Effects of La3+, Ce3+ on nitrogen removal in sequencing batch reactor

Batch experiments were conducted to study the short-term biological effects of rare earth ions (La³⁺, Ce³⁺) and their mixture on the nitrogen removal in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The data showed that higher NH₄ ⁺-N removal rate, total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency, and denitrification efficiency were achieved at lower concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) (<1 mg/L). In the first hour of the aeration stage of SBR, the presence of REEs increased the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency and NH₄ ⁺-N removal efficiency by 15.7% and 10%–15%, respectively. When the concentrations of REEs were higher than 1 mg/L, the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency decreased, and nitrate was found to accumulate in the effluent. When the concentrations of REEs was up to 50.0 mg/L, the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency was less than 30% of the control efficiency with a high level of nitrate. Lower concentrations of REEs were found to accelerate the nitrogen conversion and removal in SBR.     

Biodegradation of carbofuran in sequencing batch reactor augmented with immobilised Burkholderia cepacia PCL3 on corncob

The performance of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) augmented with immobilised Burkholderia cepacia PCL3 on corncob for biodegradation of carbofuran in basal salt medium (BSM) was studied. A 2.0-L SBR with a working volume of 1.5 L was operated for a total cycle of 48 h, consisting of 1.0 h fill phase, 46 h react phase and 1.0 h decant phase. The initial pH of the feed medium was 7.0. Air was fed into the reactor at a controlled flow rate of 600 mL·min ^?1. The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) (14 to 6 days) on carbofuran-degradation efficiency was investigated at a carbofuran concentration in the feed medium of 20 mg·L ^?1. The shortest HRT resulting in complete degradation of carbofuran was 8 days. At 75% of the optimum HRT (6 days), the effects of biostimulation using organic amendments, i.e. molasses, cassava pulp, rice bran and spent yeast, and the effect of carbofuran concentration in the feed medium (20–80 mg·L ^?1) were investigated. The optimum conditions for SBRs were an initial carbofuran concentration of 40 mg·L ^?1 and 0.1 g·L ^?1 of rice bran as a biostimulated amendment. Complete degradation of carbofuran with a first-order kinetic constant (k ₁) of 0.044 h^?1 was achieved under these optimum conditions.     

序批式生物膜法同步除磷脱氮特性研究

对淹没序批式生物膜法去除有机物和磷及同步部分脱氮的特性进行了研究。其适合的载体装填密度为30％，水力停留时间为9h，其中厌氧3h，好氧6h，进水COD负荷从0．27kg/(m^3.d)到1．32kg/(m^3.d)均可使除磷率达90％以上，脱氮率达50％－60％。淹没式生物膜法除磷脱氮工艺中的优势菌属为假单胞菌属，其次依顺序为气单胞菌属，芽孢杆菌属，微球菌属，硝化矸菌属，生物膜具有生物量大（MLVSS达5531．7mg/L)，脱落污泥含磷量高（达5．67％），沉降性好（SVI为101．7）的特点，污泥产率为0．1996kg干泥／kgCOD。     

Process evaluation of an alternating aerobic-anoxic process applied in a sequencing batch reactor for nitrogen removal

In order to improve the nitrogen removal efficiency and save operational cost, the feasibility of the alternating aerobic-anoxic process (AAA process) applied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system for nitrogen removal was investigated. Under sufficient influent alkalinity, the AAA process did not have an advantage over one aerobicanoxic (OAA) cycle on treatment efficiency because microorganisms had an adaptive stage at the alternating aerobic-anoxic transition, which would prolong the total cycling time. On the contrary, the AAA process made the system control more complicated. Under deficient influent alkalinity, when compared to OAA, the AAA process improved treatment efficiency and effluent quality with NH₄ ⁺-N in the effluent below the detection limit. In the nitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity consumption and ammonia oxidation is calculated to be 7.07 mg CaCO₃/mg NH₄ ⁺-N. In the denitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity production and NO₃ ^?-N reduction is about 3.57 mg CaCO₃/mg NO₃ ^?-N. As a result, half of the alkalinity previously consumed during the aerobic nitrification was recovered during the subsequent anoxic denitrification period. That was why the higher treatment efficiency in the AAA process was achieved without the supplement of bicarbonate alkalinity. If the lack of alkalinity in the influent was less than 1/3 of that needed, there is no need for external alkalinity addition and treatment efficiency was the same as that under sufficient influent alkalinity. Even if the lack of alkalinity in the influent was more than 1/3 of that needed, the AAA process was an optimal strategy because it reduced the external alkalinity addition and saved on operational cost.     

