铬革屑的微生物筛选及诱变

从不同来源的微生物中筛选出能粗效降解革屑的皱绒青霉 Ａ Ｓ３ ．１０６６ 菌株,可溶性蛋白得率达５３ ．５ ％ ;该株经紫外诱变获得高产蛋白酶诱变株 Ａ Ｓ３ ．１０６６ Ｅ,其蛋白酶活性较原始菌株高３ 倍     

一株高浓度苯胺降解菌的分离

通过驯化培养,从含苯胺的化工废水处理厂生化曝气池污泥中分离出一株高效苯胺降解菌 Ｈ６２ ,在苯胺浓度低于３ ０００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 的无机盐培养基中均可生长． Ｈ６２ 利用苯胺的最适温度为３０ ℃,最适ｐ Ｈ 为８ ．０ ,当苯胺浓度在６００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 以下时,对该菌不表现出明显抑制作用．在含苯胺８００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 的无机盐溶液中,通气量为０ ．４ Ｌ／ｍｉｎ ,３０ ℃,培养１５ 小时可使苯胺去除率达１００ ％ ．经鉴定,该菌株为不动杆菌属（ Ａｃｉｎｅｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒｓｐ ．） ．     

几株光合细菌的表型特征及DNA－NDA同源性分析

对５株新分离的光合细菌从形态、生理生化及ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ同源性等方面进行了研究．结果表明，菌株８与深红红螺菌（Ｐｈｏｄｏｓｐｉｒｉｌｌｕｍｒｕｂｒｕｍ）的模式菌株ＡＴＣＣ１１１７０的ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ同源性为９７％，菌株３７与沼泽红假单胞菌（Ｒｈｏｄｏｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｐａｌｕｓｔｒｉｓ）的模式菌株ＡＴＣＣ１７００１的ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ同源性为８０％；菌株５５与球形红杆菌（Ｒｈｏｄｏｂａｃｔｅｒｓｐｈａｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ）的模式菌株ＡＴＣＣ１７０２３的ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ同源性为７１％；菌株４０和５２分别为另外两个ＤＮＡ同源群．根据各菌株形态、生理生化等表型特征以及ＤＮＡＧ＋Ｃｍｏｌ％和ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ同源性分析结果，确定了几株光合细菌的分类地位．     

微生物降解蔬菜残留农药研究

从富集培养物中筛选到以甲胺磷为唯一碳源生长的菌株ＮＭＪ５和以乐果为唯一碳源生长的菌株ＮＭＬ３,经鉴定分别为芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｓｐ．）和假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐ．）．它们利用甲胺磷、乐果生长的最适条件及在无机盐培养基中农药最大耐受浓度分别为ｐＨ７．５,ｔ＝３５℃,ρ＝１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ和ｐＨ７．５,ｔ＝３０℃,ρ＝２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ．在无碳基础培养基内单菌株培养８ｄ,５２４ｍｇ／Ｌ的甲胺磷好气降解４２．５％,厌气降解３５．９％,２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的乐果好气降解５０．２％,厌气降解１６．４％．小区试验表明,ＮＭＪ５、ＮＭＬ３的菌液制剂对普通白菜的变种南农矮脚黄（Ｂｒａｓｉｃａｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓｓｐ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＬ．ｖａｒ．ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓＴｓｅｎｅｔＬｅｅ）中残留的甲胺磷、乐果有明显的去除作用．     

1株高效油脂降解菌株的筛选及其降解特性研究

从学校餐厅污泥中分离得到7株油脂降解菌。以芝麻油为唯一碳源,通过驯化培养、初筛和复筛得到1株芝麻油降解优势菌株。菌种特性研究表明其为好氧菌,降解芝麻油的最适温度为30~37℃左右,pH值为8.0;在最佳生长环境下,该菌株在含20g·L-1芝麻油的培养基中72h内对油脂的降解率达80%以上。     

