东湖水中硒的主要形态的分离和测定

分别用0.45μm滤膜过滤、活性炭吸附和离子交换法,将水中痕量硒分为悬浮态和可溶态、胶态和非胶态、离子态和非离子态等主要形态,并将此形态分析方法用于东湖水中硒的实际测定。结果表明,东湖水中的硒主要以可溶离子态存在,约占水中总硒量的90％以上,其中又以Se(Ⅳ)为主要形体。     

红壤不同粒级组分中砷的形态——基于连续分级提取和XANES研究

土壤固相由不同大小的土壤颗粒构成.研究砷在土壤不同粒级组分中的形态,有助于深入了解土壤中砷的生物有效性、移动性及其环境风险.本文以砷吸附能力很强的红壤为研究对象,采用传统化学提取法研究了砷在各粒级组分（50～250μm,5～50μm,1～5μm和〈1μm）中的含量和形态,并采用X射线吸收近边结构（XANES）光谱法表征...     

内蒙古某矿区土壤中砷的分布及赋存形态研究

本文以内蒙古某矿区土壤环境为研究对象,利用Ag-DDC比色法测定了研究区不同位置土壤中砷的含量,分析了该矿区土壤砷的分布特征;采用化学逐级提取法对土壤中砷的赋存形态进行了研究。结果表明:研究区土壤样品中总砷含量平均值为8.35mg/kg,低于国家二级标准,但土壤中砷含量及分布与煤矿开采密切相关;开采高砷煤矿,其周边土壤中的砷含量会相应增加;土壤中各形态砷含量存在差异,所占比例依次为:残渣态砷(62.79%)钙型砷(15.74%)铁型砷(12.47%)铝型砷(7.17%)交换态砷(1.56%)水溶态砷(0.27%);且非有效态砷含量(62.79%)要高于有效态砷(37.21%)。     

内蒙古某矿区土壤中砷的分布及赋存形态研究

本文以内蒙古某矿区土壤环境为研究对象,利用Ag-DDC比色法测定了研究区不同位置土壤中砷的含量,分析了该矿区土壤砷的分布特征;采用化学逐级提取法对土壤中砷的赋存形态进行了研究。结果表明:研究区土壤样品中总砷含量平均值为8.35 mg/kg,低于国家二级标准,但土壤中砷含量及分布与煤矿开采密切相关;开采高砷煤矿,其周边土壤中的砷含量会相应增加;土壤中各形态砷含量存在差异,所占比例依次为:残渣态砷(62.79%) > 钙型砷(15.74%) > 铁型砷(12.47%) > 铝型砷(7.17%) > 交换态砷(1.56%) > 水溶态砷(0.27%);且非有效态砷含量(62.79%)要高于有效态砷(37.21%)。     

铁基硅盐对土壤环境镉砷赋存形态及转化影响

为探明铁基硅盐对土壤镉砷赋存形态影响及各形态间转化规律,采用室内长期淹水培养吸附实验,研究不同比例铁硅材料对土壤离子态镉砷活性影响;筛选适宜铁基硅盐(FS)配比同时添加腐殖酸(FSC)和金属氧化物(FSCa),明确复配处理土壤中镉砷分级形态转化程度.结果显示,铁:硅比值增加10%,土壤pH值平均降低0.35;F₂-S₈处理土壤离子态镉降幅71%;F₁₀-S₀处理土壤离子态砷降低59.9%,离子态镉砷含量与硅酸盐-铁盐施用量互呈反比;处理F₄-S₆和F₆-S₄之间镉、砷钝化率产生交点,约为25%~30%.土壤中镉主要以可溶态为主,占比58%;砷主要以铁铝氧化态和钙结合态为主,占比40%和23%.铁硅比例为5:5或5.5:4.5左右复配能有效将铝结合态砷和铁铝氧化态砷转变为钙结合态砷和残渣态砷,可溶态镉转化为碳酸盐结合态镉以及铁锰氧化态镉,同步降低土壤中镉砷的活性.     