Control of sludge settleability and nitrogen removal under low dissolved oxygen condition

Low dissolved oxygen (DO) is an energy-saving condition in activated sludge process. To investigate the possible application of limited filamentous bulking (LFB) in sequencing batch reactor (SBR), two lab-scale SBRs were used to treat synthetic domestic wastewater and real municipal wastewater, respectively. The results showed that prolonging low DO aeration duration and setting pre-anoxic (anaerobic) phase were effective strategies to induce and inhibit filamentous sludge bulking, respectively. According to the sludge settleability, LFB could be maintained steadily by adjusting operation patterns. Filamentous bacteria content and sludge volume index (SVI) were likely correlated. SVI fluctuated dramatically within a few cycles when around 200 mL·g^-1, where altering operation pattern could change sludge settleability in spite of the unstable status of activated sludge system. Energy consumption by aeration reduced under low DO LFB condition, whereas the nitrification performance deteriorated. However, short-cut nitrification and simultaneous nitrification denitrification (SND) were prone to take place under such conditions. When the cycle time kept constant, the anoxic (anaerobic) to aerobic time ratio was determining factor to the SND efficiency. Similarity keeping aerobic time as constant, the variation trends of SND efficiency and specific SND rate were uniform. SBR is a promising reactor to apply the LFB process in practice.     

Improvement of nitrification efficiency by bioaugmentation in sequencing batch reactors at low temperature

Bioaugmentation is an effective method of treating municipal wastewater with high ammonia concentration in sequencing batch reactors （SBRs） at low temperature （10℃）. The cold-adapted ammonia- and nitrite- oxidizing bacteria were enriched and inoculated, respectively, in the bioaugmentation systems. In synthetic wastewater treatment systems, the average NH4＋-N removal efficiency in the bioaugmented system （85%） was much higher than that in the unbioaugmented system. The effluent NH4＋ -N concentration of the bioaugmented system was stably below 8 mg. L1 after 20 d operation. In municipal wastewater systems with bioaugmentation, the effluent NH4＋- -N concentration was below 8 mg·L^-1 after 15 d operation. The average NH4＋ -N removal efficiency in unbioaugmentation system （about 82%） was lower compared with that in the bioaugmentation system. By inoculating the cold-adapted nitrite-oxidizing bacteria （NOB） into the SBRs after 10 d operation, the nitrite concentration decreased rapidly, reducing the NO2 -N accumulation effectively at low temperature. The func- tional microorganisms were identified by PCR-DGGE, including uncultured Dechloromonas sp., uncultured Nitrospira sp., Clostridium sp. and uncultured Thauera sp. The results suggested that the cold-adapted microbial agent of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） and NOB could accelerate the start-up and promote achieving the stable operation of the low-temperature SBRs for nitrification.     

On-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

The objectives of this study were to establish an on-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal synchronously of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR for municipal wastewater treatment was operated in sequences: filling, anaerobic, oxic, anoxic, oxic, settling and discharge. The reactor was equipped with on-line monitoring sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH. The variation of DO, ORP and pH is relevant to each phase of biological process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this SBR. The characteristic points of DO, ORP and pH can be used to judge and control the stages of process that include: phosphate release by the turning points of ORP and pH; nitrification by the ammonia valley of pH and ammonia elbows of DO and ORP; denitrification by the nitrate knee of ORP and nitrate apex of pH; phosphate uptake by the turning point of pH; and residual organic carbon oxidation by the carbon elbows of DO and ORP. The controlling system can operate automatically for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently removal.     

PM-support interfacial effect and oxygen mobility in Pt,Pd or Rh-loaded (Ce,Zr,La)O2 catalysts

• Pt/CZL exhibits the optimum catalytic performance for HC and NO_x elimination. • The strong PM-Ce interaction favors the oxygen mobility and DOSC. • Pd/CZL shows higher catalytic activity for CO conversion due to more O_latt species. • Great oxygen mobility at high temperature broadens the dynamic operation window. • The relationship between DOSC and catalytic performance is revealed. The physicochemical properties of Pt-, Pd- and Rh- loaded (Ce,Zr,La)O₂ (shorted for CZL) catalysts before/after aging treatment were systematically characterized by various techniques to illustrate the relationship of the dynamic oxygen storage/release capacity and redox ability with their catalytic performances for HC, NO_x and CO conversions. Pt/CZL catalyst exhibits the optimum catalytic performance for HC and NO_x elimination, which mainly contribute to its excellent redox ability and dynamic oxygen storage/release capacity (DOSC) at lower temperature due to the stronger PM (precious metals)-support interaction. However, the worse stability of Pt-O-Ce species and volatile Pt oxides easily result in the dramatical decline in catalytic activity after aging. Pd/CZL shows higher catalytic activity for CO conversion by reason of more O_latt species as the active oxygen for CO oxidation reaction. Rh/CZL catalyst displays the widest dynamic operation window for NO_x elimination as a result of greater oxygen mobility at high temperature, and the ability to retain more Rh-O-Ce species after calcined at 1100°C effectively restrains sintering of active RhO_x species, improving the thermal stability of Rh/CZL catalyst.     