陕甘宁地区根瘤菌数值分类与DNA同源性分析

在陕甘宁地区根瘤菌资源调查的基础上,选取其中与黄芪、岩黄蓍、木兰、鸡眼草及胡枝子共生的４０株快生根瘤菌和２５株参比菌株,对１３３项表型性状进行聚类分析,在８２％的相似性水平上构成５个不同于已知种的新亚群．对第１、２、３、４亚群ｘ（Ｇ＋Ｃ）／％测定及ＤＮＡ同源性分析结果表明,４个亚群ｘ（Ｇ＋Ｃ）／％含量均处于Ｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍ属范围;各亚群内菌株ＤＮＡ同源性均在７５％以上,每个亚群中心菌株与１３个已知种模式菌株的ＤＮＡ同源性均小于６３％．从而证明,第１、２、３、４亚群为４个独立的快生根瘤菌新种群     

一株耐盐嗜热菌Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus H7的分离及其油脂降解特性

针对高盐、高油餐厨垃圾高温堆肥功能菌株缺乏的问题,以大豆油为唯一碳源,通过测定生物量、脂肪酶活性和油脂降解率,从餐厨垃圾堆积处的土壤样品中分离筛选出一株嗜热油脂降解菌H7.通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,对筛选的菌株进行鉴定,考察其耐盐能力、油脂降解和生长特性.结果表明,菌株H7为嗜热嗜气解硫胺素...     

虾池环境生物修复作用菌的分离与筛选

为修复对虾养殖环境,从山东各地虾池底泥中分离出331株细菌,通过测定其对对虾饵料降解能力,筛选到虾池有机污染物降解菌10株,这些菌能以对虾饣料为唯一碳源和氮源生长,对对虾配合饵料和蛤蜊肉具有较强降解能力（72h内CODMn去除率分别在60％和70％以上）,并可在虾池环境条件下良好生长,对养殖动物安全性试验证明,这些菌株对养殖对虾没有致病作用,且其中6株可提高对虾的成活率,这些降解菌具有快速消除虾池底部有机污染、修复对虾养殖环境的潜力。     

花生根瘤菌的生长特性和脂肪酸组成研究(英文)

用73株慢生根瘤菌B．Japonicum、B．elkanii和B．"intermedium"为对照．对22株花生根瘤菌的生长速度、产碱能力和细胞脂肪酸组成进行了测定．结果表明：花生根瘤菌属于慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobiumsp．arachis）；除花生根瘤菌含有比大豆根瘤菌（B．japonicum）较高的脂肪酸16：1w5c（16个碳原子1个双键的脂肪酸）而外，花生根瘤菌与大豆根疚菌相似，表明了他们在系统发育及进化方向上的一致性．细胞脂肪酸分析法是根瘤菌系统发育研究中一种简便而可信的方法．     

Spatio-temporal variability in fatty acid trophic biomarkers in stomach contents and muscle of Iberian sardine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sardina pilchardus</Emphasis>) and its relationship with spawning

Temporal variation in the fatty acid (FA) composition of stomach contents of Iberian sardines was compared to the relative contribution to dietary carbon made by different prey types for fish from two areas off Portugal. The effect of the FA content of the diet on sardine muscle FA composition was also studied, aiming at (1) analysing if FA biomarkers can be used as a complementary technique for the study of sardine diet and (2) to relate spatial and temporal variations of prey FA content with sardine condition and reproduction. Significant spatial differences in the FA composition of sardine diet occurred with concentrations of n-3 polyunsaturated FA, namely eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA, 20:5n-3] and linolenic acid 18:3n-3, being significantly higher in the diet of sardines from the west coast, whilst the diet of sardines from the south coast was richer in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), namely the carnivory biomarker oleic acid 18:1n-9. These results are in agreement with the higher contribution made by diatoms and dinoflagellates to the diet of sardines off the west coast. Spatial variation in sardine dietary FA was also detected in their muscle composition, specifically for EPA, and the eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic acid and (n-3)/(n-6) ratios, which were higher in sardines from the west coast. No difference in FA composition was detected between sexes, and the seasonal variability in sardine total FA concentration was primarily related to the seasonality of spawning. Sardines accumulate high concentrations of FAs during the resting stage of reproduction when the feeding intensity is similar or lower to that observed during the spawning season. Additionally, sardines show a high selective retention of MUFA and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) throughout the year except at the beginning of the spawning season, when these FAs are largely invested in the formation of the gonads. Therefore, temporal and regional differences of prey environments are strong enough to be reflected in fish body composition, namely on the accumulation of essential FAs, which can have a strong impact on reproduction success for this species.     

