长江流域生态系统可持续管理策略

长江流域涉及长江经济带发展和长三角一体化发展两大国家区域协调发展战略,但生态环境问题仍然是长江流域可持续发展面临的严峻挑战,加强长江流域生态系统可持续管理策略研究具有重大意义.长江流域的环境管理策略大致经历了以水量管理、污染物排放总量管理和水质目标管理三个阶段.在统一生态环境监管职能、实现五个“打通”的新形势下,长江流域生态环境管理策略必将由水质目标管理快速向生态系统可持续管理转变.在分析长江流域生态系统保护修复取得的积极进展和面临的严峻形势的基础上,提出了长江流域生态系统可持续管理策略:①规划和建设服务于应急预警和管理决策的长江生态系统观测网络,推动不同层级、不同职能部门、空天地一体化的多源数据融合,提高生态环境监测网络的数据时空精度和反应速度,开展水陆统筹、“山水林田湖草”生命共同体综合观测;②加强长江生态系统结构、过程、功能和服务的综合性、整体性研究,主要开展长江流域生态系统综合研究、重点区域生态系统研究和突出生态问题专题研究,不断创新科研与管理深度融合的科研模式,把论文写在祖国大地上;③制定长江社会-经济-自然复合生态系统保护修复可持续发展目标及分阶段分区域目标,促进水资源、水环境、水生态、陆域生态和水陆交错带的持续改善以及生态环境系统与社会经济系统的持续协同;④提出长江生态系统保护修复的整体性、综合性和针对性、差异化的解决方案,推动长江流域生态系统健康可持续发展目标的早日实现和重点区域、突出问题的尽快解决.      

长江流域农村生活污水排放标准分析

长江流域生态环境退化的严峻形式已经成为制约流域社会和经济可持续发展的关键因素,《中华人民共和国长江保护法》的实施具有里程碑式的意义.在流域水污染防治中,农村环境治理工作至关重要,制订农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准对加强流域水污染治理具有重要促进作用.文章对长江流域各省市地区农村生活污水排放标准进行比较,从适用范围...     

每月墙报

要进一步实施可持续发展战略,以对人民、对子孙后代高度负责的精神,保护资源和生态环境。去年我国治理和保护环境工作的力度加大。重点地区生态工程建设和长江、黄河上游天然林保护工程全面展开。今年要加强对资源的规划和管理,克服靠浪费资源求发展的短期行为,合理利用和保护资源,     

长江中游地区生态系统服务价值空间分异及敏感性分析

生态系统功能的不断退化是人类当前面临的一个共同挑战,是全球可持续发展研究的焦点问题。长江中游地区生态环境保护对于构建中国生态安全格局具有重要作用,为了深入分析长江中游地区土地利用活动对生态系统功能的干扰程度,基于长江中游地区生态系统服务价值评价结果,采用土地利用变化生态贡献度和生态系统服务价值敏感性方法进行测度。研究结果表明：（1）研究期间长江中游地区地均生态系统服务价值经历了“先增加后降低”的变化过程,山区地均生态系统服务价值高于平原地区、城市群地区、大城市周边县区以及主要交通道路沿线地区,长江中游地区生态系统服务价值总体变化呈现“两纵三横”的空间分布格局;（2）1995-2015年间退耕还林、还水、还湿是长江中游地区生态系统改善的主要原因,毁林开荒、围湖造田以及建设用地对林地和耕地的占用是长江中游地区生态系统恶化的主要原因;（3）食物生产、原材料生产、气体调节、土壤保持和维持生物多样性等五种类型生态系统功能敏感性有所增加,其他类型生态系统功能敏感性逐渐减弱。研究结果可为长江中游地区生态环境保护,保障生态系统服务各项子功能的持续供给提供科学指导。     

筑长江保护法治基础 树生态文明建设新篇

2020年12月26日,十三届全国人大常委会第二十四次会议表决通过《长江保护法》,从资源保护、水污染防治、生态环境修复、绿色发展、保障与监督等各方面形成长江大保护硬约束机制,为加强长江流域生态环境保护和修复,促进资源合理高效利用,保障生态安全,实现人与自然和谐共生、中华民族永续发展,奠定了坚实的法治基础。     