Treatment of azo dye Orange II in a sequential anaerobic and aerobic-sequencing batch ractor system

We studied the biodegradation of Orange II in a sequential anaerobic and aerobic-sequencing batch reactor system. Granular activated carbon was used either packed into a column or added directly into the anaerobic reactor to investigate the treatment performance between the two operation conditions. We found that the circulation of mixed liquor between the anaerobic reactor and the carbon-packed column enhanced the chemical oxygen demand from 28 to 52% and Orange II removal efficiencies from 88 to 96%, under simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation process. The morphology of microbes was observed under an electron-scanning microscope.     

表面流人工湿地中氮磷的去除机理

人工湿地作为一种高效、低耗的污水处理新工艺已被广泛接受，特别是其在脱氮、除磷方面的应用逐步为人们所重视。本文深入地讨论了表面流人工湿地中各种生物、物理、化学过程对污水中各种形态含氮、含磷化合物的去除机理，及其具体途径、相关反应和反应类型，总结了国内外对各个过程影响因素、控制条件、反应速度、去除能力及相互之间协调拮抗作用的研究结果。虽然硝化／反硝化作用和土壤吸附沉淀作用已被公认为是表面流人工湿地脱氮、除磷的主要途径，但不同研究结果之间仍存在着明显差异，鲜有多介质环境条件下各种脱氮、除磷过程中多种氮、磷形态的质量平衡研究，而以此为基础的人工湿地生态动力学模型的研究则是深入了解人工湿地运行机理、设计和预测其处理效率，以及推动人工湿地污水处理工艺广泛应用的关键。     

Optimization of phosphorus removal in uniFed SBR system for domestic wastewater treatment

The characteristic of phosphorus removal and appropriate change of the traditional operation modes were investigated in UniFed sequencing batch reactor (SBR) laboratory-scale apparatus (40 L), treating actual domestic wastewater with low ratios of C/N (2.57) and C/P (30.18), providing theoretical basis for actual application of wastewater treatment plant. UniFed SBR system with its unique operation mode had the distinct superiority of phosphorus removal. On this occasion, the effect of volumetric exchange ratio (VER) and the method of influent introduction for phosphorus removal were studied. When the carbon source became the limiting factor to phosphorus release, the higher the VER, the lower the phosphorus concentration in the effluent. Three different influent patterns, including one-time filling, four-time filling, and continuous filling with the same quantity of wastewater could increase the release rate of anaerobic phosphorus from 0.082 to 0.143 mg·P·(L·min)^-1. Appropriate change of the traditional operation modes could optimize the efficiency of phosphorus removal. When the feed/ decant time was extended from 2 h to 4 h, the phosphorous removal efficiency increased from 59.93% to 88.45% without any external carbon source. In the mode of alternation of anoxic-aerobic (A/O) condition, phosphorous removal efficiency increased from 55.07% to 72.27% clearly. The carbon source in the influent can be used adequately, and denitrifying phosphorus removal was carried out in anoxic stage 2 (A2). This mode was optimal for the treatment of actual domestic wastewater with low C/N and C/P ratios.     

人工湿地生态系统提高氮磷去除率的研究进展

介绍了人工湿地及其去除污水中氮磷的机理，并从湿地植物、基质和微生物三个方面系统地阐述了目前人工湿地系统提高氮磷去除率的研究进展情况；提出了可以通过改良湿地系统设计提高氮磷净化效果、利用培养优化菌种与调节环境条件促进湿地系统氮磷的转化及通过在基质中添加合适的附料、提高人工湿地系统植物多样性从而增加氮磷的吸附吸收的建议，为人工湿地污水净化技术的应用研究提供了有益的参考。     

Modified dehydrogenase enzyme assay for evaluation of the influence of Hg,Cd, and Zn on the bacterial community structure of a wastewater treatment plant