石油降解菌株G5 16S rDNA全序列的系统学分析

用PCR方法扩增了一株石油降解菌株G5的16S rRNA基因全序列，并对其进行了克隆和测序．对该序列在GenBank中的BLAST结果表明，所有与该序列高度同源的序列都是假单胞菌的16S rRNA基因．其中假单胞菌的代表菌株Pseudomonas aeruginosa，P．fluoroscens，P .putida，P.syringae的16S rRNA基因序列与G5的16S rRNA基因序列同源性分别为93．4％，98．4％，96．3％，97．5％．对G5和其他39株假单胞菌的16S rRNA基因序列进行聚类分析，获得的系统发育树与RDP(Ribosomal Database Project)报道的系统发育树基本一致，其中菌株G5与5株P．chlororaphis聚类在一起．图2参7     

Bacterial Degradation of Vegetable Oils

Following initial experiments presented elsewhere (2IOPS), the bacterial degradation of two vegetable oils was investigated in some detail. the number of aerobic and anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria, oil degrading and sulphate reducing bacteria were quantified during simulated spills on a salt marsh. the sediment fatty acid composition was also studied using GC-MS analysis. Degradation of linseed and sunflower oils was concomitant with an increase in the numbers of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Fatty acids analysis revealed preferential degradation of the principal components of the oils (18:3ω3 for linseed oil and 18:2ω6 for sunflower oil). the presence of several isomers of the usual polyunsaturated fatty acids was also detected. the identification of some of these new fatty acids has been carried out. Possible pathways of degradation of these vegetable oils are suggested.     

Bacterial Degradation of Vegetable Oils

Following initial experiments presented elsewhere (2IOPS), the bacterial degradation of two vegetable oils was investigated in some detail. the number of aerobic and anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria, oil degrading and sulphate reducing bacteria were quantified during simulated spills on a salt marsh. the sediment fatty acid composition was also studied using GC-MS analysis. Degradation of linseed and sunflower oils was concomitant with an increase in the numbers of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Fatty acids analysis revealed preferential degradation of the principal components of the oils (18:3ω3 for linseed oil and 18:2ω6 for sunflower oil). the presence of several isomers of the usual polyunsaturated fatty acids was also detected. the identification of some of these new fatty acids has been carried out. Possible pathways of degradation of these vegetable oils are suggested.     

Fatty acid composition of organs and tissues of the tiger prawn Penaeus esculentus during the moulting cycle and during starvation

The fatty acids (FA) in neutral lipid (NL) and polar lipid (PL) of digestive gland, muscle and integument of Penaeus esculentus Haswell were analysed and compared during the moulting cycle and during starvation. The prawns were collected from Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, by trawling during 1985–1987, and were fed with a standard semi-purified diet. Compared with a natural diet, the artificial diet had much higher levels of 18:1n-9 and 18:2n-6, but only trace amounts of 20:4n-6, but there was no evidence of dietary imbalance. The fatty acid composition (percentage of total lipid) of the digestive gland changed markedly during the moulting cycle and during starvation, but the small changes observed in both muscle and integument suggested that these tissues maintained their composition under both conditions. When the fatty acids were calculated as absolute amounts, muscle composition, as well as that of the digestive gland, changed significantly. In the digestive gland, saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), diunsaturated FA (DUFA) and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) all increased up to the middle of the moulting cycle and then declined; with starvation all groups decreased. In muscle, SFA, MUFA and DUFA all increased during the moulting cycle; starvation caused SFA, MUFA and PUFA to decrease, whereas DUFA did not vary. Starvation caused both 18:2n-6 (linoleic) and 18:3n-3 (linolenic) in the digestive gland to reach or almost reach zero. The other essential PUFA, 20:4n-6 (arachidonic), 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic), decreased during the moulting cycle, but during starvation 20:4n-6 did not decrease as much. In muscle, the levels of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 increased, while 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 remained approximately constant during the moulting cycle. Starvation reduced 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 to about 60%. The data suggest that levels of 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 are regulated, and that 20:4n-6 can be synthesised from 18:2n-6. There is no clear evidence that 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 are essential in P. esculentus, but tissue catabolism of cell membranes during starvation may have provided sufficient amounts for maintenance.     