基于机器学习的长江流域农田氮径流流失负荷估算

定量解析长江流域农田氮径流流失特征是实现长江及其河口氮污染有效控制的关键科学基础.基于收集的长江流域570个旱地和434个水田田间氮径流流失数据组,采用相关性分析、结构方程模型、方差分解和机器学习方法,探究了影响旱地和水田总氮径流流失强度的主要因素,建立了基于机器学习的长江流域旱地和水田总氮径流流失强度预测模型,量化了长江流域农田总氮径流流失负荷.结果表明,径流深、施氮量和土壤氮含量是影响旱地总氮径流流失强度的主要因素;径流深和施氮量是水田总氮径流流失强度的主要影响因素.与分类与回归树、多元线性回归和增强回归树方法相比,采用随机森林算法构建的长江流域旱地和水田总氮径流流失强度预测模型具有更高的精度（R²为0.65~0.94）.基于随机森林算法的预测模型估算的2013年长江流域农田总氮径流流失负荷（以N计）为0.47 Tg ·a^-1（旱地：0.25 Tg ·a^-1;水田：0.22 Tg ·a^-1）,中下游地区贡献了58%的流失负荷.模型预测5种防治情景下的长江流域农田氮流失负荷可削减2.4%~9.3%,其中减少径流量的削减效果最为显著.长江流域农田氮面源污染防治必须协同加强氮肥精准管理、减少农田径流量和提高土壤氮利用,且应将重点放在中下游地区.所发展的基于机器学习建模方法克服了氮径流流失强度与影响因素之间函数关系难以确定的问题,为估算区域或流域农田氮流失负荷提供了简便且可靠的方法.     

长江流域四川区域城市水生态环境问题解析及治理对策

以长江流域四川区域18个城市为研究对象,分析了近5年区域内长江干流（四川段）、支流岷沱江和嘉陵江流域典型城市建成区的水环境质量变化趋势及主要污染指标,估算流域内城镇生活源、工业源和城市面源化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）污染排放负荷,解析城市水生态环境问题及成因。结果表明：近5年长江流域四川区域城市水体水质逐年向好,TP、氨氮、TN和COD是区域内水体的主要污染指标;城镇生活源为区域城市的主要污染源,城市基础设施建设不足、部分城市工业污染问题突出、丰水期城市面源负荷较大、资源型和水质型缺水并存等导致了城市水生态环境问题。在此基础上,提出通过推进城镇污水收集和处理系统提质增效、实施典型工业废水专项治理、建设溢流污水处理设施、开展城市水体生态修复等措施进一步提升长江流域四川区域城市水生态环境质量。     

长江流域上游地区“三磷”污染现状及对策研究

长江流域上游地区是我国“三磷”(磷矿、磷化工企业和磷石膏库)最为集中的区域,总磷污染尤为严重.为保障长江流域水环境安全,支撑长江经济带可持续发展,从分析长江上游“三磷”污染状况出发,剖析总磷污染成因,提出“三磷”污染控制对策建议.结果表明,长江流域上游地区总磷污染成因主要包括:磷矿资源丰富,长期开采对上游水环境产生显著影响;围绕磷矿开采的磷化工产业发展迅速,但管理薄弱导致总磷超标排放;存量磷石膏临河不当处置与堆存,环境污染与安全隐患大.针对总磷污染成因,按照“重点突出,精准施策”原则,以长江流域上游地区“三磷”集中片区为重点开展综合整治,提出几点对策建议:①重点加强沱江上游德阳段绵远河、石亭江,乌江上游贵州段瓮安河、洋水河和清水江,湖北省宜昌-兴山-神农架一线和钟祥-南漳一线三个片区的磷矿治理;②推动绵远河、石亭江、乌江、香溪河流域等涉磷工业园区/工业集中区的技术改造升级,促进磷化工产业绿色发展;③加强四川省(沱江)、贵州省(乌江)、湖北省(香溪河)等磷石膏堆场密集分布区域的规范化综合管理;④以法规和标准为准绳,加快完善涉磷污染源监管系统.      

当前长江生态环境主要问题与修复重点

几十年来,长江流域治理和开发取得了巨大成绩,同时也对河流造成了趋势性的改变,生态环境问题十分突出,当前生态环境状态主要是大型水利水电工程等人类活动改变了河流自然属性、降低了环境容量。作为长江保护的重点,生态环境修复必须抓住重点,要避免造成新的破坏。提出以"水资源工程"重新定位上游大型水电工程,修复河流水文状态;"水库挖泥"消除淤积,修复河流物质通量;增加"引清水入洞庭",提高洞庭湖环境容量;加强长江中下游河道维护和分蓄洪区建设,提高防洪能力;以"调峰调能"定位梯级发电,捆绑开发水库水面光伏电力,降低水库群热效应等建议。     

长江流域生态安全问题及建议

长江流域的生态安全问题直接影响到我国社会经济的可持续发展。根据长江干流地区生态环境特征、问题及其生态功能将其划分成5个生态区段,分别指出各自存在的重大生态安全问题,并提出建立科学合理的流域生态补偿机制和新颖的管理模式是确保长江生态安全的关键措施。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.