In this study, a traditional assay was modified to evaluate the effect of Hg, Cd, and Zn on the bacterial community of a sequencing batch reactor and activated sludge plants and heavy metal-resistant bacterial species were determined. After the isolation of metal-resistant bacteria, their 16S rRNA gene fragments were sequenced. The BLAST program was used to compare the resulting 16S rRNA sequences with those in GenBank database to identify the isolated bacterial species. Hg was found to be the most toxic metal for both bacterial communities investigated. Sequence batch reactor bacteria were comparatively more resistant to Hg, Cd, and Zn than those from activated sludge. The resistant strains were close to the members of genus Pseudomonas, Kocuria, Stenotrophomonas, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus. The modified dehydrogenase enzyme assay seems to be simple, robust, and competent for evaluation of the impact of metals on bacterial activity. Sequencing batch reactor systems should be preferred over activated sludge when wastewaters containing hazardous metals are to be treated.     

牧草轮作对奶牛场污水氮、磷的净化效果研究

以土壤为基质,选择象草（Pennisetum purpureum）和黑麦草（Lolium perenne）两种牧草作为植被模拟人工湿地净化系统,研究牧草全年轮作在间歇流人工湿地中对奶牛场高质量浓度污水的适应性及对污水氮、磷的净化效果。结果表明：象草、黑麦草在间歇性高质量浓度污水中生长良好,可作为畜牧场高质量浓度污水修复植物进行全年轮作,并适时的收割,去除污水中的氮、磷。在不同污水质量浓度处理的牧草净化系统中,水力停留时间为8 d的条件下,铵氮的去除率为75.9%~94.9%;硝态氮的去除率为65.4%~90.9%;总氮的去除率64.2%~90.1%;总磷的去除率在90%以上;象草和黑麦草对污水中氮、磷的吸收转化在系统对氮磷净化中的贡献率平均分别为氮25.12%和20.03%、磷31.20%和20.42%;各处理氮、磷的去除效果与污水的质量浓度呈负相关。     

人工湿地脱氮途径及其影响因素分析

简述了人工湿地脱氮模型。各种形态的氮在人工湿地系统中可以通过氨的挥发、植物吸收、介质沉淀吸附以及微生物硝化/反硝化作用等过程被去除。讨论了各脱氮途径对人工湿地脱氮的贡献,在大多数人工湿地的pH条件下,湿地地面氨挥发可以忽略,湿地植物叶片氨挥发量尚不清楚。湿地介质的直接吸附是短期的。植物在湿地脱氮过程中起了重要作用,但一般认为植物直接吸收和存储只占湿地脱氮的一小部分,一般低于30%。微生物的硝化/反硝化作用,是人工湿地脱氮的最主要的形式。讨论了影响人工湿地硝化作用的主要因素:溶解氧,pH和温度。大多数人工湿地的pH适合硝化作用,溶解氧和温度对湿地硝化作用的影响最大。温度不仅影响微生物的硝化作用,而且可以间接地影响植物的生长从而影响人工湿地的脱氮性能。     

不同施氮水平对玉米产量、氮素利用效率及土壤无机氮含量的影响

通过研究不同施氮水平对玉米产量、氮素利用率及土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)残留量的影响,为氮肥的合理利用提供依据.在黑龙江省农业科学院科技园区布置田间小区试验,结果显示:玉米产量随施氮量增加而增加,施氮量为165 kg·hm-2时,氮肥利用率最高,当施氮量高于165 kg·hm-2,产量反而有降低的趋势,过量施氮也并不能增加玉米对氮素的吸收,因而氮素利用率也随施氮量的增加而降低.玉米收获后土壤剖面无机态氮质量分数的变化因施氮量的不同而表现出差异,0~80 cm土层硝态氮积累量随氮肥输入量的增加而显著增加,以表层(0~40 cm)硝态氮质量分数最高,中间层(60~80 cm)质量分数最低,100 cm以下土层以施氮量为165 kg·hm-2的处理土壤硝态氮积累量最低,降低了硝态氮淋溶风险;铵态氮的质量分数相对较低,不同的施氮量对土壤铵态氮质量分数的影响主要在0~20 cm土层,铵态氮质量分数与施氮量并无显著的相关关系.综合考虑玉米产量、氮素利用率与生态环境效益,以165 kg·hm-2(优化施氮量)为最佳氮肥施用量.     