Energy metabolism during development of eggs and larvae of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Developing eggs and larvae of laboratory-reared gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) maintained in filtered seawater (40 ppt) at 18°C, were measured for oxygen uptake, ammonia excretion, contents of free amino acids (FAA), protein, fatty acids (FA) accumulated ammonia, and volumes of yolk-sac and oil globule. Absorption of the yolk coincided with the consumption of FAA and was complete ca. 100 h post-fertilisation. Amino acids from protein were mobilised for energy in the last part of the yolk-sac stage. Absorption of the oil globule occurred primarily after hatching following yolk absorption, and correlated with catabolism of the FA neutral lipids. Overall, FAA appear to be a significant energy substrate during the egg stage (60 to 70%) while FA from neutral lipids derived from the oil globule are the main metabolic fuel after hatching (80 to 90%).     

苯酚降解菌UW7的鉴定及对苯酚的降解作用

从焦化厂污水处理曝气池泥样中分离出具有降解苯酚能力的UW7菌株,根据形态、生理生化性状初步鉴定为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter).该菌16S rRNA基因序列(在GenBank中的登录号为GU083586)与多株鲁氏不动杆菌(A.lowffii)的相似性在99%以上.结合形态、生理生化特性,鉴定UW7菌株为鲁氏不动杆菌(A.lowffii UW7),该种细菌具有降解苯酚的特性尚未见报道.该菌株降解苯酚的最适温度为30℃,最适生长pH 7.0,对2.5 g/L浓度的苯酚能够有效降解,对3.5～4.0 g/L浓度的苯酚有较强的耐受能力,是处理高浓度苯酚废水的良好菌种资源.     

Inter-individual and within-brood variability in the fatty acid profiles of Norway lobster, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nephrops norvegicus</Emphasis> (L.) embryos

The present study investigated the existence of inter-individual and within-brood variability in the fatty acid (FA) profile of developing embryos of Nephrops norvegicus. In all surveyed females (n = 5), the quantitatively most important FAs were as follows: 22:6n-3 (20.8 ± 3.9% average of total FA ± standard error), 18:1n-9 (19.5 ± 2.0%), 16:0 (15.2 ± 3.4%), 20:5n-3 (10.2 ± 1.4%), 16:1n-7 (8.9 ± 1.6%), and 18:1n-7 (5.7 ± 1.3%). Differences in FA profiles of embryos in the same clutch were assessed using brooding chamber side (left and right) and pleopod (1st and 2nd, 3rd and 4th, and 5th) as predictive factors. There were no significant differences in the FA composition of embryos sampled from both sides of the brooding chamber in 4 of the 5 surveyed females. However, all females exhibited significant differences in the FA profiles of embryos sampled from different pleopods. Both saturated FA (SFA) and highly unsaturated FA (HUFA) present in developing embryos exhibited marked differences along the breeding chamber. Overall, FA reserves appeared to vary significantly within broods, which can ultimately be reflected on early larval survival. A potential cause for the within-brood variation recorded in the FA profile of developing embryos include (1) differential female investment during ovarian maturation, mainly due to variation in food quality/availability; (2) differential lipid catabolism during the incubation period of developing embryos, as a consequence of embryos position within the female’s brooding chamber; or (3) differential female investment during ovarian maturation amplified by differential lipid catabolism during the incubation period.