采矿业污染河流底泥及河漫滩沉积物的粒径组成与砷形态分布特征

采用连续提取法分析了刁江底泥和河漫滩沉积物中砷的形态变化规律及其与沉积物粒径组成的关系.结果表明,刁江流域底泥和河漫滩沉积物中As含量分布存在差异,底泥中As主要赋存在63～170μm粒级颗粒中,河漫滩沉积物中As主要赋存在63μm粒级颗粒中.底泥和河漫滩沉积物中砷主要以铁合态、钙合态和残渣态的形式存在,且残渣态比例相对较高,表现出典型的尾砂污染特征.底泥中残渣态砷(Res-As)组成比例总体较高,主要赋存在63～170μm粒级颗粒中,而洪水水位河漫滩沉积物中Res-As组成比例相对较低,这与不同沉积物中硫化态砷的氧化反应差异有关.对于中下游河段,底泥和中水水位河漫滩沉积物中Res-As总体上呈逐渐降低的趋势,铁合态砷(Fe-As)组成比例的分布与Res-As呈相反的趋势.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定金山湖水中19种可溶性元素的研究

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定金山湖水中可溶性锂、钛、钒、铬、铁、镓、锗、锆、铌、钌、钯、铟、锡、碲、铪、钨、铱、铂、铋19种元素的分析方法。仪器进行自动调谐和质量校正优化参数后,样品经0.45μm滤膜过滤,并在线添加钪、铑、铼内标进行定量分析,并在KED模式下测定钛、钒、铬、铁以消除质谱干扰。质量控制中测定相关系数均大于0.9993,检出限0.01～0.25μg/L,相对标准偏差均小于5%,样品加标回收率80.6%～108%,表明质量控制均满足实验要求。该方法快捷方便、灵敏度高,对可溶性痕量元素的测定更加准确可靠。     

废水中痕量汞的巯基纸富集—XRF法测定

1 前言我们在以转型活性炭纸测定砷、锑、SCN~-以及转型巯基纸测定砷的基础上(文献略),探讨了巯基纸富集测定汞的条件。实验结果表明,在1.5mol/l HCl介质中,Hg(2+)能被巯基纸定量吸附。由此,制成含Hg~(2+)巯基纸薄样,以XRF法测定Hg~(2+)含量。方法的最低检出浓度为0.15μg/l,线性范围为0—500μg/l:精密度实验的变异系数为0.9％左右:在1.5mol/l HCl介质中,巯基纸对Hg~(2+)的吸附率达99％以上。     

巯基棉富集-冷原子吸收法测定水体中微量有机汞和无机汞

汞及其化合物的测定是环境监测中的重要项目之一,因无机态汞和有机态汞的毒性差别很大,所以,进行分别测定十分必要。 我们参考了Nishi和Horimoto提出的用巯基棉浓缩水中痕量有机汞的程序,首次研究出用巯基棉浓缩分离某些环境样品中的有机汞和无机汞,然后用冷原子吸收分别测定的方法,该法采用同一前处理、同一分析仪器,避免了方法间的系统误差,且分离效果     

砷氧化菌对胡敏酸络合As (Ⅲ)的氧化作用

土壤砷与土壤微生物相互作用是土壤砷形态转化中需要重点关注的内容之一.为了研究砷氧化菌对胡敏酸络合三价砷[HA-As(Ⅲ)]的作用,设置了不同p H值反应体系,研究砷氧化菌HN-2对HA-As(Ⅲ)作用下,砷的形态变化及其在固液两相中的分配.结果表明,在HA与As(Ⅲ)络合过程中,HA可以将一部分游离态As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(Ⅴ).其中,在p H=7的体系中,As(Ⅲ)被HN-2和HA氧化成As(Ⅴ)的效率最高.在含有砷氧化菌株和不含砷氧化菌株的体系中,0~10 h振荡过程中,HA-As材料均可以释放一部分As(Ⅲ)及As(Ⅴ)进入液相中,同时砷氧化菌可以快速地将As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(Ⅴ),而胡敏酸可以较缓慢地将As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(Ⅴ);反应10~24 h期间,HN-2砷氧化菌可以将络合态HA-As(Ⅲ)转化为游离态As(Ⅲ)并氧化为As(Ⅴ);48 h后反应逐渐达到平衡.固相同步辐射结果可以进一步证明HN-2砷氧化菌对络合态As(Ⅲ)的释放及氧化作用.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.