可降解聚合物PCL、PBS在低有机污染水中固相反硝化脱氮效果比较

为了解决低有机污染高氮素水中由于低碳氮比而造成的后续脱氮问题,通过设反应填充床,外加固相碳源,对比了2种可降解聚合物PBS和PCL的反硝化效果。结果表明,（1）在进水TN质量浓度维持在14.33～18.31 mg.L-1,HRT为15.6 min时,PBS填充床平均TN去除率为94.93%,高于PCL填充床。（2）PBS填充床平均反硝化速率为13.55 mg.L-1.h-1（以N计）,高于PCL填充床的9.07 mg.L-1.h-（1以N计）。（3）PBS填充床NO3-N、NO2-N、NH3-N的出水质量浓度分别维持在0.37～0.87、0～0.20、0.01～0.07 mg.L-1,优于PCL填充床。（4）PBS和PCL颗粒表面附着的微生物以杆菌为主,伴有少量的弧菌。该研究为日后新型固相碳源的开发提供了科学依据。     

可降解聚合物PCL、PBS在低有机污染水中固相反硝化脱氮效果比较

为了解决低有机污染高氮素水中由于低碳氮比而造成的后续脱氮问题,通过设反应填充床,外加固相碳源,对比了2种可降解聚合物PBS和PCL的反硝化效果。结果表明,(1)在进水TN质量浓度维持在14.33～18.31 mg.L-1,HRT为15.6 min时,PBS填充床平均TN去除率为94.93%,高于PCL填充床。(2)PBS填充床平均反硝化速率为13.55 mg.L-1.h-1(以N计),高于PCL填充床的9.07 mg.L-1.h-(1以N计)。(3)PBS填充床NO3-N、NO2-N、NH3-N的出水质量浓度分别维持在0.37～0.87、0～0.20、0.01～0.07 mg.L-1,优于PCL填充床。(4)PBS和PCL颗粒表面附着的微生物以杆菌为主,伴有少量的弧菌。该研究为日后新型固相碳源的开发提供了科学依据。     

接种蚯蚓对红壤氮素矿化特征的影响

在室内恒温培养、间歇破坏性采样的条件下,研究了蚯蚓活动对红壤氮素矿化以及土壤氮素肥力的影响。试验共设置以下四个处理:(1)不接种蚯蚓不施用秸秆的对照处理(S);(2)单接种蚯蚓处理(E);(3)单施秸秆处理(O);(4)蚯蚓 秸秆处理(OE)。分别于培养后的第6,12,18,24,30d进行5次破坏性采样。试验结果显示:在整个培养时期中,无论是否施用秸秆,接种蚯蚓处理(E,OE)的土壤铵态氮含量均较同期相应对照处理(S,O)有显著性提高(p<0.05),到培养结束时,铵态氮含量分别是相应对照处理(S,O)的9.27倍和6.76倍。通过计算不同培养期土壤氮素的矿化速率和累积矿化速率发现,无论有无施用秸秆,接种蚯蚓后(E,OE),土壤氮素矿化速率和累积矿化速率均显著高于(p<0.01)同期相应的无蚯蚓对照处理(S,O),并且在单接种蚯蚓(E)的条件下最高。在整个培养时期中,单接种蚯蚓处理(E)的土壤全氮含量较同期对照处理(S)显著提高了6.7%~32.7%,蚯蚓 秸秆处理(OE)的全氮含量除了在培养第6d外,其它培养时期均较同期单施秸秆处理(O)显著提高(p<0.05)了7.4%~25.4%。     

铬对生活污水中氮磷的植物净化效果及体内氮磷含量的影响

采用水培法,设置4个Cr6＋质量浓度（0,1,10,20mg·L-1）处理风车草（Cyperus alternifolius）和薏米（Coix aquatica Roxb）,以此研究铬对生活污水中氮磷净化效果及植物体内氮磷质量分数的影响。结果表明：（1）试验期内,铬质量浓度为1mg·L-1时促进风车草和薏米对总氮的去除,铬质量浓度为20mg·L-1时则抑制;总氮去除率因处理时间不同而不同,表现在处理17d时0mg·L-1、1mg·L-1铬处理显著高于处理7d,但20mg·L-1处理则相反;除Cr20处理外,薏米对总氮的去除率显著高于风车草。（2）风车草和薏米对生活污水中总磷的去除率随铬处理时间延长而降低,表现在处理17d时10mg·L-1、20mg·L-1铬处理显著低于处理7d;在20mg·L-1铬处理下皆显著低于对照;风车草对总磷的去除率在10mg·L-1、20mg·L-1铬处理下显著高于薏米。（3）不同质量浓度Cr6＋处理下风车草和薏米体内氮、磷质量分数的变化不同,其中20mg·L-1铬处理下风车草茎和薏米根、茎及叶片皆显著低于对照。